白酒糟水解液摇瓶发酵生产木糖醇的工艺优化

为充分利用白酒糟资源,探讨酸水解液作为碳源发酵生产木糖醇的可行性。采用热带假丝酵母(Candidatropicalis1779)发酵酒糟水解液生产木糖醇,分别利用单因素试验和正交试验考察了影响发酵的工艺条件。发酵在250mL摇瓶发酵瓶中进行。结果表明,当种子龄27h、接种量20mL、装液量100mL、氮源添加量20mL、氮源浓度48g/L时发酵效果最好。该条件下发酵液中木糖醇浓度为11.85mg/mL,木糖利用率和还原糖利用率分别为45.62%和74.81%,残留木糖浓度为463.51μg/mL。发酵试验表明酒糟水解液作为碳源发酵生产木糖醇具有可行性。     

龙眼果浆复合乳酸菌发酵工艺优化

为筛选出适合龙眼发酵的复合乳酸菌,优化建立其发酵工艺,比较分析了7种不同的乳酸菌发酵龙眼的降糖能力和释放结合态酚类物质的能力,发现明串珠菌降糖能力最强,植物乳杆菌释放结合态酚能力最强。利用植物乳杆菌和明串珠菌复合发酵龙眼果肉,以游离酚质量分数和还原糖质量分数结合的综合模糊评判值为指标,通过Box-benhnken中心组合试验设计,确定复合乳酸菌发酵龙眼的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,各因素对复合乳酸菌发酵龙眼果浆的模糊评判值影响程度从强到弱依次为:发酵时间发酵温度接种量料液比。复合乳酸菌发酵龙眼的最佳工艺为:料液比为1∶7(g/m L),发酵温度为37℃,发酵时间为53 h,接种量为1.4%,菌种配比为1∶1。在最佳工艺条件下,发酵龙眼果浆的游离酚质量分数为(161.77±3.93)mg/(100 g),还原糖质量分数为(122.80±3.64)mg/g。该研究为开发低糖含量,且适合糖尿病、肥胖症等病人食用的龙眼乳酸菌发酵饮料新产品提供参考。     

白酒丢糟的酸酶联合水解糖化工艺

为充分利用白酒丢糟资源,探讨了酸酶联合水解法对其进行糖化以获得可发酵糖的可行性。以木糖和还原糖浓度为指标,研究温度、固液比、混合酸浓度和时间等因素对酸解效果的影响;在此基础上分析纤维素酶对酸解残渣(AHR)的酶解历程,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)和X-衍射(XRD)技术考察不同水解阶段丢糟的结构特性变化。结果表明,丢糟在温度为100℃、固液比为1:12g/mL和酸浓度为2.0%的条件下经混合酸水解120min可获得59.32g/L还原糖和6.49g/L木糖,该酸解阶段的半纤维素和纤维素转化率分别为77.38%和62.50%,木质素溶出率为43.50%。AHR在纤维素酶用量为4000U/g原料、温度为45℃和pH值为4.8的条件下继续作用2.5h可获得13.27g/L还原糖,该酶解阶段的纤维素转化率为66.67%,酶解率高达90.73%。结构特性研究表明,水解作用前后的丢糟形貌结构变化明显,孔隙率和比表面积增加,有利于纤维素酶对AHR中纤维结晶区的作用。FTIR和XRD结果显示,水解前后的特征组分所对应的吸收峰强度发生了变化,相对结晶度逐渐提高。白酒丢糟经酸酶联合水解作用转化为可发酵糖具有可行性。该研究可为丢糟生物质发酵制备乙醇提供理论基础。     

豆腐渣混合苹果渣固态发酵改善纤维适口性

为了改善豆腐渣发酵后膳食纤维的适口性,适量混合部分苹果渣,利用其糖分提高酿酒酵母的发酵效率,并对其固态发酵工艺条件进行优化。采用单因素和正交试验方法优化的较佳发酵条件为pH值为8、发酵温度22℃、豆腐渣与苹果渣质量比2∶1、酿酒酵母接种量8%、发酵时间48 h。在优化发酵条件下,豆腐渣和苹果渣混合物中粗纤维的质量分数由发酵前的107.8 mg/g下降到发酵后的64.2 mg/g,降解率为40.45%。混合苹果渣的固态发酵极大地改善了膳食纤维的适口性,可以作为健康食品原料广泛使用。     

甜高粱茎汁固定化酵母乙醇发酵工艺优化的试验研究

以可溶性糖含量为113 g/L的甜高粱茎汁为试验原料,采用响应面法建立了甜高粱茎汁固定化酵母乙醇生产过程中,乙醇产量随温度、pH值和发酵时间变化的二次多项式数学模型.根据该模型进行了工艺参数的优选,以乙醇产量为指标,试验所得甜高粱茎汁固定化酵母乙醇生产优化工艺条件为:温度31.14℃,pH值4.53,发酵时间13.26 h,该条件下乙醇产量为39.51 g/L.并对模型进行了检验,验证了数学模型的有效性.     

液态发酵饲料连续发酵工艺

为建立一套液态发酵饲料的连续生产工艺,该研究以玉米-豆粕-麦麸混合物为发酵基质进行液态发酵菌株的筛选,通过监测发酵过程中液态饲料的pH值、乳酸菌数量、大肠杆菌数量、霉菌数量、酵母菌数量、酸溶蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量等指标变化规律探究发酵菌株、连续发酵过程中保留比例、发酵温度、外源苯甲酸和外源酶制剂对发酵进程的调控及饲料营养价值的影响。结果表明：1）筛选出的乳酸菌菌株28-7具有较强的大肠杆菌抑制能力和产乳酸能力,发酵6 h时饲料pH值下降到4.45,发酵饲料中未检出大肠杆菌;2）接种乳酸菌28-7的连续发酵过程中,20%、30%、50%的保留比例对发酵饲料的pH值、乳酸菌数量、霉菌数量的影响差异不大,大肠杆菌均无检出,20%的保留比例可使连续发酵正向进行;3）外源非淀粉多糖酶的加入可显著提高发酵饲料中酸溶蛋白含量、酸溶蛋白/粗蛋白质比值和可溶性糖含量（P<0.05）,外源苯甲酸的加入可有效抑制发酵过程中霉菌的增殖。4）37 ℃条件下发酵可显著提高饲料中酸溶蛋白含量、酸溶蛋白/粗蛋白质比值（P<0.05）,3～12 、20 、37 ℃条件下获得的饲料的pH值<4.0、乳酸菌数量大于1010 CFU/mL,大肠杆菌、酵母、霉菌未检测出。综上,本研究建立的液态发酵生产工艺为：将乳酸菌28-7（接种量1.0×108 CFU/mL）、非淀粉多糖酶（250 g/kg）、苯甲酸（0.1 g/kg）于发酵起始时同时加入,以24 h为发酵周期、20%的保留比例在3～12 （冬季室温）、20 （春秋平均室温）、37 ℃（夏季平均室温）条件下进行生产。该工艺生产所得的液态发酵饲料色泽淡黄,富有温和的酸香味,饲料pH值<4.0,乳酸菌数量>1010 CFU/mL,酸溶蛋白含量、酸溶蛋白/粗蛋白质比值均显著提升（P<0.05）,霉菌、酵母、大肠杆菌无检出,相比春、秋、冬3季,夏季生产更有利于饲料酸溶蛋白含量的提升（P<0.05）。     

苹果渣固态发酵苹果醋工艺研究

以新鲜苹果渣为主要原料,采用果胶酶法对苹果渣的酒精发酵和醋酸发酵工艺进行优化研究,通过正交试验确定最优酿造工艺参数。初步获得的苹果渣酒精发酵条件是果胶酶添加量0.06%、酵母接种量8%、初始糖度16 °Brix;苹果渣醋酸发酵过程的最优工艺条件是干湿苹果渣的配料比为1 ∶ 10、醋酸菌接种量15%、发酵温度32 ℃,此条件下总酸含量增长到38.267 6 g/L。     

玉米秸秆酶解上清液厌氧发酵产氢工艺优化

该文主要以粒度小于0.088 mm秸秆粉的酶解上清液为底物与热预处理后的活性污泥进行厌氧发酵产氢试验,以累积产氢量为考察指标,基于响应面Box-Behnken模型研究不同影响因素对玉米秸秆酶解上清液厌氧发酵产氢的影响,对玉米秸秆酶解上清液厌氧发酵产氢工艺进行优化。结果表明:温度、初始p H值和还原糖浓度三因素中,温度和还原糖浓度对玉米秸秆酶解上清液厌氧发酵产氢的影响最大。采用Box-Behnken模型获得的最佳产氢条件为:温度38.32℃,初始p H值4.93,还原糖浓度20.70 mg/m L,最大产氢量685.59 m L,此时最大产氢率为57.13 m L/g(玉米秸秆)。通过试验验证,实际最大产氢量为659.24 m L,产氢率为54.94 m L/g(玉米秸秆),与模型预测值相比,相对误差为3.84%,说明该模型具有较好的拟合性。该优化工艺可为后期连续流状态下的生物制氢系统提供参考。     

生防地衣芽孢杆菌最佳发酵条件探究

通过单因素试验对地衣芽孢杆菌发酵培养基配方及条件进行优化。结果表明,该菌菌株培养基最佳配比为蛋白胨1%、酵母提取物0.5%、氯化钠1%,最佳培养条件是初始pH值8.5、温度37 ℃、时间36 h、三角瓶装液量125 mL、接种量4%、转速200 r·min~(-1)。该研究为地衣芽孢杆菌的大规模工业化发酵培养提供了有益借鉴。     

光合细菌协同产气肠杆菌联合发酵制氢试验

暗-光联合生物制氢是提高底物利用率和产氢潜力的有益探索。该文以玉米秸秆酶解液为产氢底物,采用光合细菌(HAU-M1)与产气肠杆菌(AS1.489)混合培养工艺,进行了同步糖化暗-光联合生物制氢试验研究。以累积产氢量为主要指标,利用单因素试验考察了底物质量浓度、初始pH值、光照强度、发酵温度对HAU-M1与产气肠杆菌混合培养条件下联合产氢的影响,并在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验对产氢工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明:各工艺参数对HAU-M1与产气肠杆菌联合产氢影响的主次顺序为:发酵温度初始pH值底物质量浓度光照强度。发酵温度和初始pH值是影响HAU-M1与产气肠杆菌联合产氢的显著因素。HAU-M1与产气肠杆菌混合培养联合产氢的较佳工艺条件为:底物质量浓度35 g/L、初始pH值6.5、光照强度3 500 1x、发酵温度30℃,在此条件下,72 h的累积产氢量达到332.6 mL,单位产氢量为47.5 mL/g。该试验研究可为基于秸秆类生物质的暗-光细菌混合培养联合产氢的进一步研究提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.