长期氮肥施用对玉米根茬矿化分解的影响

通过室内培养和田间分解试验,研究了施氮量为N 0、120和240 kg/hm2处理的玉米根茬(R0、R120、R240)在15和45 cm两个肥力条件不同的土层中有机碳矿化分解特性及其对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响。结果表明,在室内矿化培养条件下,根茬CO2累积释放量和潜在碳矿化量均为R120R240R0;R120和R240根茬碳矿化率在表层土壤(15 cm)和底层土壤(45 cm)中分别较R0提高21.1%、12.7%和45.3%、33.7%。在田间埋藏分解条件下,分解386 d后R0、R120和R240根茬碳残留率在表层土壤中分别为36.3%、25.2%和28.7%,在底层土壤中分别为38.4%、30.6%和31.1%;根茬碳残留率与其C/N、木质素含量以及木质素/N正相关,而与根茬全氮含量呈负相关关系,表明根茬分解率随着其本身全氮含量的增加而提高;添加玉米根茬显著增加土壤微生物量碳含量143%~297%,增加土壤可溶性有机碳含量19.9%~118.2%。综上可见,长期施用氮肥影响作物根系的养分组成,显著提高其全氮含量,在评价土壤碳、氮养分循环时,应注重长期氮肥施用对作物残茬养分累积及其在土壤中分解、转化的影响。     

模拟氮沉降对杉木人工林土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳的影响

在杉木人工林中开展模拟氮沉降试验,设计N0(对照)、N1(60kg N/hm2.a)、N2(120kg N/hm2.a)和N3(240kg N/hm2.a)4种氮沉降水平。通过连续7年的处理后,研究外加氮源对土壤可溶性有机碳及微生物量碳的影响及与土壤酶活性的关系。相同N沉降处理下,土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳均随土层加深而降低。氮沉降对土壤有机碳具有促进作用,中-低氮沉降(N1、N2)增加幅度大,高氮沉降(N3)增加幅度小。低氮(N1)处理促进土壤微生物生物量C增加,而中、高氮(N2、N3)则抑制;各氮沉降处理土壤可溶性有机碳含量从高到低的顺序为:N3、N2>N1>N0。40-60cm土壤微生物量碳与蔗糖酶、纤维素酶呈极显著正相关关系,与淀粉酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶呈极显著负相关关系;除40-60cm土层的β-葡糖苷酶外,各层土壤可溶性有机碳与土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和β-葡糖苷酶活性呈极显著正相关关系,与淀粉酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶呈极显著负相关关系。因此,氮沉降增加将会对土壤碳累积与分解过程产生较大的影响。     

过量施氮对旱地土壤碳、氮及供氮能力的影响

【目的】过量施氮会影响土壤有机碳、氮的组成与数量,进而改变土壤供氮能力,但关于西北旱地长期过量施用氮肥后土壤有机碳、氮及土壤供氮能力变化的研究尚缺乏。本文在长期定位试验的基础上,通过分析不同氮肥水平特别是过量施氮条件下土壤硝态氮,有机碳、氮和微生物量碳、氮的变化,探讨长期过量施氮对土壤有机碳、氮及供氮能力的影响。【方法】长期定位试验位于陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学农作一站。在施磷(P2O5)100kg/hm2的基础上,设5个氮水平,施氮量分别为N 0、80、160、240、320 kg/hm2。重复4次,小区面积40 m2,完全随机区组排列。种植冬小麦品种为小堰22。本文选取其中3处理,以不施氮为对照(N0)、施氮量N 160 kg/hm2为正常施氮(N160),施氮量N 320 kg/hm2为过量施氮(N320),分别于2012年6月小麦收获后和10月下季小麦播前采集土壤样品,进行测定分析。【结果】过量施氮导致下季小麦播前0—300 cm各土层硝态氮含量显著增加,平均由对照的2.8 mg/kg增加到15.5 mg/kg;同时,0—60 cm和0—300 cm土层的硝态氮累积量分别由对照的47.2和108.9 kg/hm2增加到76.5和727.7 kg/hm2。过量施氮也增加了夏闲期间0—300 cm土层土壤有机氮矿化量,由对照的72.4 kg/hm2增加到130.7 kg/hm2。但过量施氮未显著增加土壤的有机碳含量,却显著增加了土壤有机氮含量,过量施氮0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤有机碳分别为9.24和5.39 g/kg,有机氮分别为1.05和0.71 g/kg,较对照增加52.2%和54.3%。同样,过量施氮未显著影响0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量,其平均含量分别为253和205 mg/kg,却显著提高了0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量,由对照的24.1和7.5 mg/kg提高到43.6和16.1 mg/kg。【结论】过量施氮可以显著增加旱地土壤剖面中的硝态氮累积量、夏闲期氮素矿化量、小麦播前土壤氮素供应量和土壤微生物量氮含量,但对土壤有机碳和微生物量碳没有显著性影响,同时过量施氮增加了土壤硝态氮淋溶风险,故在有机质含量低的黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦种植中不宜施用高量氮肥,以减少土壤氮素残留和农业投入,达到保护环境和培肥土壤的目的。     

玉米追氮对玉米∥大豆间作体系产量和土壤硝态氮的影响及其后茬效应

【目的】明确玉米条带不同追施氮量对间作作物产量、 吸氮量和土壤硝态氮动态变化的影响,并阐明间作系统不同施氮量的后茬农学效应和环境效应。【方法】玉米和大豆播种时均施用相同的基肥(其中氮肥用量为N 45 kg/hm2),根据大喇叭口期玉米条带追施氮量的不同(N 0、 75、 180 kg/hm2)设置三个处理(N0、 N75、 N180),并且大豆生育期间均不追施氮肥,然后实时监测玉米和大豆各个关键生育期的生物量和土壤硝态氮动态变化,并对比分析各处理的后茬冬小麦产量和土壤硝态氮残留量。【结果】随着玉米条带追施氮量的增加,玉米条带生物量、 产量和吸氮量均无显著变化,而且玉米追施氮量的多少对大豆生物量、 产量和吸氮量没有明显影响。间作种植系统土壤硝态氮含量受到追施氮量的影响,氮肥追施后,020 cm土壤硝态氮含量显著上升,但2040 cm土壤硝态氮含量变化不大。追施氮量越多,玉米条带和大豆条带的土壤硝态氮含量也越高,作物收获后土壤硝态氮残留量也越高,玉米条带追施N 180 kg/hm2的间作系统作物收获后土壤硝态氮含量高出其他两个处理12%~25%。此外,后茬作物冬小麦产量、 吸氮量并未随着前茬间作系统施氮量的增加而增加,但小麦收获后的0100 cm土壤硝态氮残留却随着前茬间作系统施氮量的增加而增大,相对仅施用基肥而不追施氮肥的间作系统,前茬间作系统追施氮肥导致后茬小麦收获后土壤(0100 cm)硝态氮残留量增加了22.38%~70.18%。【结论】针对玉米与大豆间作种植模式,只施用玉米基肥(其中氮肥用量为N 45 kg/hm2)而不追肥,或者在施用基肥的基础上,仅在玉米条带上追施少量氮肥(N 75 kg/hm2),不会影响间作体系产量,还可降低后茬小麦0100 cm土壤中的硝态氮残留。     

栽培和施肥模式对黄土区旱地土壤微生物量及可溶性有机碳、氮的影响

以黄土高原南部地区的两个定位试验为基础,研究了旱地不同栽培和施肥模式对土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮的影响.结果表明,秸秆覆盖显著提高土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)含量,地膜覆盖使SMBN含量显著降低;秸秆和地膜覆盖显著降低小麦拔节期和灌浆期土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)含量.适量施用化学氮肥(120kg/hm2)有利于小麦生长后期SMBN含量的升高,而过量施用(240 kg/hm2)显著降低SMBN含量.与不施肥处理相比,土地经长期撂荒后0-10 cm土层SMBC,SMBN,SOC和SON含量显著提高;氮磷钾配施有机肥显著提高小麦各生育期0-10,10-20 cm土层SMBC,SMBN,SOC和SON的含量;单施氮磷钾肥对土壤SMBC,SMBN含量无明显影响,提高土壤SOC,SON的平均含量.土壤SMBC,SMBN,SOC和SON含量两两之间呈极显著正相关关系,四者含量与土壤有机碳、全氮含量间的正相关关系也达显著或极显著水平.     

施氮和豌豆/玉米间作对土壤无机氮时空分布的影响

为探明甘肃河西走廊绿洲灌区豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮时空分布现状和过量施用氮肥对环境的影响,2011年在田间试验条件下,采用土钻法采集土壤剖面样品,采用Ca Cl2溶液浸提、流动分析仪测定土壤无机氮含量的方法,研究了不同氮水平[0 kg(N)·hm?2、75 kg(N)·hm?2、150 kg(N)·hm?2、300 kg(N)·hm?2、450 kg(N)·hm?2]下豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮时空分布规律。结果表明:作物整个生育期内,灌漠土无机氮以硝态氮为主,其含量是铵态氮的7.55倍。在玉米整个生育期内,与不施氮相比,75 kg(N)·hm?2、150 kg(N)·hm?2、300 kg(N)·hm?2和450 kg(N)·hm?2处理的土壤硝态氮含量分别增加29.7%、67.5%、88.2%和134.3%。与豌豆收获期相比,在玉米收获时土壤硝态氮含量平均降低44.2%。间作豌豆和间作玉米分别比对应的单作在0~120 cm土层硝态氮含量降低6.1%和5.1%。豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮累积量在不同施氮量和不同生育时期都是表层(0~20 cm)最高。豌豆收获后,0~60 cm土层土壤无机氮累积量间作豌豆和间作玉米分别比相应单作降低4.9%和1.9%,60~120 cm土层降低10.8%和9.2%;玉米收获后0~60 cm土层平均降低28.2%和9.4%,60~120 cm土层平均降低23.5%和12.5%。土壤无机氮残留量间作豌豆比单作豌豆在0~60 cm土层降低4.9%,60~120 cm降低10.9%。因此,施用氮肥显著增加了土壤无机氮含量和累积量,且主要影响土壤硝态氮。过量的氮肥投入会因作物不能及时全部吸收而被大水漫灌和降雨等途径淋洗到土壤深层,造成氮肥损失和农田环境污染。间作能显著降低土壤无机氮浓度和累积量,特别在作物生长后期对土壤无机氮累积的降低作用更加明显。     

北京郊区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥去向研究

采用田间微区15N示踪试验研究了肥料氮在冬小麦、夏玉米当季和后茬的去向。结果表明 ,在供试土壤的肥力水平和生产条件下 ,N 120kg/hm2 的施肥水平已经达到了较高产量 ,再增加氮肥施用量作物产量不再增加 ;其氮肥利用率和残留率均显著高于施氮量为N 360kg/hm2,损失率则远低于后者 ;在一季作物生长后仍有 20.9%～48.4%肥料氮残留于 0～100cm土层 ,这些残留的肥料氮在后茬的利用率不足 8% ,至施肥后第 2或第 3茬作物 ,仍有部分肥料氮残留于土壤。在低施氮量时 ,肥料氮以NO3--N残留的量很低 ,在高施氮量时 ,残留氮除以有机态、微生物态氮形式存在外 ,以NO3--N形式存在的比例也很高 ;在氮素损失途径中 ,淋洗损失可能占有相当重要的地位。     

太湖地区不同轮作模式下的稻田氮素平衡研究

采用田间微区15N示踪,研究了太湖地区稻田不同轮作模式(紫云英-水稻轮作、休闲-水稻轮作、小麦-水稻轮作)和施氮水平(0、120 kg·hm?2、240 kg·hm?2、300 kg·hm?2)下水稻对氮肥的吸收利用效率及土壤氮素残留特征。结果表明,水稻吸收的氮素来自肥料的比例为20.9%~49.6%,休闲-水稻轮作模式下水稻产量的获得更加依赖无机氮肥的大量投入。当季水稻对肥料氮的利用率为25.0%~41.5%,肥料氮的土壤残留率为13.4%~24.6%,其中90%以上的土壤残留肥料氮集中在0~20 cm土层,在土壤剖面中的残留率随土层深度增加而迅速降低,30~40 cm土层的肥料残留量仅占氮肥施用量的0.2%~0.7%。紫云英?水稻轮作和休闲?水稻轮作模式下氮肥利用率和土壤残留率均在施氮240 kg·hm?2时达到最大值,其氮肥利用率显著高于小麦?水稻轮作55.6%和66.0%。稻季施氮240 kg·hm?2时,小麦-水稻轮作模式下的氮肥利用率、土壤残留率以及总回收率显著最低,损失率显著最大;紫云英?水稻轮作模式下的氮肥损失率最小,分别小于休闲?水稻轮作和小麦-水稻轮作13.9%、39.2%。不同轮作模式下,水稻籽粒产量随施氮量的增加而增加,稻季施氮240 kg·hm?2时,紫云英?水稻轮作下水稻籽粒产量显著高于休闲?水稻轮作和小麦?水稻轮作,小麦?水稻轮作籽粒产量虽略高于休闲?水稻轮作,但没有达到显著水平。本研究认为,选择紫云英还田配施氮肥240 kg·hm?2,既可以保证水稻氮肥利用率而获得高产,又能减少氮肥损失而带来的环境风险,是一种值得在当地大力推广的耕作制度。     

黄土高原旱地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤的氮素平衡

在黄土高原南部旱地,通过田间小区试验研究了传统施肥方式下冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中土壤的氮素平衡。结果表明:土壤残留矿质态氮(Nmin)对作物产量和施用氮肥效果有重要影响,前季作物残留土壤Nmin可以促进后季作物生长,使氮肥增产效应不明显;冬小麦生长季节施氮240.kg/hm2可以增加产量和作物吸氮量,但其氮肥利用率只有39.7%,大部分以Nmin残留于0200cm土壤中或以其他途径损失;由于冬小麦季节残留肥料氮的后效,使夏玉米生长季节的氮肥利用率很低,施氮120和240.kg/hm2的氮肥利用率分别只有22.4%和3.9%,而在0200cm土层残留率则达到51.1%和87.2%;经过冬小麦、夏玉米一个轮作周期后,施氮量为240、360和480.kg/hm2时作物的氮肥利用率平均为52.2%4、2.2%和28.0%,而相应的土壤残留率平均为12.4%、25.3%和49.8%,表观损失率平均为35.4%、32.5%和22.2%。表明在土壤残留Nmin较高的条件下,夏玉米生长季节施氮量较低时盈余氮素以表观损失为主,施氮量高时大部分氮素残留于土壤剖面。     

黄土丘陵区不同退耕还林地土壤有机碳、氮密度变化特征

探讨了黄土丘陵区退耕种植10～40a的柠条、侧柏及刺槐林地0—60cm不同土层有机碳及全氮密度随退耕年限及在土层分布上的变化特征。结果表明:不同土层相比,退耕栽植柠条、侧柏、刺槐10～40a后0—20cm土层有机碳密度平均比20—60cm增加4.20,6.87,4.46Mg/hm2;0—20cm土层的全氮密度比20—60cm平均增加0.08,0.02,0.07Mg/hm2。与坡耕地比较,0—20cm土层在退耕30a中固碳速率为侧柏[0.33Mg/(hm2·a)]>刺槐[0.28Mg/(hm2·a)]>柠条[0.17Mg/(hm2·a)],固氮速率则为刺槐[0.03Mg/(hm2·a)]>侧柏[0.02Mg/(hm2·a)]>柠条[0.01Mg/(hm2·a)],且碳氮固定速率均显著高于深层土壤。10～30a不同退耕还林地增加的有机碳、氮平均分别有57%和51%来自0—20cm的土层。不同退耕还林地土壤C/N随土层深度的增加而减小。综上,退耕还林土壤表现出显著的提升土壤碳氮的效应,且以侧柏林地固碳能力较佳,刺槐林地固氮效果较好。     

不同栽培模式及施氮对玉米-小麦轮作体系土壤肥力及硝态氮累积的影响

以在陕西关中土垫旱耕人为土区进行的连续6年定位试验为对象,研究了长期覆盖栽培及施氮量对玉米?小麦轮作体系下土壤有机质、全氮及土壤剖面硝态氮残留量和分布的影响。结果表明,不同栽培模式对土壤有机质和全氮含量的影响为覆草垄沟常规节水,其中覆草模式影响达显著水平。增施氮肥不同程度地提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量。经过12季玉米-小麦的轮作,不同栽培模式0～200cm土壤剖面硝态氮残留量为垄沟节水覆草常规,垄沟和节水栽培模式与常规栽培硝态氮累积量差异达显著水平。随种植年限和施氮量增加,0～200cm土壤中硝态氮累积量明显增加,施240kg·hm-2N(N240)处理0～200cm土壤硝态氮累积量显著高于施120kg·hm-2N(N120)处理。不同施氮量下硝态氮在0～200cm土壤剖面的分布存在差异,与不施氮(N0)和N120处理相比,N240处理下各栽培模式在120cm以下的土壤硝态氮含量随深度增加而显著增加。     

Effects of residue location on soil organic matter turnover: results from an incubation experiment with 15N‐maize

Differences in the mechanisms of storage and decomposition of organic matter (OM) between minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) are generally attributed to differences in the physical impact through tillage, but less is known about the effects of residue location. We conducted an incubation experiment at a water content of 60% of the maximum water‐holding capacity and 15°C with soils from CT (0–25 cm tillage depth) and MT fields (0–5 cm tillage depth) with ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw incorporated to different depths (CT simulations: 0–15 cm; MT simulations: 0–5 cm) for 28 d in order to determine the effects of the tillage simulation on (1) mineralization of recently added residues, (2) the dynamics of macroaggregate formation and physical protection of OM, and (3) the partitioning of maize‐derived C and N within soil OM fractions. The MT simulations showed lower relative C losses, and the amount of maize‐C mineralized after 28 d of incubation was slightly but significantly lower in the MT simulations with maize added (MT_maize) than in the respective CT (CT_maize) simulations. The formation of new water‐stable macroaggregates occurred during the phase of the highest microbial activity, with a maximum peak 8 d after the start of incubation. The newly formed macroaggregates were an important location for the short‐term stabilization of C and N with a higher importance for MT_maize than for CT_maize simulations. In conclusion, our results suggest that a higher amount of OM in MT surface soils compared with CT surface soils may not only result from decreased macroaggregate destruction under reduced tillage but also from a higher efficiency of C retention due to a more concentrated residue input.     

Dynamics of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf straw mineralization as affected by the presence of soil and the availability of nitrogen

An incubation experiment was carried out with maize (Zea mays L.) leaf straw to analyze the effects of mixing the residues with soil and N amendment on the decomposition process. In order to distinguish between soil effects and nitrogen effects for both the phyllospheric microorganisms already present on the surface of maize straw and soil microorganisms the N amendment was applied in two different placements: directly to the straw or to the soil. The experiment was performed in dynamic, automated microcosms for 22 days at 15 °C with 7 treatments: (1) untreated soil, (2) non-amended maize leaf straw without soil, (3) N amended maize leaf straw without soil, (4) soil mixed with maize leaf straw, (5) N amended soil, (6) N amended soil mixed with maize leaf straw, and (7) soil mixed with N amended maize leaf straw. ¹⁵NH₄¹⁵NO₃ (5 at%) was added. Gas emissions (CO₂, ¹³CO₂ and N₂O) were continuously recorded throughout the experiment. Microbial biomass C, biomass N, ergosterol, δ¹³C of soil organic C and of microbial biomass C as well as ¹⁵N in soil total N, mineral N and microbial biomass N were determined in soil samples at the end of the incubation. The CO₂ evolution rate showed a lag-phase of two days in the non-amended maize leaf straw treatment without soil, which was completely eliminated when mineral N was added. The addition of N generally increased the CO₂ evolution rate during the initial stages of maize leaf straw decomposition, but not the cumulative CO₂ production. The presence of soil caused roughly a 50% increase in cumulative CO₂ production within 22 days in the maize straw treatments due to a slower decrease of CO₂ evolution after the initial activity peak. Since there are no limitations of water or N, we suggest that soil provides a microbial community ensuring an effective succession of straw decomposing microorganisms. In the treatments where maize and soil was mixed, 75% of microbial biomass C was derived from maize. We concluded that this high contribution of maize using microbiota indicates a strong influence of organisms of phyllospheric origin to the microbial community in the soil after plant residues enter the soil.     

Dynamic of different C and N fractions in a Cambisol under five year succession fallow in Saxony (Germany)

The dynamic of different soil C and N fractions in a Cambisol under succession fallow was investigated from June 1996 until May 2001. Mineral soil samples (0 – 10 and 10 – 30 cm) were analyzed for their concentrations of organic C (C_org), total N (N_t), hot water extractable C and N (HWC and HWN), and KCl extractable C and N (C_org(KCl), N_org(KCl), NH₄⁺‐N, NO₃^–‐N). The values of all C and N fractions revealed a distinct depth gradient. While the concentrations of C_org increased after set aside significantly from 7.7 to 8.9 g kg^–1 at 0 – 10 cm, those at 10 – 30 cm depth decreased from 7.2 to 6.1 g kg^–1. N_t remained rather constant throughout the whole observation period. The HWC concentrations increased from 0.33 to 0.49 g kg^–1, while HWN decreased slightly at 0 – 10 cm with time. In contrast, both HWC and HWN increased at 10 – 30 cm soil depth. HWC showed close significant correlations to C_org, and HWN to N_t as well as to NH₄⁺‐N and NO₃^–‐N, respectively. In comparison to hot water‐extractable C and N, C_org(KCl) and N_org(KCl) accounted only about one tenth of those and showed a decreasing trend with time of succession. C : N ratio of the KCl fraction was in the same order of magnitude as the HWC : HWN ratio, except the last phase of the experiment where hot water extract values increased above 10.     

秸秆还田与施氮对黑土区春玉米田产量、 温室气体排放及土壤酶活性的影响

探讨秸秆还田与施氮对高纬度黑土区春玉米产量与温室气体排放特性的影响,对促进粮食增产和降低环境代价具有重要意义。本研究通过位于黑土区的大田定位试验,利用静态箱-气相色谱计数方法,在秸秆还田与不还田和3个氮素用量(纯N:120 kg·hm~(-2),240 kg·hm~(-2)和300 kg·hm~(-2))条件下,研究了春玉米不同生育时期农田土壤CO2、N2O和CH4综合温室效应与排放强度,以及土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性的变化。结果表明:无秸秆还田时,高氮用量处理春玉米产量最高;秸秆还田后,中等氮用量处理(240 kg·hm~(-2))春玉米产量最高,且与无秸秆还田的高氮处理间无显著差异。无秸秆还田时,随施氮量增加,CO2、N2O和CH4排放量均显著提高,综合温室效应和土壤温室气体排放量与强度显著增加(P0.05);增施氮肥配合秸秆还田,增加了CO2和N2O的排放量,而土壤CH4的碳汇功能增强,温室气体排放量与强度未显著提高(P0.05)。无秸秆还田,增施氮肥降低了土壤过氧化氢酶活性但提高了土壤脲酶活性;而秸秆还田使得增施氮肥引起的土壤过氧化氢酶活性降低的幅度加大但土壤脲酶活性提高的幅度变小。因此,秸秆还田后配合中等用量氮处理(240 kg·hm~(-2))玉米产量最高,且能够抑制单纯增施氮肥对综合温室效应和土壤温室气体排放强度的促进作用,推荐在生产中参考使用。     

施肥深度对生土地玉米根系及根际土壤 肥力垂直分布的影响

为探明施肥深度对生土地玉米(Zea mays L.)地上部生产力、根系及根际土壤肥力的影响,连续2年以黄土母质生土为供试土壤,采用根管土柱法,以不施肥为对照,研究不同深度(0~20 cm、60~80 cm、100~120 cm、140~160 cm和180~200 cm)施用生物有机肥对玉米地上部生产力及根重、根际土壤酶活性、根际土壤养分含量垂直分布的影响。结果表明:1)在0~200 cm土层范围内,随施肥深度的加深,玉米地上部生产力、总根重等指标均呈先增加后减少的规律。施肥深度在100~120 cm处的玉米总根重(52.3 g)及地上部生产力(361.0 g)最大。2)所有施肥深度的根重垂直分布均呈"T"型,以0~20 cm耕层根重最大,占总根重的50%左右,随根系下延,根重明显递减(P0.05)。施肥深度100~120 cm可以获得最大总根重和0~40 cm耕层根重(27.19 g)。根系N、P和K养分积累适中,平均分别为6.60 g·kg~(-1)、2.38 g·kg~(-1)和8.16 g·kg~(-1)。3)施肥明显提高根际土壤酶活性和养分含量。施肥深度为60~80 cm,0~200 cm土层根际土壤脲酶活性较高,介于0.108~0.354 mg(NH3-N)·g~(-1)(soil)·24h~(~(-1));施肥深度为140~160 cm时,0~200 cm土层根际土壤蔗糖酶活性和速效磷含量较高,分别为12.9~19.6 mg(glucose)·g~(-1)(soil)·24h~(-1)和4.31~6.02 mg·kg~(-1);施肥深度180~200 cm,0~200 cm土层根际土壤有机质含量较高,介于5.55~7.14 g·kg~(-1);施肥深度小于100 cm或大于120 cm,0~20 cm土层根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和碱解氮含量较高,分别0.497 mg(phenol)·g~(-1)(soil)·24h~(-1)和25.4 mg·kg~(-1)。4)相关分析表明,在生土地上,不同施肥深度处理下,玉米根重、根系NPK营养、根际土壤酶活性及根际土壤NPK营养密切相关。5)根据FACTOR过程和CLUSTER聚类分析,优化得出改良黄土母质生土地玉米冠-根-土系统的适合施肥深度范围为60~160 cm。本研究结果为通过施肥加快生土熟化提供了新的思路。     

Carbon dioxide flux and soil carbon stock as affected by crop residue management and soil texture in semi‐arid maize croplands in Tanzania

Crop residue management strategies must be adapted for improving carbon (C) balance and soil C stock in agroecosystems in sub‐Saharan Africa with consideration of the crop residue availability and site‐specific soil characteristics. We conducted field experiments to determine the effects of crop residue application method (incorporation/mulching) and quality (maize/cowpea) and N fertilizer application on the soil respiration rate and soil C stock in the surface soil layer (0–15 cm) in maize croplands with contrasting soil textures (clay/sandy) over 2 years from 2012 to 2014 in Tanzania. At the clay site, the incorporation of maize residues showed a 38% increase in CO₂ flux compared to mulching, whereas, at the sandy site, mulching showed a 16% increase compared to the incorporation. At the sandy site, mulching practice retained soil moisture content and apparently enhanced the decomposition of the original soil organic C in the surface layer. It is, therefore, suggested that mulching practice may accelerate a long‐term depletion of soil C stock at the sandy site. The cowpea residue incorporation led to rapid decomposition because of its high biodegradability at both sites. The N fertilizer application stimulated the decomposition of labile soil organic matter. The soil C stock in the surface layer did not significantly change after the 2‐year experiment, irrespective of crop residue treatment and soil type. In conclusion, adequate crop residue management in terms of suppressing CO₂ flux during a cropping season depends on soil type, but the long‐term effect on soil C stock is unclear.     

Response of maize and soil microorganisms to decomposing poplar root residues after shallow or homogenous mixing into soil

During re‐conversion of short‐rotation poplar tree plantations back to arable land use, large amounts of tree residues must be incorporated into soil. A 90‐d pot experiment with and without N addition was carried out after mixing the same amounts of chaffed poplar root residues into the pots at 0–5 cm or at 0–20 cm depth. The objective was to investigate whether shallow mixing has positive effects on maize growth, reduces poplar root residue decomposition, and changes the microbial community structure towards fungi. Aboveground maize yield was strongly reduced after mixing of poplar root residues at 0–20 cm depth without N fertilization, but was not affected if mixed at 0–5 cm depth. Neither the mixing nor N fertilization had significant effects on root residue decomposition, estimated as recovered particulate organic matter. The total increase in microbial biomass C and biomass N was strongest after homogenous mixing of root residues at 0–20 cm, but remained unaffected by N fertilization. In contrast, the total amount of ergosterol remained unaffected by the mixing treatments, but responded positively to N fertilization. Shallow incorporation of poplar root residues did not affect the microbial biomass C/N ratio but disproportionately increased the fungal ergosterol to microbial biomass C ratio. Shallow incorporation of poplar root residues seems to reduce the demand for N fertilization of following crops, which should be further tested in field experiments.