皖北地区奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎调查

本试验应用体细胞计数法，４％苛性钠法，ＢＴＢ法和６％Ｈ２Ｏ２平板法对安徽省皖北地区１０个奶牛场的健康乳区进行了隐性乳房炎的检测。结果表明奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎检出率综合评判为３６．４％。其中私营奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎检出率和乳区阳性率较高。     

我国部分地区奶牛乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查

１９８０～１９８９年对２２个城市３２个奶牛场１０３７１头成年泌乳牛进行乳房炎病因及发病情况调查，并对其中３３８４头泌乳期奶牛的１２６６０个乳区进行隐性乳为检查，结果临床型乳房炎奶牛发病率为３３．４１％，隐性乳房炎奶牛头阳性检出率为７３．９１％，乳区阳性检出率为４４．７４％，采集２０１５份患乳房炎和健康奶牛奶样进行细菌性检查，临床乳房炎，隐性乳房炎和健康奶样病原菌检出率分别为８５．３７％，６２．７６     

重庆部分地区泌乳奶牛乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查

对重庆部分地区６个奶牛场１１８头泌乳奶牛进行临床型乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查,并对其中７６头泌４乳奶牛进行隐性乳房炎检查,同时对２２６份患乳房炎和健康奶牛奶样进行细菌学分离鉴定。结果表明：临床型乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为８．４７％（１０／１１８）和３．３２％（１５／４５２）;隐性乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为７８．９４％（６０／７６）和５０．３４％（１４８／２９４）;临床型乳房炎、隐性乳房炎奶牛的阳性乳区奶样和健康奶牛的奶样细菌检出率分别为８６．６７％（１３／１５）、８７．８３％（１３０／１４８）和７３．００％（４６／６３）;检出的细菌主要是葡萄球菌和链球菌。     

重庆部分地区泌乳奶牛乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查

对重庆部分地区６个奶牛场１１８头泌乳奶牛进行临床型乳房炎的病因及发病情况调查,并对其中７６头泌４乳奶牛进行隐性乳房炎检查。同时对２２６份患乳房炎和健康奶牛奶样进行细菌学分离鉴定,结果表明：临床型乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为８．４７％（１０／１１８）和３．３２％（１５／４５２）;隐性乳房炎奶牛及阳性乳区分别为７８．９４％（６０／７６）和５０．３４％（１４８／２９４）;临床型乳房炎、隐性乳房炎奶牛的阳性     

新疆库尔勒市某奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎情况调查

为了检测和调查新疆库尔勒市某奶牛场泌乳奶牛乳房炎的发病率,对该奶牛场养殖的32头泌乳期奶牛用凝乳法进行了隐性乳房炎检测。结果表明,隐性乳房炎奶牛阳性率为40.63%,且乳房炎阳性率随奶牛使用年限的增加而增加;用挤奶机器挤奶的奶牛乳房炎阳性率高于手工挤奶,后乳区的乳房炎阳性率高于前乳区。     

重庆地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

对重庆地区６个奶牛场的７６头黑白花奶牛２９４份奶样，采用ＬＭＴ方法检测隐性乳房炎，按常规方法分离鉴定病原菌，用纸片法对其病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明，ＬＭＴ阳性奶牛检出率为７８．９４％、阳性乳区的检出率为５０．４３％；阳性乳区的细菌检出率为８７．８３％；分离鉴定的病原菌以葡萄球菌和链球菌为主，占检出细菌总数的９４．６０％；而这些病原菌对庆大霉素、氯霉素和红霉素的敏感性最高。目前在临床上可首选此类药物治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎     

贵阳市奶牛隐性乳房炎调查分析

采用CMT诊断法对贵阳市所属清镇市、乌当区、花溪区和开阳县的4个规模化奶牛场进行了奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率调查,共检测284头,1136个乳区。结果表明：头发病率为53．8％,乳区发病率为26．1％;奶牛隐性乳房炎的阳性率与胎次、年龄有很大关系,不同胎次和年龄的泌乳期奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率差异极显著（P〈0．01）。     

兰州地区奶牛乳房炎流行病学及病原菌调查

为了开展兰州地区奶牛乳房炎流行病学及病原菌的调查研究,试验应用LMT诊断液对兰州地区4个中等规模奶牛场的344头泌乳牛的1 237个乳区进行了隐性乳房炎检测,并对临床型乳房炎乳样进行了病原菌的分离鉴定。结果表明:奶牛隐性乳房炎的头阳性率为58.43%,乳区阳性率为36.86%;临床型乳房炎的头发病率为5.52%,乳区发病率为2.91%;主要病原菌检出率为无乳链球菌30.0%、大肠杆菌27.1%、金黄色葡萄球菌21.4%。说明兰州地区奶牛乳房炎发病率较高,病乳中无乳链球菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率较高。     

某奶牛场奶牛乳房炎调查

采用SMT法对某奶牛场505头泌乳牛进行乳房炎检测结果显示：该奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎阳性率为42.38％(214/505)，临床型乳房炎阳性率为8．32％(42／505),乳区阳性率为22．02％(421／1912)。     

昆明市奶牛隐性乳房炎流行状况调查

奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率高、流行广,是导致奶业经济损失最大的疾病。为了解昆明市奶牛场隐性乳房炎的流行状况,采用加州乳房炎检测法(CMT)对昆明市周边3个标准化奶牛场和3个奶牛合作社奶牛按照30%比例进行随机抽样检查。在抽检的2 297份乳样中,隐性乳房炎阳性数为897份,阳性率为39.05%,规模化奶牛场的隐性乳房炎阳性率(28.79%)显著低于奶牛合作社(56.21%)(P<0.01);奶牛后乳区发病率(69.34%)明显高于前乳区(57.64%);随着产犊胎次的增加,奶牛乳房炎患病率随之显著增高。本调查对掌握昆明地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病情况,以及早发现和控制该病发生、提高牛奶质量具有重要的指导意义。     

辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎发病情况监测

[目的]为了摸清辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况,[方法]本研究应用美国加州奶牛乳房炎检测方法(California mastitis test,CMT)对规模化奶牛场奶牛定期采集奶样进行隐性乳房炎动态监测.通过临床检查和CMT方法对辽西地区5个规模化奶牛养殖场共1 326头泌乳期奶牛进行了隐性乳房炎的监测,...     

Quarter,cow, and farm risk factors for intramammary infections with major pathogens relative to minor pathogens in Thai dairy cows

A cross-sectional study was carried out from May to September 2011 on 35 smallholder dairy farms in Chiang Mai, Thailand, to identify the quarter, cow, and farm factors that relate to intramammary infections (IMI) from major specified pathogens, compared to infections from minor pathogens. Data on general farm management, milking management, and dry cow management were recorded for each herd. Quarter milk samples were collected from either clinical or subclinical mastitis quarters. Dependent variables were binary data defining the specified major pathogens, including Streptococcus agalactiae (7.1 %), Streptococcus uberis (9.4 %), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (4.0 %), and other streptococci (16.7 %), as a case, and all minor pathogens as a control, in each dependent variable. The occurrence of S. agalactiae IMI was lower in first-parity cows and cows with short milking time. Cows with body condition score (BCS) <2.5 had higher occurrence of S. agalactiae IMI. The occurrence of S. uberis IMI was higher in quarters with California mastitis test (CMT) score 2, score 3, and having clinical mastitis and in farms with increasing age of vacuum system. Quarters with CMT score 3, having clinical mastitis, cow with manual milking after detaching milking cluster, and farms with high bulk milk somatic cell counts (BMSCC >500,000 cells/ml) had higher occurrence of S. dysgalactiae IMI. For other streptococci, quarters having clinical mastitis, BCS <2.5, and pulling down of milking cluster while milking increased occurrence of other streptococci IMI relative to minor pathogen IMI. These results highlight the importance of individual cow factors, milking characteristics, and BMSCC in determining the risk of IMI from major pathogens.     

我国规模牛场奶牛个体生鲜乳乳蛋白水平及影响因素探析

本研究旨在探析我国规模奶牛场奶牛个体乳蛋白的水平、分布和影响因素。利用SAS9．0的GLM过程,统计分析覆盖16省（市、区）,33个规模奶牛场,23351头中国荷斯坦牛,从2007年至2009年连续3年的237430个奶牛个体生鲜乳的乳蛋白率检测记录。分析表明,我国规模奶牛场奶牛个体生鲜乳的乳蛋白率平均3．28±0．22％。其中,乳蛋白率大于等于2．95％的奶牛个体占80．2％,所提供乳蛋白量占群体混合样生鲜乳总蛋白量的79．3％。奶牛的胎次、产奶阶段、产奶量、乳脂率、体细胞数、泌乳季节、泌乳月份都极显著影响奶牛个体生鲜乳的乳蛋白率（P〈0．01）;饲养区域、奶牛场和年度总体显著影响奶牛个体生鲜乳的乳蛋白率（P〈0．05）。我国规模奶牛场奶牛个体生鲜乳的乳蛋白率主要处于2．95％以上（〉80％）,合理调控各种影响因素,可有效提高生鲜乳的乳蛋白率。     

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from free-ranging deer and rabbits surrounding Minnesota dairy herds

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) among deer and rabbits surrounding infected and noninfected Minnesota dairy farms using fecal culture, and to describe the frequency that farm management practices were used that could potentially lead to transmission of infection between these species. Fecal samples from cows and the cow environment were collected from 108 Minnesota dairy herds, and fecal pellets from free-ranging white-tailed deer and eastern cottontail rabbits were collected from locations surrounding 114 farms; all samples were tested using bacterial culture. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 114 herd owners. Sixty-two percent of the dairy herds had at least 1 positive fecal pool or environmental sample. A total of 218 rabbit samples were collected from 90% of the herds, and 309 deer samples were collected from 47% of the herds. On 2 (4%) of the farms sampled, 1 deer fecal sample was MAP positive. Both farms had samples from the cow fecal pool and cow environment that were positive by culture. On 2 (2%) other farms, 1 rabbit fecal sample was positive by culture to MAP, with one of these farms having positive cow fecal pools and cow environmental samples. Pasture was used on 79% of the study farms as a grazing area for cattle, mainly for dry cows (75%) and bred or prebred heifers (87%). Of the 114 farms, 88 (77%) provided access to drylot for their cattle, mainly for milking cows (77/88; 88%) and bred heifers (87%). Of all study farms, 90 (79%) used some solid manure broadcasting on their crop fields. Of all 114 farms, the estimated probability of daily physical contact between cattle manure and deer or rabbits was 20% and 25%, respectively. Possible contact between cattle manure and deer or rabbits was estimated to occur primarily from March through December. The frequency of pasture or drylot use and manure spreading on crop fields may be important risk factors for transmission of MAP among dairy cattle, deer, and rabbits. Although the MAP prevalence among rabbits and deer is low, their role as MAP reservoirs should be considered.     

Management, feeding, production, reproduction and udder health on organic and conventional Swiss dairy farms

Organic dairy farms (OP; n=60) and conventional dairy farms (integrated production, IP; n=60), matched in size, location, and agricultural zone (altitude), were studied for possible differences in management, feeding, production, reproduction and udder health. OP and IP farms were similar in size (17.7 and 16.9 ha), milk quota (65900 and 70,000 kg/year), cow number (14 and 15), cow age (5.3 and 5.2 years), housing of cows of the Simmental x Red Holstein or Holstein breeds (87 and 75%; 45 and 60%), but differed significantly with respect to loose housing systems (18 and 7%), outside paddocks (98 and 75%), energy-corrected 305-d milk yield (5,695 and 6,059 kg), milk protein content (31.8 and 32.7 g/kg), use of bucket milking systems (73 and 33%), observance of regular (12-h) milking intervals (47 and 68%), routine application of the California-Mastitis-Test (10 and 28%), teat dipping after milking (25 and 43%) and blanket dry cow treatments (0 and 45%). Milk somatic cell counts on OP and IP farms (119 000 and 117,000/mL) and reproduction data were similar and there were no significant differences between OP and IP farms as concerns available feeds, planning and management of feeding. Alternative veterinary treatments were used more often on OP than IP farms (55 and 17%). Main causes for cow replacements on OP and IP farms were fertility disorders (both 45%), age (40 and 42%), sale (30 and 37%) and udder health (35 and 13%).Between OP and IP Swiss dairy farms thus relatively few larger differences were found.     

新疆石河子奶牛隐性乳房炎源金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药物敏感性分析

为了解石河子地区部分规模化奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎源金黄色葡萄球菌的生物学特性及药物敏感性,为科学防治该病的发生提供参考依据,本试验选择了石河子周边地区不同规模的11个奶牛场,通过采用LMT法检测其隐性乳房炎的感染率,并从采集到的313份隐性乳房炎奶样中分离鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,同时采用纸片扩散法（K－B法）对分离株的药物敏感性进行了分析。结果表明,试验区奶牛隐性乳房炎的总阳性率为44．56％（869／1950）,金黄色葡萄球菌的分离率为44．71％（93／208）;药敏试验结果表明,大部分菌株对阿莫西林、红霉素、四环素表现为高度耐药,耐药率分别为92．30％（24／26）、80．77％（21／26）、80．77％（21／26）;对庆大霉素、氧氟沙星、头孢唑啉表现为敏感,敏感率分别为57．70％（15／26）、76．92％（20／26）、76．92％（20／26）;部分菌株对克林霉素中度敏感,敏感率为46．15％（12／26）。建议在选用抗生素治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎时,以流行菌株的药物敏感性为依据。     

不同饲养模式下乳牛粪尿中氮磷排放量的研究

试验通过对规模化养殖场、奶农合作组织两种不同养殖模式下乳牛粪便中氮、磷含量进行抽样测定,旨在研究不同养殖模式对乳牛氮和磷污染物排放量的影响。结果表明:规模化奶牛场和奶农合作组织粪尿中总氮的排泄量占摄入量的比例从低到高的排序均为产奶牛、干奶牛、育成牛;规模化奶牛场奶牛不同生理阶段磷排泄量占摄入量的比例从低到高的排序为育成牛、产奶牛、干奶牛;奶农合作组织奶牛不同生理阶段磷排泄量占摄入量的比例从低到高的排序为产奶牛、育成牛、干奶牛。     

Baseline survey of health prophylaxis and management practices on Swiss dairy farms

Health prophylaxis management practices have acquired a major role in the success of dairy herd health programs, however, little is known about the scope and level of implementation on Swiss dairy farms. The main objective of this study was therefore to provide a general overview of the most important preventive measures which are currently being used on these farms. In March 2011, an online survey with 75 questions was sent to 2'285 randomly selected Swiss dairy farmers. Response rate by question ranged from 35 to 53 %. Within this study, answers were compared between dairy farms with a tie-stall (n = 739) and farms with a free-stall (n = 458). Homeopathic treatments were used by 51 % of the dairy farmers and antibiotic dry cow treatments by 94 %. Farmers with a tie-stall tended to carry out more prophylactic treatments against external parasites, vaccinated their cows more frequently against Clostridium chauvoei and Moraxella bovis, and carried out claw trimming more frequently than dairy farmers with a free-stall. A higher proportion of dairy farmers with a free-stall had a written feeding plan, carried out regular feed analysis, wore an apron and rubber gloves during milking, and carried out post milking teat disinfection more frequently than dairy farmers with a tie-stall. The data collected in this survey could assist in improving future dairy health communication campaigns in Switzerland.