过氧化氢改性苹果渣膳食纤维的研究

【目的】研究过氧化氢对苹果渣膳食纤维的改性作用,为提高苹果渣可溶性膳食纤维含量、改善苹果渣理化性质提供一种简单高效、成本低廉的方法。【方法】采用不同pH和浓度的过氧化氢溶液处理果汁厂苹果渣,经醇沉、干燥、粉碎后,制得过氧化氢改性苹果渣。研究pH及过氧化氢浓度对改性苹果渣得率、膳食纤维组成及含量、物理性质及结构特性的影响。其中,膳食纤维组成及含量包括总膳食纤维（Total dietary fibre, TDF）含量、不可溶性膳食纤维（Insoluble dietary fibre, IDF）含量、可溶性膳食纤维（Soluble dietary fibre, SDF）含量,物理性质包括改性苹果渣持水力、膨胀力、持油力、堆积密度、颜色,结构特性包括改性苹果渣热稳定性、超微结构,并检测改性苹果渣中过氧化氢残留量。【结果】（1）过氧化氢溶液的pH对苹果渣理化结构性质具有显著影响。过氧化氢溶液浓度相同时,经酸性（pH 3.8）、中性（pH 7）过氧化氢处理的苹果渣,TDF含量、持水力、膨胀力、持油力均有不同程度的提高,而SDF含量、堆积密度较原果渣无显著变化,颜色变暗。经碱性（pH 11.5）过氧化氢处理的苹果渣,SDF含量显著提高,持水力、膨胀力、颜色等理化性质均得到极大改善,堆积密度增加,TDF含量较未处理苹果渣有所提高。热重及超微分析结果表明,酸性、中性过氧化氢处理后苹果渣热稳定性及超微结构与原果渣相比无明显差异,碱性过氧化氢处理后苹果渣热稳定性下降,超微结构变得紧密平滑。（2）过氧化氢溶液浓度对苹果渣理化结构性质也具有显著性影响。在pH为11.5的碱性条件下,使用不含过氧化氢的溶液处理后,苹果渣理化结构性质与经酸性、中性过氧化氢处理的苹果渣相似。随着过氧化氢浓度逐渐升高,苹果渣SDF含量逐渐增加,SDF含量由3.30%增加到19.02%-28.32%,提高476%-758%,膨胀力、颜色逐渐改善,堆积密度增加,持水力先上升后下降,苹果渣得率、TDF、IDF含量逐渐下降,持油力未得到改善。此外,随着过氧化氢浓度升高,苹果渣结构性质也发生变化,苹果渣热稳定性逐渐降低,结构变得更加松碎。（3）过氧化氢残留量检测结果表明,过氧化氢在处理过程中可完全分解除去,改性苹果渣中无残留。【结论】碱性过氧化氢处理可作为一种清洁高效的提高苹果渣SDF含量并改善苹果渣理化性质的改性方法,改性效果与过氧化氢pH及浓度密切相关。     

DNA damage and oxygen radical toxicity

A major portion of the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli is attributed to DNA damage mediated by a Fenton reaction that generates active forms of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide, DNA-bound iron, and a constant source of reducing equivalents. Kinetic peculiarities of DNA damage production by hydrogen peroxide in vivo can be reproduced by including DNA in an in vitro Fenton reaction system in which iron catalyzes the univalent reduction of hydrogen peroxide by the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). To minimize the toxicity of oxygen radicals, the cell utilizes scavengers of these radicals and DNA repair enzymes. On the basis of observations with the model system, it is proposed that the cell may also decrease such toxicity by diminishing available NAD(P)H and by utilizing oxygen itself to scavenge active free radicals into superoxide, which is then destroyed by superoxide dismutase.     

Photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide in surface and ground waters exposed to sunlight

A rapid increase in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was observed when samples of natural surface and ground water from various locations in the United States were exposed to sunlight. The hydrogen peroxide is photochemically generated from organic constituents present in the water; humic materials are believed to be the primary agent producing the peroxide. Studies with superoxide dismutase suggest that the superoxide anion is the precursor of the peroxide.     

TiO2纳米颗粒增强的过氧化氢生物传感器

采用TiO2纳米颗粒与聚乙烯醇缩丁醛（PVB）作为固酶基质,用凝胶-溶胶法固定辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）,构成的过氧化氢生物传感器,研究了该修饰电极在磷酸缓冲液中对H2O2的催化作用及实验条件的影响,实验结果表明,纳米TiO2颗粒的引入可以明显的提高HRP对H2O2响应电流。     

双氧水对牛肝脏B超影像效果的研究

为探讨双氧水对牛肝脏B超影像的效果,以广西本地黄牛为试验动物,分别对在自然条件下和静脉注射0.5%、1.0%、1.5%浓度的双氧水的牛肝脏B超造影效果进行比较,结果表明,使用双氧水造影探查牛的肝脏,声像图肝实质、肝静脉壁、膈肌回声增强,影像对比度强,显影更清楚,提高了诊断的准确性,其中以1.0%浓度双氧水下的影像效果最好,1.5%双氧水下效果次之.     

菌种的细菌抑菌剂研究

[目的]为了研究采用抑菌剂以抑制菌种中的细菌污染。[方法]在PDA斜面培养基上,用抗生素和化学抑菌剂对食用菌与细菌的混合菌液进行抑菌试验。[结果]在药剂筛选中,双氧水各浓度无细菌萌发;青霉素钠、乙醇可抑制细菌萌发。在浓度筛选中,双氧水4%(实际2%)、5%(实际2.5%)浓度可完全抑制细菌,5%(实际2.5%)浓度则同时抑制真菌。在适宜菌种试验中,不同的真菌菌种对双氧水的耐受力不同,平菇耐受力较强,蛹虫草的耐受力也较强,而猴头的耐受力较弱。[结论]多数抗生素和化学抑菌剂对细菌的抑制能力很弱,而对真菌抑制能力很强,只有双氧水在浓度适宜时能有效抑制细菌而不影响真菌生长;双氧水的有效浓度与菌液浓度有关,菌液浓度越大,双氧水的有效浓度也越大;不同种类食用菌对双氧水的耐受力有差异,平菇耐受力较高,蛹虫草次之,猴头的耐受力较低;使用双氧水抑制细菌污染的食用菌菌种,扩接后菌丝生长情况与对照基本无差异。     

重金属污染土壤H2O2预处理的植物修复技术研究

采用反应平衡法并结合盆栽试验研究了H2O2对重金属污染土壤的活化作用及对后续植物修复中重金属根际效应的影响.研究表明污染土壤施入H2O2后,水溶性总铜、总锌均较对照有显著的增加,说明H2O2对污染土壤重金属的活化有很强的效果.Fe2+加入使重金属活性降低,施加量越高,土壤溶液水溶性铜锌含量越低.经H2O2预处理的土壤栽种黑麦草后将进一步溶出铜锌,其中,对黑麦草根际水溶态铜含量的影响比锌显著.H2O2预处理并不改变污染土壤重金属的主要存在形态,但经H2O2预处理的土壤栽种黑麦草后,水溶态+交换态铜含量增幅较大说明经H2O2预处理重金属在土壤中的结合强度可能减弱,易于受根际的影响而活化.H2O2预处理土壤栽种黑麦草后,弱专性吸附态铜锌均明显增加、残渣态铜锌减少.即提取试验和盆栽试验结果均表明H2O2预处理对提高土壤中重金属的生物有效性、促进植株吸收重金属效果显著.     

环氧蛹油的制备研究

以蛹油为原料,在强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化剂作用下,通过与双氧水和冰乙酸发生环氧化反应,制取环氧蛹油;并探讨了最佳反应条件,结果显示：催化剂用量为３％、冰乙酸用量为２５％、双氧水用量为５０％,反应时间为７ｈ。     

Galileo magnetometer measurements: a stronger case for a subsurface ocean at Europa

On 3 January 2000, the Galileo spacecraft passed close to Europa when it was located far south of Jupiter's magnetic equator in a region where the radial component of the magnetospheric magnetic field points inward toward Jupiter. This pass with a previously unexamined orientation of the external forcing field distinguished between an induced and a permanent magnetic dipole moment model of Europa's internal field. The Galileo magnetometer measured changes in the magnetic field predicted if a current-carrying outer shell, such as a planet-scale liquid ocean, is present beneath the icy surface. The evidence that Europa's field varies temporally strengthens the argument that a liquid ocean exists beneath the present-day surface.     

分光光度法测定植物过氧化氢酶活性的研究

H2O2在240nm波长下有强烈吸收峰,过氧化氢酶能分解过氧化氢,使反应溶液吸光度(A240)随反应时间增加而降低.根据测量吸光率的变化速度即可测出过氧化氢酶的活性.本试验是在其他反应条件相同的情况下,从相同质量的3种不同植物(小麦叶片、豌豆、黄瓜)中提取的3种过氧化氢酶(A、B、C)与同体积同浓度的过氧化氢作用,根据其反应速度的不同得出A、B、C的活性大小,从而得出了在质量相同的情况下从黄瓜中可以提取更多的过氧化氢酶.     

板栗不同品种果实对炭疽病的抗性

板栗6个不同品种的果实对炭疽病的抗性差异显著，对与抗性有关的过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化物酶同工酶及SOD同工酶的分析表明：过氧化氢酶及过氧化物酶活性与板栗果实抗病性密切相关；过氧化氢酶活性越低，过氧化物酶活性越高，果实的抗性越强；过氧化物酶同工酶及SOD同工酶谱在一定程度上表明了品种间果实的抗性差异。     

大豆连作的过氧化氢酶活性与根系分泌物

本文通过试验对大豆连作胁迫下土壤中过氧化氢酶活性进行了研究，结果表明，过氧化氢酶活性下降幅度很大，连作3年酶活性下降21.4％。过氧化氢酶活性的明显下降，使其解毒能力减弱，从而导致土壤中过氧化氢的积累，对大豆根系毒害作用加重。由于根系受毒害作用，使根系吸收养分受阻，在营养胁迫下，又使根系分泌物的种类和数量都发生改变。反过来，又抑制了土壤中酶活性。为此，我们认为这是连作胁迫条件下产生的生化互作效应（Allelopathy），也是连作下产生生物障碍的主要原因。     

Inhibition of biogenic amine uptake by hydrogen peroxide: a mechanism for toxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine

Hydrogen peroxide, dialuric acid, or 6-hydroxydopamine inhibited the uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin into rat brain synaptosomal preparations. The addition of catalase protected all systems, but catalase was only partially protective for 6-hydroxydopamine acting upon catecholamine uptake. The data show that 6-hydroxydopamine generates hydrogen peroxide and that hydrogen peroxide can damage the biogenic amine uptake systems. Part of the damage caused by the 6-hydroxydopamine that accumulates in the catecholamine nerve terminals in vivo may be attributed to the hydrogen peroxide.     

Reversible reduction of oxygen to peroxide facilitated by molecular recognition

Generation of soluble sources of peroxide dianion (O(2)(2-)) is a challenge in dioxygen chemistry. The oxidizing nature of this anion renders its stabilization in organic media difficult. This Report describes the chemically reversible reduction of oxygen (O(2)) to cryptand-encapsulated O(2)(2-). The dianion is stabilized by strong hydrogen bonds to N-H groups from the hexacarboxamide cryptand. Analogous stabilization of peroxide by hydrogen bonding has been invoked recently in crystalline saccharide and protein systems. The present peroxide adducts are stable at room temperature in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF). These adducts can be obtained in gram quantities from the cryptand-driven disproportionation reaction of potassium superoxide (KO(2)) at room temperature.     

碘化钾还原法测定自然水体中微量过氧化氢的研究

[目的]优化碘化钾还原法测定过氧化氢的试验条件,测定天然水体中的过氧化氢含量。[方法]对试验过程中的影响因素：温度、时间、pH、碘化钾及催化剂钼酸铵用量进行优化,选择过氧化氢的最佳测定条件。[结果]在pH为4～6、室温25℃、添加4 ml碘化钾及催化剂钼酸铵100μl、反应时间15 min条件下0,～2.0×10-4mol/L范围内过氧化氢的浓度与吸光度成线性相关（R2=0.999 8）,最小检测限为1.5×10-6mol/L,所测自然水体中过氧化氢测的量为5.29～10.59×10-6mol/L。[结论]该方法简单、快捷,可用于自然水体中微量过氧化氢的测定。     

Toxic DNA damage by hydrogen peroxide through the Fenton reaction in vivo and in vitro

Exposure of Escherichia coli to low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide results in DNA damage that causes mutagenesis and kills the bacteria, whereas higher concentrations of peroxide reduce the amount of such damage. Earlier studies indicated that the direct DNA oxidant is a derivative of hydrogen peroxide whose formation is dependent on cell metabolism. The generation of this oxidant depends on the availability of both reducing equivalents and an iron species, which together mediate a Fenton reaction in which ferrous iron reduces hydrogen peroxide to a reactive radical. An in vitro Fenton system was established that generates DNA strand breaks and inactivates bacteriophage and that also reproduces the suppression of DNA damage by high concentrations of peroxide. The direct DNA oxidant both in vivo and in this in vitro system exhibits reactivity unlike that of a free hydroxyl radical and may instead be a ferryl radical.     

不同降解方法下β-胡萝卜素降解产物的分析

为了给卷烟加香提供一种新思路,比较分析了不同降解方法下β-胡萝卜素的降解产物,利用双氧水氧化、硫酸铜催化-双氧水氧化、硝酸银催化-双氧水氧化和高锰酸钾催化氧化-双氧水氧化等4种不同的降解方法对β-胡萝卜素进行降解,并对降解产物进行GC/MS分析。所鉴定出的降解产物均为烟叶中的重要香味成分,其中二氢猕猴桃内酯和β-紫罗兰酮相对含量最高;硝酸银催化-双氧水氧化和高锰酸钾催化氧化-双氧水氧化法所得到的降解产物中,二氢猕猴桃内酯相对含量高于另外2种方法;双氧水氧化和高锰酸钾催化氧化-双氧水氧化法所得到的降解产物中,β-紫罗兰酮相对含量高于另外2种方法。β-胡萝卜素经过降解,可以产生二氢猕猴桃内酯、β-紫罗兰酮、异佛尔酮、氧化异佛尔酮等致香物质;不同的降解方法,得到的降解产物和比例不同。     

过氧化氢胁迫粟水提取物的羟自由基清除活性与成分分析

比较了粟的不同水提取物的羟自由基清除活性,并用不同浓度的过氧化氢进行粟的胁迫萌发研究.在温度30℃、pH值7.0、萌发48h的条件下,分析了过氧化氢对幼芽的外观生理形态、粟种的发芽率及其胁迫粟水提取物的羟自由基清除作用的影响,对浓度1.5ml/100ml的过氧化氢胁迫粟水提取物的主要成分进行了测定.结果表明:过氧化氢浓度在0～1.5ml/100ml范围时,粟产生适应性反应,对萌发有促进作用;在浓度1.5ml/100 ml时,发芽率为92.3%,羟自由基清除率可达53.4%,比水萌发清除率(10.1%)提高了4倍多;浓度大于1.5 ml/100 ml时,则抑制粟种子萌发.过氧化氢胁迫粟萌发,有助于提高其营养保健价值.     

Activity of photochemical reactions and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in chloroplasts under stress conditions

A comparative study of hydrogen peroxide accumulation under the effect of heat shock (42°C) during brief exposures is performed in chloroplasts of various wheat varieties characterized by heat resistance. With consideration of the wheat variety and time of action of temperature stress, a different stimulating effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on cyclic photophosphorylation activity is revealed.     

Evidence for Photochemical Formation of H2O2 and Oxidation of SO2 in Authentic Fog Water

When samples of rain and fog water were exposed to ultraviolet and visible light, reactive transients such as hydrogen peroxide were formed and dissolved organic matter and sulfur dioxide were depleted. These results, in conjunction with those from previous studies, imply that dissolved organic compounds and transition metals such as iron ions are involved in the photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide and other photooxidants in atmospheric waters.