Spectroscopic limits on the distance and energy release of GRB 990123

An optical spectrum of the afterglow from the unusually bright gamma-ray burst GRB 990123 obtained on 24.25 January 1999 universal time showed an absorption system at a redshift of z = 1.600. The absence of a hydrogen Lyman alpha forest sets an upper limit of z < 2.17, whereas ultraviolet photometry indicates an upper limit of z < 2.05. The probability of intersecting an absorption system as strong as the one observed along a random line of sight out to this z is at most a few percent, implying that GRB 990123 was probably at z = 1. 600. Currently favored cosmological parameters imply that an isotropic energy release equivalent to the rest mass of 1.8 neutron stars (4.5 x 10(54) erg) was emitted in gamma rays. Nonisotropic emission, such as intrinsic beaming, may resolve this energy problem.     

Early optical polarization of a gamma-ray burst afterglow

We report the optical polarization of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow, obtained 203 seconds after the initial burst of gamma-rays from GRB 060418, using a ring polarimeter on the robotic Liverpool Telescope. Our robust (2sigma) upper limit on the percentage of polarization, less than 8%, coincides with the fireball deceleration time at the onset of the afterglow. The combination of the rate of decay of the optical brightness and the low polarization at this critical time constrains standard models of GRB ejecta, ruling out the presence of a large-scale ordered magnetic field in the emitting region.     

Decay of the GRB 990123 optical afterglow: implications for the fireball model

Broad-band (ultraviolet to near-infrared) observations of the intense gamma ray burst GRB 990123 started approximately 8.5 hours after the event and continued until 18 February 1999. When combined with other data, in particular from the Robotic Telescope and Transient Source Experiment (ROTSE) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), evidence emerges for a smoothly declining light curve, suggesting some color dependence that could be related to a cooling break passing the ultraviolet-optical band at about 1 day after the high-energy event. The steeper decline rate seen after 1.5 to 2 days may be evidence for a collimated jet pointing toward the observer.     

Polarization mode control of two-dimensional photonic crystal laser by unit cell structure design

We demonstrate polarization mode selection in a two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal laser by controlling the geometry of the unit cell structure. As the band diagram of the square-lattice photonic crystal is influenced by the unit cell structure, calculations reveal that changing the structure from a circular to an elliptical geometry should result in a strong modification of the electromagnetic field distributions at the band edges. Such a structural modification is expected to provide a mechanism for controlling the polarization modes of the emitted light. A square-lattice photonic crystal with the elliptical unit cell structure has been fabricated and integrated with a gain media. The observed coherent 2D lasing action with a single wavelength and controlled polarization is in good agreement with the predicted behavior.     

Observation of X-ray lines from a gamma-ray burst (GRB991216): evidence of moving ejecta from the progenitor

We report on the discovery of two emission features observed in the x-ray spectrum of the afterglow of the gamma-ray burst (GRB) of 16 December 1999 by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. These features are identified with the Ly(alpha) line and the narrow recombination continuum by hydrogenic ions of iron at a redshift z = 1.00 +/- 0.02, providing an unambiguous measurement of the distance of a GRB. Line width and intensity imply that the progenitor of the GRB was a massive star system that ejected, before the GRB event, a quantity of iron approximately 0.01 of the mass of the sun at a velocity approximately 0.1 of the speed of light, probably by a supernova explosion.     

Coherent optical control of the quantum state of a single quantum Dot

Picosecond optical excitation was used to coherently control the excitation in a single quantum dot on a time scale that is short compared with the time scale for loss of quantum coherence. The excitonic wave function was manipulated by controlling the optical phase of the two-pulse sequence through timing and polarization. Wave function engineering techniques, developed in atomic and molecular systems, were used to monitor and control a nonstationary quantum mechanical state composed of a superposition of eigenstates. The results extend the concept of coherent control in semiconductors to the limit of a single quantum system in a zero-dimensional quantum dot.     

Gamma-Ray bursts: accumulating afterglow implications, progenitor clues, and prospects

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are sudden, intense flashes of gamma rays that, for a few blinding seconds, light up in an otherwise fairly dark gamma-ray sky. They are detected at the rate of about once a day, and while they are on, they outshine every other gamma-ray source in the sky, including the sun. Major advances have been made in the last 3 or 4 years, including the discovery of slowly fading x-ray, optical, and radio afterglows of GRBs, the identification of host galaxies at cosmological distances, and evidence showing that many GRBs are associated with star-forming regions and possibly supernovae. Progress has been made in understanding how the GRB and afterglow radiation arises in terms of a relativistic fireball shock model. These advances have opened new vistas and questions on the nature of the central engine, the identity of their progenitors, the effects of the environment, and their possible gravitational wave, cosmic ray, and neutrino luminosity. The debates on these issues indicate that GRBs remain among the most mysterious puzzles in astrophysics.     

Photometry and spectroscopy of the GRB 970508 optical counterpart

An optical transient within the error box of the gamma ray burst GRB 970508 was imaged 4 hours after the event. It displayed a strong ultraviolet excess, and reached maximum brightness 2 days later. The optical spectra did not show any emission lines, and no variations on time scales of minutes were observed for 1 hour during the decline phase. According to the fireball and afterglow models, the intensity should rise monotonically before the observed optical maximum, but the data indicate that another physical mechanism may be responsible for the constant phase seen during the first hours after the burst.     

始穗期降雨对不同水稻品种穗颈瘟发生的影响

通过3批播种试验,在自然条件下观察了始穗期降雨对不同水稻品种穗颈瘟发生的影响。结果表明:始穗期降雨对穗颈瘟发生的影响与品种的抗瘟性有关。根据始穗期与降雨相遇时各品种穗颈瘟的发病率,将供试的14个品种分为4个类群:第一类为中抗品种,第二类为中感品种,第三类为感病品种,第四类为高感品种。     

一份云南地方稻广谱持久抗稻瘟病初步分析

为发掘利用广谱持久抗稻瘟病水稻质源,接种分析了云南地方粳稻品种子预44对云南省7群18个稻瘟病菌生理小种的苗叶瘟抗性,考察了该品种大田穗瘟抗性及其作为抗源育种利用的情况.结果表明,子预44抗6群16个中国稻瘟病菌生理小种,即ZA1,ZA49,ZA57,ZA61;ZB1,ZB13,ZB17,ZB25;ZC1,ZC3,ZC13,ZC15;ZE1,ZE3;ZF1和ZG1.而且作为抗源育种利用20多年还未丧失抗性,具有广谱持久稻瘟病抗性.用其作父本分别与高感稻瘟病粳稻面江新团黑谷和江南香糯杂交,获得F1、F2和BC1F1遗传群体.用稻瘟病菌生理小种ZB13和ZE1分别对亲本丽江新团黑谷、江南香糯和子预44及其杂交后代群体F1、F2和BC1F1进行分蘖期接种鉴定和遗传分析.结果表明,子预44对稻瘟病菌生理小种ZB13和ZE1均表现为单基因控制的显性遗传.这些研究结果为进一步开展子预44抗稻瘟病基因的定位与克隆,以及育种利用提供了重要基础.     

酸性和中性水田土壤施用硅肥的效应研究Ⅰ.对土壤pH、Eh及硅动态的影响

分别选取酸性和中性水田土壤进行盆栽试验,研究施用硅肥对水稻各生育期土壤溶液pH、Eh及硅浓度的影响.结果表明,淹水种稻后酸性土壤pH迅速升高,而中性土壤pH降低,然后均趋于中性;Eh的变化基本均呈近似“W”形;土壤溶液硅浓度则经历了一个先升高后下降并趋于稳定的变化过程.与对照相比,单施高炉渣或高炉渣与葡萄糖配施处理在提高土壤溶液pH和Eh、增加硅浓度方面的效果较为明显,尤其在酸性水田土壤上表现得更为突出;偏硅酸钠的施用效果只是在水稻生长的某一时期在中性水田土壤上表现得相对明显;单施葡萄糖会降低土壤Eh,提高生育前期土壤溶液中的硅浓度.在水稻全生育期内,高炉渣与葡萄糖配施处理的土壤溶液中硅浓度升高的幅度最大,在酸性水田土壤和中性水田土壤上分别是对照处理的1.40(最小倍数)～4.93(最大倍数)倍和1.19(最小倍数)～2.72倍(最大倍数),说明施用高炉渣硅肥,可明显提高土壤硅素供应水平,对促进水稻生长、提高水稻产量有重要意义.     

病草中稻瘟病菌在闽北地区存活期的研究

早稻病草回田后,浸在田水里病草中稻瘟病菌的存活期为3～7天,埋在田土下1～3寸处为1天,有灭菌防病的作用;不回田弃置或堆放田间存活期达41～71天以上,可为晚稻发病的菌源。晚稻病草回田,耕翻土下,埋在塘泥中,复盖紫云英和散在冬闲田上,除复盖紫云英少数架在稻桩上离开地面的病草外,均不可能成为翌年早稻发病的初侵染源。晚稻稻草堆表面病草中的稻瘟病菌存活期达168天以上,为翌年早稻发病的重要菌源。在大气湿度较高的阈北地区,室内早稻干燥病草中稻瘟病菌的存活期为10～12个月,晚稻为13～16个月之间。前者可为翌年早稻,后者不仅为翌年早稻,还为晚稻全生育期提供发病的茵源。文中还对早稻病草回田后病草中稻瘟病菌迅速死亡的原因作了分析和讨论。     

Excitation of orbital angular momentum resonances in helically twisted photonic crystal fiber

Spiral twisting offers additional opportunities for controlling the loss, dispersion, and polarization state of light in optical fibers with noncircular guiding cores. Here, we report an effect that appears in continuously twisted photonic crystal fiber. Guided by the helical lattice of hollow channels, cladding light is forced to follow a spiral path. This diverts a fraction of the axial momentum flow into the azimuthal direction, leading to the formation of discrete orbital angular momentum states at wavelengths that scale linearly with the twist rate. Core-guided light phase-matches topologically to these leaky states, causing a series of dips in the transmitted spectrum. Twisted photonic crystal fiber has potential applications in, for example, band-rejection filters and dispersion control.     

Imaging photopolarimeter on pioneer saturn

An imaging photopolarimeter aboard Pioneer 11, including a 2.5-centimeter telescope, was used for 2 weeks continuously in August and September 1979 for imaging, photometry, and polarimetry observations of Saturn, its rings, and Titan. A new ring of optical depth < 2 x 10(-3) was discovered at 2.33 Saturn radii and is provisionally named the F ring; it is separated from the A ring by the provisionally named Pioneer division. A division between the B and C rings, a gap near the center of the Cassini division, and detail in the A, B, and C rings have been seen; the nomenclature of divisions and gaps is redefined. The width of the Encke gap is 876 +/- 35 kilometers. The intensity profile and colors are given for the light transmitted by the rings. A mean particle size less, similar 15 meters is indicated; this estimate is model-dependent. The D ring was not seen in any viewing geometry and its existence is doubtful. A satellite, 1979 S 1, was found at 2.53 +/- 0.01 Saturn radii; the same object was observed approximately 16 hours later by other experiments on Pioneer 11. The equatorial radius of Saturn is 60,000 +/- 500 kilometers, and the ratio of the polar to the equatorial radius is 0.912 +/- 0.006. A sample of polarimetric data is compared with models of the vertical structure of Saturn's atmosphere. The variation of the polarization from the center of the disk to the limb in blue light at 88 degrees phase indicates that the density of cloud particles decreases as a function of altitude with a scale height about one-fourth that of the gas. The pressure level at which an optical depth of 1 is reached in the clouds depends on the single-scattering polarizing properties of the clouds; a value similar to that found for the Jovian clouds yields an optical depth of 1 at about 750 millibars.     

稻瘟病圃中水稻品系的抗瘟性评价与育种利用

在20世纪80年代抗病育种的基础上,从1994-2003年采用人工辅助接种、自然发病的方法对12151份次水稻材料在病圃中的稻瘟病抗性进行了监测。结果表明,10年共计有4933份次叶瘟表现抗病,7103份次表现为感病,分别占总份次的40.60％和58.46％;有4071份次颈瘟表现抗病,7965份次表现为感病,分别占总份次的33.50％和65.55％。有9034份次的材料叶瘟颈瘟表现一致,占总份次的74.35％,其中叶瘟感病颈瘟也感病的材料份次是叶瘟抗病颈瘟也抗病材料的两倍;叶瘟颈瘟表现不一致的材料有3002份次,占总份次的24.71％,其中叶瘟感病而颈瘟抗病的材料份次多于叶瘟抗病而颈瘟感病的材料份次。利用早期筛选的抗源,选育了抗病优良籼型杂交稻恢复系6326、蜀恢162、蜀恢527等。对稻瘟病抗病育种和抗病品种的合理利用等问题也进行了讨论。     

Evaluation and Genetic Analysis of Five Parental Varieties Resistant to Rice Blast Pathogen in Heilongjiang Province

Five F2 segregation populations, derived from crosses between the susceptible japonica cultivars （cvs.） Kongyul31 and donor cvs. Aichi Asahi （AA）, BL1, Digu, Pai-kan-tao （PKT） and Oryzica Llanos 5 （ORL...     

40%敌瘟磷乳油防治水稻稻瘟病田间药效试验

为验证40%敌瘟磷乳油对水稻的安全性及对水稻穗颈瘟的防治效果,2009年进行了40%敌瘟磷乳油防治水稻穗颈瘟田间小区药效试验。结果表明：40%敌瘟磷乳油在水稻孕穗末期和齐穗期均匀茎叶喷雾,在试验剂量范围内对水稻非常安全,增产效果显著,对水稻穗颈瘟的防治效果较好,适宜用量为450~600 g.hm-2。     

水稻系列不育系对稻瘟病的抗性分析

以10个水稻系列不育系和6个恢复系配制一套包括16个亲本和60个F1为研究对象,采用苗期室内喷雾接菌和稻瘟病重发区田间自然诱发鉴定相结合的方法,分析供试亲本及其F1的抗性特征.结果表明:除连丰A外的9个不育系及其配制的54个F1,对2003-2006年福建省流行的稻瘟病菌生理小种及2006年上杭茶地田间稻瘟病菌的群体毒力都表现抗病反应,抗性频率100%,抗谱广,抗性评价均为抗(R);同时这9个不育系均含有显性主效抗瘟基因.连丰A的抗性频率为4.8%,抗谱窄,抗性评价为感(S).蜀恢527的抗性频率为76.2%,抗谱较广,中抗(MR);明恢77、晚3、福恢13和福恢5138的抗性频率均为4.8%,明恢86的抗性频率为14.3%,抗谱窄,抗性评价均为感(S).本研究反映了亲本抗性遗传背景,避免育种中同一抗源反复使用以延长品种使用寿命,并提出当前亟需引入新抗源,以丰富水稻抗性遗传基础.     

酸性和中性水田土壤施用硅肥的效应研究Ⅱ.对水稻吸收硅素及产量的影响

分别选取酸性和中性水田土壤进行盆栽试验,研究施用硅肥对水稻不同生育期硅素吸收状况及产量的影响,以期揭示施用硅肥提高不同类型土壤供硅能力、改善植株硅素营养及增加产量的作用机制.结果表明,从拔节期到抽穗期水稻植株体内硅的含量有较大幅度的降低,而后又逐渐升高.施用硅肥可明显提高水稻植株体内硅的含量,尤以高炉渣与葡萄糖配合施用和单施高炉渣两个处理效果最好,极显著高于对照及其他处理.在酸性水田土壤上施用硅肥的增产效果较为明显,高炉渣与葡萄糖配施处理的增产率高达16.99％,且成熟期水稻植株含硅量与稻谷产量间存在显著的直线正相关关系;在中性水田土壤上施硅则无显著增产效果.总之,高炉渣与葡萄糖配合施用能更有效地改善土壤的供硅能力,进而提高水稻产量,其在酸性水田土壤上的施用效果尤为显著.     

SSR分子标记高效选择抗稻瘟病双基因Pi-1、Pi-2的技术体系

[目的]建立高效SSR分子标记检测技术体系,加快抗稻瘟病育种进程,并为促进、推广SSR分子标记辅助选择技术在企业育种科研上的应用提供方法。[方法]采用田间叶片快速DNA提取技术、抗稻瘟病基因Pi-1和Pi-2连锁标记MRG4766和AP22的两重PCR技术及两道聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对抗稻瘟病育种群体进行高效分子标记辅助选择。[结果]建立了一种成本低、操作简单、能够对抗稻瘟病双基因Pi-1和Pi-2进行准确、稳定、快捷、规模化检测的方法。[结论]该技术体系可对抗稻瘟病育种群体进行高效分子标记辅助选择,加快抗稻瘟病育种进程,为SSR分子标记辅助选择技术在企业育种科研上的广泛应用提供了借鉴方法。