不同稗草种群对五氟磺草胺的敏感性差异

为探讨不同地区稗草种群对五氟磺草胺的敏感水平,采用室内整株生测法测定五氟磺草胺对不同稗草种群的生物活性以及对不同稗草种群叶绿素含量、光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数和Rubisco活性的影响。结果表明,五氟磺草胺影响稗草Rubisco活性、最大光化学效率以及光合速率等生理指标,但不同稗草种群的变化略有差异。其中五氟磺草胺处理后4 d对安徽潜山稗草种群生理指标影响较大,五氟磺草胺3.75~60.00 g a.i./hm~2处理剂量下稗草Rubisco活性较相同种群空白对照显著降低24.45%~61.09%,15.00~60.00 g a.i./hm~2剂量下,稗草叶片净光合速率较对照显著降低30.04%~58.56%,60.00 g a.i./hm~2剂量下,稗草叶绿素含量和最大光化合效率分别较对照显著降低13.10~28.82%和6.64%~11.29%,而湖北武汉稗草种群叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数以及Rubisco活性无显著变化,只是叶片净光合速率较相同种群空白对照显著降低18.82%~28.49%。整株生物活性测定结果表明,五氟磺草胺处理21 d后安徽潜山稗草地上部鲜质量ED90值最低,为14.936 g a.i./hm~2,而湖北武汉稗草的ED90值最高,为201.679 g a.i./hm~2,显著超过了五氟磺草胺生产使用的推荐剂量。可见湖北武汉稗草种群对五氟磺草胺敏感性明显低于其他地区稗草种群,生产中需要密切注意其抗药性水平的发展变化,及时调整化学防除策略。     

我国冬小麦区菵草种群对甲基二磺隆的抗性水平

2011年、2012年从河北省、河南省、安徽省、湖北省、江苏省、山东省、四川省7个省市采集65个菵草种群,喷施甲基二磺隆20 g a.i./hm2进行单剂量甄别抗性试验。结果表明:在上述选择压下,23个菵草种群能够存活;甲基二磺隆疑似抗性种群主要分布于安徽省、江苏省,而河北省、河南省、湖北省、山东省、四川省未发现疑似抗性种群;整株测定结果显示,WC11-17、WC12-10、WC12-25种群的抗性指数分别为9.12、40.59、12.91,表明部分种群对甲基二磺隆表现出较高抗性;菵草对甲基二磺隆的抗性有发展趋势,即同一地点翌年采集的种群较上年度采集的种群抗性程度有所增加。     

助剂激健对甲基二磺隆防除抗精■唑禾草灵菵草的增效作用

旨在明确助剂激健(主要成分为非离子表面活性剂、油酸甲酯、玉米胚芽油、油茶籽油等)对甲基二磺隆防除抗精噁唑禾草灵菵草是否具有增效作用,并探究其最佳增效剂量及机制。采用室内整株生物测定法筛选激健对甲基二磺隆防除抗精噁唑禾草灵菵草的最佳增效剂量,并通过测定激健对药液表面张力、接触角、扩展直径、最大持留量等物理指标的影响,以及对抗精噁唑禾草灵菵草乙酰乳酸合酶(ALS)活性的影响,来阐明其增效作用机制。结果表明,助剂激健和甲基二磺隆的最佳增效组合为甲基二磺隆12 g a.i./hm^2+激健0.05%(体积分数);激健能显著降低药液的表面张力及接触角,显著增加扩展直径及最大持留量;激健对抗精噁唑禾草灵菵草ALS活性无显著影响。由结果可以看出,助剂激健对甲基二磺隆防除抗精噁唑禾草灵菵草具有增效作用,主要是通过改变药液理化性质而发挥增效作用,而不是在生理生化水平上对甲基二磺隆的靶标酶活性产生影响。     

棒头草对16种夏熟作物田常用除草剂的敏感性

棒头草(Polypogon fugax)是我国夏熟作物田常见杂草,在一些地区已成为主要杂草。采用整株生物测定法研究了棒头草对夏熟作物田常用的5种土壤处理和11种茎叶处理除草剂的敏感性。结果表明,5种土壤处理剂对棒头草抑制地上部分生长90%的剂量(ED_(90))分别为:乙草胺(6.58 g a.i./hm~2)、氟乐灵(1 900.16 g a.i./hm~2)、吡氟酰草胺(120.22 g a.i./hm~2)、异丙隆(1 560.82 g a.i./hm~2)、绿麦隆(3 373.13 g a.i./hm~2)。乙草胺对棒头草的ED_(90)值远低于其推荐剂量,吡氟酰草胺对棒头草的ED_(90)值低于推荐剂量上限,然而氟乐灵、绿麦隆和异丙隆对棒头草的ED_(90)均高于推荐剂量上限,尤其是氟乐灵、绿麦隆。11种茎叶处理剂对棒头草的ED_(90)值剂量依次为:烯草酮(11.93 g a.i./hm~2)、甲基二磺隆(4.16 g a.i./hm~2)、啶磺草胺(12.62 g a.i./hm~2)、唑啉草酯(21.49 g a.i./hm~2)、精唑禾草灵(20.15 g a.i./hm~2)、精喹禾灵(6.77 g a.i./hm~2)、高效氟吡甲禾灵(81.82 g a.i./hm~2)、精吡氟禾草灵(32.63 g a.i./hm~2)、氟唑磺隆(176.44 g a.i./hm~2)、炔草酯(20.15 g a.i./hm~2)、烯禾啶(89.99 g a.i./hm~2),其中仅氟唑磺隆、高效氟吡甲禾灵对棒头草ED_(90)高于田间推荐剂量的上限。因此在播后苗前按推荐剂量使用乙草胺和吡氟酰草胺,以及除氟唑磺隆、高效氟吡甲禾灵外的9种茎叶处理剂均能有效防除棒头草,在实际应用中还需考虑对作物的安全性。     

除草剂混配防除新疆南疆地区冬麦田杂草的药剂试验

10％苯磺隆WP 15 ～22.5 g a.i./hm2和5％唑啉草酯+炔草酸EC30 ～60 g a.i./hm2对冬小麦生长安全.其中,10％苯磺隆WP15 g a.i./hm2与5％唑啉草酯+炔草酸EC 45～ 60 g a.i./hm2对新疆南疆地区冬麦田阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草有较好的防除效果.采用二次稀释的方法,在冬小麦拔节前用药.     

甲氧磺草胺防除小麦田菵草研究初报

7.5%甲氧磺草胺水分散粒剂在小麦田药效和盆栽试验表明,该除草剂在小麦苗后茎叶处理防除菵草效果优良,推荐使用剂量以15 g a.i./hm2为宜。     

75%苯磺隆·双氟磺草胺WDG防治小麦田阔叶杂草效果及其安全性评价

筛选出高效除草剂是有效防治麦田主要杂草播娘蒿与荠菜的前提。采用随机区组试验设计方法,在田间测定75%苯磺隆·双氟磺草胺水分散粒剂(water dispersible granule,简称WDG)对小麦田播娘蒿与荠菜的防治效果和对小麦的安全性。结果表明,施药后45 d,75%苯磺隆·双氟磺草胺WDG 33.75、39.38、45.00、78.75 g a.i./hm~2剂量下对2种杂草总株数防效为66.6%、77.6%、78.1%、80.5%,总鲜质量防效分别为95.8%、96.5%、97.4%、97.7%,均高于对照药剂75%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂(wettable powder,简称WP)22.50 g a.i./hm~2和50 g/L双氟磺草胺悬浮剂(suspension concentrate,简称SC)4.50 g a.i./hm~2对杂草的防效。75%苯磺隆·双氟磺草胺WDG 4个处理区小麦的穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量和产量均显著高于空白对照区,除33.75 g a.i./hm~2处理外,其他处理区小麦增产5%以上。综上所述,苯磺隆·双氟磺草胺WDG推荐剂量为33.75 g a.i./hm~2,对小麦田播娘蒿与荠菜均有较好的防效,对小麦安全。     

八种除草剂对小麦田三种抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的生物活性

为筛选能有效防除抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的除草剂,采用温室盆栽法测定菵草(敏感S_w、抗性R_w)、日本看麦娘(敏感S_r、抗性R_r)、耿氏硬草(敏感S_y、抗性R_y)对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性水平,并研究了8种除草剂对这3种抗性杂草的生物活性。结果显示,3种杂草抗性种群对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性指数均大于33.7,已达高抗水平。3种杂草抗性种群均对同类乙酰辅酶A羧化酶类抑制剂唑啉草酯和炔草酯产生了11.6~56.5倍不等的高水平抗性。对部分乙酰乳酸合成酶类抑制剂产生了2.0~4.8倍的低水平抗性,氟唑磺隆对3种杂草抗性种群防效较差,GR_(90)为67.31~114.39g(a.i.)/hm~2;啶磺草胺仅对Rr种群防效较好,GR_(90)为4.67 g(a.i.)/hm~2;甲基二磺隆对3种杂草抗性种群防效均较好,但对Rr种群存在抗性风险,已出现2.0倍低水平抗性;磺酰磺隆对Ry和Rr种群防效较好;丙苯磺隆对Rr种群防效好。细胞分裂抑制剂氟噻草胺对3种杂草抗性种群防效均最好,在田间推荐剂量120 g(a.i.)/hm~2下可达90%以上的防效。     

防除雀麦除草剂的筛选及其对冬小麦安全性评价

甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆对雀麦均有较好的防效,雀麦1.5叶期分别用15.75ga.i./hm2和31.5ga.i./hm2,药后30d鲜重防效达80%左右.冬小麦2.5叶期用药比较安全.     

抗除草剂大豆356043对几种除草剂的耐受性评价

在温室隔离条件下,采用室内生物测定的方法,喷施靶标除草剂草甘膦、苯磺隆以及大豆田常用茎叶处理除草剂精喹禾灵、乳氟禾草灵和土壤处理除草剂乙草胺,研究了抗除草剂大豆356043对上述除草剂的耐受性差异。结果表明,大豆356043对靶标除草剂草甘膦和苯磺隆有较高的耐受性,安全使用剂量分别为922.5~2460.0、10.1~29.6 g a.i./hm2。而受体大豆Jack和常规品种科丰6号在草甘膦922.5 g a.i./hm2处理时全部死亡,在苯磺隆10.1 g a.i./hm2处理下出现明显药害症状。大豆356043对大豆田常用除草剂精喹禾灵、乳氟禾草灵和乙草胺也具有较高的耐受性,其对常规除草剂的耐受性与Jack和科丰6号无显著性差异。     

湖南稻区稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗性研究

利用整株测定法,测定湖南省主要稻区29个稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的抗性。结果表明,湖南省隆回县的生物型稗草对二氯喹啉酸最敏感,其EC50为76.388 3 g a.i./hm2,为敏感生物型。湖南省益阳芷湖口镇和湖南省长沙望城县(直播田)的生物型稗草对二氯喹啉酸的EC50分别为1 567.164 g a.i./hm2和2 477.542 g a.i./hm2,抗药性指数分别达20.52和32.43,表明这两种生物型稗草的抗药性处于高水平抗性。其中10个生物型稗草的EC50为155.931 8～375.114 g a.i./hm2,抗药性指数为2.02～4.91,表明这些生物型稗草已产生抗性。而其余16个生物型稗草的EC50为84.020 3～151.596 g a.i./hm2,抗药性指数为1.10～1.98,表明这些地方稗草的敏感性正在下降。     

7种苗后除草剂对菵草的除草活性以及对小麦的安全性评价

为了筛选对菵草高效且对小麦安全的除草剂品种,采用温室盆栽法测定了 7种苗后除草剂对菵草的除草活性以及对小麦的安全性.结果表明,5％唑啉草酯EC和15％炔草酯WP对菵草防效优异,ED90仅为各自田间登记低剂量的1/3和1/2;50％异丙隆WP和7.5％啶磺草胺WG对菵草防效较好,ED90与各自田间登记高剂量相当;69 g...     

Resistance of Raphanus raphanistrum to chlorsulfuron in the Republic of South Africa

Herbicide resistance poses a substantial threat to the agricultural industry throughout the world and during the past decade several reports regarding herbicide resistance have been published. Raphanus raphanistrum L., from two wheat farms located in the winter rainfall region of South Africa, showed indications of resistance to chlorsulfuron. Seeds from these suspected resistant biotypes as well as seeds from a susceptible biotype were collected and transported to the ARC-Small Grain Institute for herbicide resistance studies. Herbicides registered for R. raphanistrum control, i.e. chlorsulfuron, MCPA and bromoxynil, were used in this study. Significant differences in the degree of control were found between the susceptible and two resistant biotypes, when treated with chlorsulfuron. The LD₅₀ values for the resistant biotypes (WR 1 & WR 2) were 45 and 11.3 g a.i. ha^–1, respectively, whereas the LD₅₀ value for the susceptible biotype was 5.6 g a.i. ha^–1. The almost eightfold difference between the susceptible and resistant biotype (WR 1), indicated that resistance has developed to chlorsulfuron. Only twofold resistance was established between the other resistant biotype (WR 2) and the susceptible biotype. Significant differences between herbicide rates were also established with the MCPA and bromoxynil experiments. No significant difference could, however, be found between the susceptible and resistant biotypes when treated with MCPA and bromoxynil, indicating the importance of different modes of action of herbicide as a strategy to prevent herbicide resistance.     

除草剂与安全剂混用对杂草防效及糜子安全性的影响

为探讨除草剂与安全剂混用对杂草的防治效果及对糜子安全性的影响,以'榆糜2号'为试验材料,在糜子三叶期选取两种茎叶型除草剂——阔世玛(3.6％ 二磺 ? 甲碘隆水分散粒剂)和锐超麦(20％ 双氟 ? 氟氯酯可湿性粉剂)与两种安全剂——芸苔素内酯(brassinolide,BR)和赤霉素(gibbrellic acid,G...     

抗性和敏感生物型菵草代谢精唑禾草灵的速度差异

为了测定菵草抗性生物型SD-04-SS和敏感生物型SD-12对精唑禾草灵代谢速度的差异,建立了精唑禾草灵及其主要代谢产物精唑禾草酸、6-氯苯并唑酮的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法.结果表明,在0.123~30.000 μg/mL范围内、0.977~1 000.000 μg/mL范围内、0.469~30.000 μg/mL范围内6-氯苯并唑酮、精唑禾草酸、精唑禾草灵浓度与响应值线性关系良好,相关系数(r)分别为0.991 2、0.972 2、0.996 3.应用上述方法分析发现,精唑禾草灵处理后2 h在菵草体内即可检测到精唑禾草酸和6-氯苯并唑酮,药后2~96 h抗性生物型SD-04-SS体内精唑禾草灵的含量始终略高于敏感生物型SD-12,药后24~72 h抗性生物型SD-04-SS体内精唑禾草酸的含量显著低于敏感生物型SD-12,说明抗性生物型降解精唑禾草酸的速度比敏感生物型更快.     

Cross-resistance profile of mesosulfuron-methyl-resistant Italian ryegrass in the southern United States

Diclofop-resistant Lolium species (ryegrass) is a major weed problem in wheat production worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the resistance pattern of diclofop-resistant ryegrass accessions from the southern United States to mesosulfuron-methyl, a recently commercialized herbicide for ryegrass control in wheat; to determine the cross-resistance pattern of a Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Italian ryegrass) accession, 03-1, to acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors; and to determine the resistance mechanism of Italian ryegrass to mesosulfuron-methyl. Seventeen ryegrass accessions from Arkansas and Louisiana, including standard resistant and susceptible accessions, were used in this experiment. Fourteen of the 17 accessions were more resistant (four- to > 308-fold) to diclofop than the standard susceptible biotype. One accession, 03-1, was resistant to mesosulfuron-methyl as well as to other ALS inhibitor herbicides such as chlorsulfuron, imazamox and sulfometuron. Accession 03-1, however, did not show multiple resistance to the ACCase inhibitor herbicides diclofop, fluazifop, clethodim, sethoxydim and pinoxaden, nor to glyphosate. The in vivo ALS activity of the 03-1 biotype was less affected by mesosulfuron-methyl than the susceptible biotype. This indicates that the resistance mechanism of Italian ryegrass to mesosulfuron-methyl is partly due to an alteration in the target enzyme, ALS. It is concluded that diclofop-resistant ryegrass in the southern United States can be generally controlled by mesosulfuron-methyl. However, mesosulfuron-methyl must be used with caution because not all ryegrass populations are susceptible to it. There is a need for more thorough profiling of ryegrass resistance to herbicides.     

Photosynthetic activity of MSMA-resistant and -susceptible common cocklebur

MSMA-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) biotypes of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) were used to study PSI and PSII activities, and chlorophyll and carotenoid content of MSMA-treated and -untreated R and S biotypes. MSMA at 1, 10, and 100 mg/L did not inhibit either PSI or PSII activities. The R biotype had higher PSI and PSII activity than the S biotype with and without MSMA treatments. R biotype leaf discs had higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content than the S biotype after treatment with MSMA; the S biotype cotyldeons had higher levels of both pigments as compared to the R biotype cotyledons. MSMA induced a reduction in both pigments in S biotype cotyledons, and in young and mature leaf discs. Results indicate that photosynthetic capability might indirectly be involved in the resistance mechanism and carotenoids may protect against MSMA toxicity, possibly caused by an induced free radical mechanism.     

Differential atrazine interference with the Hill reaction of isolated chloroplasts from Chenopodium album L. biotypes

Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylaminol-6-(isopropyl-amino)-s-triazine] resistant biotypes of lamb's quarters (Chenopodium athum L) were reported in the maize growing areas of Ontario, where the herbicide had been used fur a number of years. Field samples from four locations proved tolerant to higber than recommended rates of atrazine in controlled environment screening trials. A resistant biotype was not killed with up to 40 kg/ha atrazine. Diuron at 5 x10-5 M inhibited the Hill reaction with isolated chloroplasts of resisiant and susceptible biotypes of lamb's-quarters. However, with 10-4 M atrazine, the photochemical activity was inhibited in chloroplasts isolated from the susceptible biotype but not in chloroplasts from the resisiant biotype. With maize chloroplasts, inhibition with 10-4 M atrazine was the same as with the susceptible biotype of lamb's-quarters. These studies suggested that a new mechanism of intraspecific resistance in lamb's quarters to atrazine was involved, other than differences in uptake, translocation and metabolism reported with interspecific comparisons involving the s-triazines and other herbicides, It was also concluded that atrazine and diuron did not have precisely the same mechanism of action as photosynthetic inhibitors with lamb's-quarters, and that external and or internal structure or function of chloroplasts in relation to atrazine inhibition can vary significantly even in biotypes of the same species.