被评选为2000～2003年《农业工程学报》优秀论文第一作者姓名及其单位

中国农业大学(18) :李民赞,李法虎,雷廷武,李永欣,董乔雪,牛振国,徐泳,冯斌,展志岗,黄兴法,侯彩云,黄元仿,何雄奎,王晓燕,王忠义,汪喜波,杨培岭,宋卫堂西北农林科技大学(10 ) :何东健,冯浩,康绍忠,杨青,阎勤劳,杨中平,蔡焕杰,吴普特,刘文兆,薛惠岚浙江大学(8) :应义斌,何勇,黄敬峰,刘东红,鲁成树,郑晓冬,司慧萍,蒋焕煜江苏大学(5 ) :毛罕平,马海乐,邹小波,李萍萍,宫赤坤农业部规划设计研究院(4 ) :朱明,杨邦杰,周长吉,洪仁彪沈阳农业大学(4 ) :白义奎,高连兴,张祖立,李成华吉林大学(3) :任露泉,吴才聪,左春柽东北农业大学(2 ) :蒋恩臣,郑先…     

江苏东新赣丘陵岗岭区农业资源特点与农业综合开发

江苏东新赣丘陵岗岭区,地貌形态复杂,农业生态条件优劣并存,光热资源充足,但水土流失严重,土层浅薄,有效养分贫瘠,水资源短缺,季节性干旱突出,对此必须不断建设以保水为主的工程体系,拦截地表径流,蓄积一切径流水量,增强调蓄功能,提高降水资源利用率,坚持植树造林,修筑梯田控制水土流失,实施深耕与培肥土壤技术,建立高效农田生态群落,调整农业结构,发展多种经营,明确资源优势,逐步实现规模开发与产业化过程,这     

重金属在猪饲料-粪污-沼液中的变化特征

畜禽养殖使用饲料中普遍添加了含有重金属的添加剂,畜禽对重金属的利用率低,绝大部分残留于粪便中,对生态环境和人类健康存在潜在风险。调查分析了太湖流域西岸区域养猪场饲料、猪粪和沼气化的沼渣和沼液9种重金属（Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb）,研究结果表明,猪饲料和猪粪中Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和As重金属均超标严重,猪大小不同,使得猪饲料和猪粪中重金属含量差异较大。沼液中Cu,Zn,As含量分别为3.37,34.49,0.36 mg/L,均严重超标,沼渣中Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Ni,分别达到1 348.20,10 525.03,1 254.45,57.36和1 043.99 mg/kg,均也严重超标,沼气化工程后除了Pb,Cd和Co外,其他6种重金属可溶态含量都增大,因此沼肥均不宜直接施用农田,需通过相应处理实现沼肥安全农用。     

某些富铁铝土壤形成中微量元素的含量变化与剖面分布

用一米平面光栅摄谱仪对某些富铁铝土壤,母质及母岩中B,Ba,Co,Cr,Cu,Mn,Mo,Ni,Pb,Sn,Sr,Ti,V,Zn,Zr15种微量元素含量作了测定。     

《广西壮族自治区畜禽寄生虫名录》补遗与修订(Ⅱ)

本文是《广西壮族自治区畜禽寄生虫名录》的补遗与修订 ,收载了广西畜禽体内外寄生虫共计 51 8种 ,隶属于 7门 ,1 0纲 ,2 5目。它们包括 :鞭毛虫 2科 ,2属 ,2种 ;类锥体虫 2科 ,4属 ,4 6种 ;无类锥体虫 2科 ,2属 ,4种 ;纤毛虫 1科 ,1属 ,1种 ;吸虫 1 6科 ,38属 ,95种 ;绦虫 6科 ,2 4属 ,4 2种 ;线虫30科 ,65属 ,1 36种 ,棘头虫 3科 ,3属 ,5种 ;蜱螨 7科 ,1 3属 ,2 5种 ;昆虫 1 9科 ,38属 ,1 62种     

陕西省泾惠渠灌区土壤重金属环境质量现状及评价

在调查收集泾惠渠灌区农业生态环境状况资料的基础上,通过采集土壤样品,分析了灌区土壤中重金属含量,并通过单因子指数法对其土壤重金属环境质量现状作出了评价.结果表明,灌区土壤中Pb,Cd,Hg,As,Cu,Zn平均值与陕西省土壤背景值的平均值相比,分别超出46.0%,105.7%,90.6%,47.8%,12.6%和178.6%,只有Cr基本接近;从各元素的变异系数看,Cd的最大,为1.547,As的最小,为0.105;土壤中Pb,Cd,Hg,As,Cu,Zn以及Cr相互之间的相关性都不显著;重金属元素与肥力指标的相关性不具有任何规律性;单因子评价结果表明,灌区土壤中Zn污染最严重,平均单因子污染指数1.48,为轻度污染.As的平均单因子污染指数1.11,也达到轻度污染.Cd的平均评价结果为非污染.灌区土壤中Cr,Pb,Cu,Hg含量基本未达到土壤污染积累的起始值.     

人物介绍——阮长春

阮长春,男,1965年4月出生,汉族,中共党员,博士,研究员,硕士生导师,现任吉林农业大学农业现代化综合技术研究所所长,吉林省昆虫学会副理事长,主要从事赤眼蜂的技术研究及推广工作。近5年来,主持参加国家及省级科研课题10余项,鉴定成果10项,获省级以上科研奖励4项,获专利成果2项,发表论文10余篇,其中3篇为SCI收录...     

前言

内蒙古自治区横跨“三北”,毗邻京津,地域辽阔,形状狭长,其特定的地理位置构成了祖国北部的天然生态屏障。然而,气候干旱,地形复杂,水土流失十分严重,生态环境相当恶劣,因此,加快我区水土流失的治理步伐,保护和建设好生态环境,不仅对加速实现山川秀美,促进自治区经济社会可持续发展,加快广大群众脱贫致富的步伐,保持边疆的长治久安具有重要意义,而且对保护首都北京及华北诸省的生态环境,也具有十分重大的意义。     

西峡:加强水保促民生 改善生态保水清

正西峡地处豫西南边陲,豫鄂陕三省结合部,总人口45万人,总面积3 454 km~2,是一个八山一水一分田的山区县,处于亚热带向暖湿带过渡地带,气候温和,雨量适中,光照充足,年均气温15.1℃,境内河流众多,属长江流域丹江水系的鹳河纵贯全县南北。境内地质结构复杂,相对高差较大,自然灾害频发,加上人口增长扩大了对耕地的需求,人为垦荒严重,大量破坏植被加剧了水土流失,导致生态环境恶化,制     

关于万盛茶叶产业发展的战略思考

1生产概况 万盛茶叶的生产历史悠久,从60年代集中成片种植以来,80年代达到鼎盛时期,成为重庆市的重要绿茶产区,茶园面积达1000余hm<'2>,茶叶产量达890余t,初精加工产值达1200余万元,年上缴国家税收120余万元,成为山区农民脱贫致富的重要来源.但是进入90年代中、后期,由于受市场疲软的影响,投入减少,管理粗放,茶叶衰落,茶厂倒闭,走向低谷,茶园衰老严重,荒芜,至死亡,面积减少,经济效益徘徊不前.     

土壤胶体电位滴定与热分析的初步研究

土壤不仅是一个分散体系,而且其高度分散部分还带电荷。因此,它能与土壤溶液中的离子相互结合,形成双电层。大部分土壤的无机胶体是带负电的,所以主要吸附阳离子。当它在盐基不饱和时就呈酸性,形成所谓胶体酸,胶体酸的缓冲性能既取决于交换性酸的本性,也取决于土壤胶体的本性。因此,了解胶体酸的缓冲性能不仅有助于对土坡酸度本性的认识,也可了解土壤胶体的本性。本文仅就我国几种土壤及其无机胶体部分进行电位滴定与热分析,并与粘土矿物比较以探讨各土壤胶体的缓冲性能与粘粒矿物组成的关系。     

The effect of pig slurry on exchangeable potassium in calcareous soils

Pig slurry in quantities of 200, 400, 500, 600, 800, and 1000 m³ ha^-1 year^-1 was added to two calcareous soils, which differed in concentration and type of clay minerals. The soils were cultivated with two successive crops of pepper and tomatoes grown in containers. A control was given no slurry. The soils were analysed after harvesting for exchangeable K⁺. Differences in exchangeable K⁺ were studied in relation to the concentration and type of clay minerals. The soil with the higher clay content and of the illite type retained K in the exchangeable form to a much greater extent than the soil with the low clay content. In the soil with the lower clay content, of the interstratified illitic — montmorillonite type, very little K was incorporated into the exchange complex. The exchange capacity being low, the amount of K added had little effect on the level of exchangeable K⁺.     

中南地区几种地带性土壤的胶体表面性质与14×10-10m矿物

本文研究了中南地区不同纬度带花岗岩母质发育的黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤的胶体表面性质与粘土矿物组合、14×10^-10m矿物、氧化物的关系。结果表明:(1)黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤粘粒的阳离子交换量、比表面和内表面占总表面的比例依次减小,这与其高岭石、粘粒氧化物含量依次增加,14×10^-10m矿物含量依次减少有关,且也与14×10^-10m矿物在黄棕壤中主要是蛭石,在红壤中主要是14×10^-10m过渡矿物,砖红壤不含14×10^-10m矿物的结论相符合。(2)在其他矿物类型和含量相近下,14×l0^-10m矿物是蛭石的土壤与14×10^-10m矿物是14×10^-10m过渡矿物的土壤相比,前者的阳离子交换量、比表面、内表面占总表面的比例比后者高些,但土壤的活性酸度弱些,交换性铝含量比后者低些。     

Effect of soil composition on adsorption of lead as reflected by a study on a natural forest soil profile

The adsorption characteristics of lead on each genetic horizon of a natural brown forest soil profile were studied to recognize the possible immobilizing effect of a mineralogical diverse soil profile in the case of a possible lead contamination. Lead adsorption experiments were carried out on whole soil samples, soil clay fractions, as well as on their carbonate and organic matter free variant. TEM-EDS analyses were performed to characterize the adsorption capacity of individual mineral phases. The most important lead adsorbents in order of importance are the organic matter, the clay minerals, and the iron oxides. The most significant process is the ion exchange of calcium by lead with the respect to adsorption. The organic matter adsorbs more lead than clay minerals, and clay fractions adsorb more lead as compared to the whole soil samples. Among mixed layer clay minerals, those containing swelling component have the highest lead adsorption capacity, but the exact distinguishing of the individual clay mineral particles with the respect to their adsorption capacity is not possible. The calcite influences the lead adsorption through its buffering capacity: high calcite content results in lead precipitation. Soils characterized by high amount of organic matter, swelling clay mineral accumulation horizon and calcareous subsoil are suitable medium to immobilize a significant lead pollution.     

The role of exchangeable cations in the decrease soil moisture energy (pressure) (dedicated to the 110th birthday of A. A. Rode)

Close correlation between different soil properties (the total and capillary pressure of soil water, the content of bound water, the cation exchange capacity, the hydration heat of the exchangeable cations, the wetting heat of the soil, and the energy of the ion detachment from the substances composing the soil solid phase) derived from the mathematical analysis of experimental data confirm the hypothesis about the prevailing effect of exchangeable cations on water binding in soils enriched with clay minerals (of the montmorillonite and hydromica groups) in which the cation exchange capacity of the colloidal fraction is higher than 0.5 meq/g of colloids.     

土壤电化学性质的研究Ⅴ.土壤对阳离子的结合能与土壤电荷的关系

带电的土壤胶体与离子之间的相互作用.是土壤电化学研究的中心问题.对于带净负电荷的大多数土壤来说,其与阳离子的结合强度,应该决定于土壤的电荷特点、阳离子的本性、和影响二者的相互作用的环境条件.     

Adsorption of DNA on clay minerals and various colloidal particles from an Alfisol

Adsorption and desorption of salmon sperm DNA on four different colloidal fractions from Brown Soil and clay minerals were studied. The adsorption isotherms of DNA on the examined soil colloids and minerals conformed to the Langmuir equation. The amount of DNA adsorbed followed the order: montmorillonite?fine inorganic clay>fine organic clay>kaolinite>coarse inorganic clay>coarse organic clay. A marked decrease in the adsorption of DNA on organic clays and montmorillonite was observed with the increase of pH from 2.0 to 5.0. Negligible DNA was adsorbed by organic clays above pH 5.0. As for inorganic clays and kaolinite, a slow decrease in DNA adsorption was found with increasing pH from 2.0 to 9.0. The results implied that electrostatic interactions played a more important role in DNA adsorption on organic clays and montmorillonite. Magnesium ion was more efficient than sodium ion in promoting DNA adsorption on soil colloids and minerals. DNA molecules on soil colloids and minerals were desorbed by sequential washing with 10 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl and 100 mM phosphate at pH 7.0. A percentage of 53.7-64.4% of adsorbed DNA on organic clays and montmorillonite was released, while only 10.7-15.2% of DNA on inorganic clays and kaolinite was desorbed by Tris and NaCl. The percent desorption of DNA from inorganic clays, organic clays, montmorillonite and kaolinite by phosphate was 39.7-42.2, 23.6-28.8, 29.7 and 11.4%, respectively. Data from this work indicated that fine clays dominate the amount of DNA adsorption and coarse clays play a more important role in the binding affinity of DNA in soil. Organic matter may not favor DNA adsorption in permanent-charge soil. The information obtained is of fundamental significance for the understanding of the ultimate fate of extracellular DNA in soil.     

THE REACTIONS OF SOLUBLE ALUMINIUM WITH MONTMORILLONITE

The amount of aluminium sorbed by calcium bentonite from basic aluminium chloride solutions depends on the ratio of OH to A1 in the original solution. Except when OH/A1 = 0, only part of the sorbed A1 is exchanged by dilute solutions of barium or calcium chlorides and the exchange capacity of the clay decreases in proportion to the amount of aluminium retained by the clay. Al-bentonite appears to contain a mixture of A1³⁺ and a basic cation in which OH/Al is 2.5. Neutralizing Al-bentonite with calcium acetate of pH 7.2 restores only part of the exchange capacity and some charged interlayer aluminium is thought to remain in the clay at this pH. It seems possible, therefore, that charged interlayer aluminium may be found even in soils with a neutral reaction.     

北京香山地区褐土粘土矿物的研究

我国褐土作为一个独立的发生学土类是1958年以后被确定了的(Герасимов1958)。在这前后,李连捷、华孟、文振旺、许冀泉等都曾从不同角度、对褐土分布地区的土壤进行调查研究,得出一些有意义的结论^1-2)(文振旺等,1959;中国科学院土壤及水土保持研究所等,1961;许冀泉,1961)。而对褐土中粘土矿物的研究,许冀泉的工作,是极其有益的。本文报告的是作者1961-1964年对北京香山地区褐土粘土矿物进行研究的结果。     

山东主要果园土壤的粘土矿物组成及其吸附特性

研究了山东主要果园土壤中粘土矿物的组成、类型及其对P、K和Cu、Zn、Pb金属元素的吸附特性。结果表明：山东主要果园土壤的粘土矿物类型存在着明显的差异,淋溶较强,酸度较大的棕壤（简育湿润淋溶土）中粘土矿物以高岭石占优势,对P的吸附较强,但对K＋吸附固定较弱。含游离C aCO3较高的潮土（淡色潮湿雏形土）和褐土（简育干润淋溶土）,对P有较强的吸附和沉淀作用,使土壤磷的有效性降低。而砂姜黑土（钙积潮湿变性土）由于含有较高的蒙脱石和1.4 nm过渡矿物,对K＋具有很强的吸附和晶穴固定作用,因此砂姜黑土中磷肥和钾肥的有效性均较低,在施肥上应采取集中施肥和保持较湿润土壤环境等措施,以提高养分有效性。砂姜黑土和潮土对Cu、Zn、Pb金属元素的吸附显著地大于棕壤和褐土,主要的影响因素是不同土壤的粘粒含量和粘土矿物的类型的差异。同一土壤对Pb的吸附量远远大于对Zn和Cu的吸附量,主要取决于金属元素本身的化学性质和胶体的吸附特性。