杉木天然林和人工林涵养水源功能研究

通过对杉阔天然混交林、天然杉木林和杉木人工林的林冠层、林下植被层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层水源涵养功能的研究,结果表明:两种天然林总持水量分别比人工林高699 18t·hm-2和337 67t·hm-2,天然林具有更好的涵蓄水分功能。林分不同层次的持水量大小顺序为:土壤层>枯枝落叶层>林冠层>林下植被层,土壤层是森林涵蓄降水的主要场所,其贮水量占林分总贮水量的90%以上。天然林地上部分各层次的持水量分配较为均匀,而杉木人工林林冠层持水量大大高于林下植被和枯枝落叶层的持水量,这种结构不利于削弱林内降雨侵蚀力,土壤也较为板结,渗透功能较差。     

内蒙古大兴安岭兴安落叶松土壤种子库研究

对内蒙古大兴安岭成熟兴安落叶松纯林的3种不同采伐林分类型(原始林、渐伐林、皆伐林)的土壤种子库储量、质量及其垂直分布(枯枝落叶层、土层0~5cm和5~10cm)进行了研究,结果表明:不同的采伐林分生长状况,决定了不同的土壤种子储量,渐伐林种子储量最多,皆伐林种子储量最小;从种子库活力程度看,种子整体质量非常差,完整种子中大部分为空粒种子,各林分均为70%左右;土壤种子库中种子集中分布在枯枝落叶层中;各林分林下均有幼苗,表明兴安落叶松纯林土壤种子库种子具有一定的萌发能力。     

格氏栲和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层溶解有机碳浓度及季节动态

于2002 年的1 月、4 月、7 月和10 月对中亚热带格氏栲和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of Castanopsis kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,33 年生) 枯枝落叶层(包括Oi、Oe 和Oa 层)进行了取样,并采用TOC 分析仪测定枯枝落叶层样品的溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度。结果表明,杉木人工林枯枝落叶层DOC 平均浓度(1341.7 mg·kg-1)高于格氏栲人工林(1178.9 mg·kg-1)。两种林分枯枝落叶层中,Oe 层的DOC 浓度均高于Oi 和Oa 层。格氏栲和杉木人工林枯枝落叶层不同分解层次DOC 浓度的季节变化模式基本相似,均在秋季或冬季出现最大值。枯枝落叶层DOC 浓度及季节变化与温度、湿度、生物活性及枯枝落叶层中有机质数量等有关。表2 图2 参31。     

林地枯枝落叶层对溅蚀影响的研究

本文分析了在天然降雨条件下中龄山杨林和28a油松人工林的溅蚀试验资料,结果表明,在同一土壤和同一坡度条件下,最大30mim雨强、林内降雨量、枯枝落叶层厚度是决定溅蚀发生的主要因素,且溅蚀量与其呈二次多项式回归关系。但当枯枝落叶层具有一定厚度时溅蚀与其它因素无关。当I_30为0.07mm/min或P_0为3.3mm时去掉枯枝落叶层有溅蚀发生,在I_30为0.35mm/min或P_0为25.56mm时具1cm枯枝落叶层山杨林下不发生溅蚀,油松林有极少量贱蚀;随枯枝落叶层厚度增加,溅蚀量剧减,实验证明:山杨林下枯枝落叶层积累大于1cm、油松林积累到2cm时没有溅蚀发生,起到了保持水土的作用。     

杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量的影响因素分析

通过收集杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量数据,分析杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量与年平均温度、年降水量、林分年龄、枝叶生物量、凋落物量、林下植被生物量的相关关系。结果表明,杉木林枯枝落叶层现存量与林龄、林下植被生物量、凋落物量、枝叶生物量呈显著正相关,其中与林下植被生物量相关性最大,与年均温呈负相关,而与年降水量无显著相关。多元线性回归分析表明,林龄可单独解释枯枝落叶现存量变化的21.2%,而林龄、降水量、年均温、枝叶生物量可以解释枯枝落叶现存量变化的38.6%。     

贡嘎山暗针叶林生态系统枯落物截留特征研究

充分考虑不同林型下枯落物的特性和降雨特性,采用现场模拟方法观测枯落物截留,以浸水法观测枯枝落叶层的最大持水量,观测了贡嘎山不同演替阶段的暗针叶林群落林内枯落物的截留特征.结果表明,贡嘎山暗针叶林生态系统中不同群落的枯落物截留降水量与林外降雨量有不同程度的线性相关关系,而林内降雨量与枯落物截留量之间存在幂函数关系.同林型内,由于枯落物数量与组成成分、分解程度等不同,其持水能力也存在着较大的差异:过熟林中枯落物吸水饱和时间最短,最大持水率最低,枯落物与林下厚厚的苔藓层混杂在一起,截留水分的能力相对较弱;幼龄林中枯落物饱和需要时间最长,最大持水率也最高,对林下降雨的再分配作用也相应最大.同时,枯落物层的截留作用及截留量的大小,除去枯枝落叶层的数量和质量外,与枯落物的湿润程度相关.     

杉木林林下植被生物量影响因素

通过收集杉木林林下植被生物量数据,分析杉木林林下植被生物量与年平均温度、年降水量、林分年龄、林分密度、乔木层生物量、灌木层生物量、草本层生物量、枯枝落叶层现存量等8个因子的相关关系。结果表明,林下植被生物量与林龄、乔木层生物量、灌木层生物量、草本层生物量、枯枝落叶层现存量呈显著正相关,其中以与草本层生物量相关性最大,与林分密度呈负相关,而与年均温、年降水量无显著相关。多元线性回归分析表明,林龄、林分密度、草本生物量可解释枯枝落叶现存量变化的90.6%。     

松杉灵芝林下栽培技术的研究

本文就辽宁东部林区的林分类型、立地条件、水热条件、菌包放置方式和处理方式对松杉灵芝子实体生长的影响进行分析研究,结果表明:在落叶松纯林,坡度小于25°、阴坡半阴坡、厚土层、枯枝落叶层大于5 cm、土壤为弱酸性时效果最好。在20~25℃,林内空气湿度大于75%、土壤表层温度为20~25℃、土壤表层湿度大于60%、林内透光度为0.6~0.8时的水热条件下效果最好。地表堆垒菌包和地下埋设菌包、中间放置木段方式对于培育松杉灵芝的效果均优良。     

秦皇岛市海滨林场森林碳密度与碳储量研究

在外业样地(乔木层、林下灌草层、枯枝落叶层、土壤)调查的基础上,结合乔木生物量模型,研究了秦皇岛市海滨林场森林碳密度与碳储量的分配特征。结果表明:海滨林场森林平均碳密度为132.19 t·hm~(-2),碳密度的大小顺序为乔木层(113.55 t·hm~(-2))>土壤层(21.68 t·hm~(-2))>林下灌草层(1.07 t·hm~(-2))>枯枝落叶层(0.88 t·hm~(-2))。总碳储量为105 224 t,其大小顺序与碳密度一致,乔木层(87 094.4 t)>土壤层(16 632 t)>林下灌草层(822.7 t)>枯枝落叶层(674.9 t)。近熟林、成熟林、过熟林是海滨林场乔木层碳储量的主体,占乔木层总碳储量的89.46%。     

福建樟湖35年生楠木人工林水源涵养功能研究

通过对福建樟湖35年生的楠木人工林林冠层、林下植被层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层水源涵养功能的研究,结果表明:楠木人工林林分总持水量分别为2 103.24 t.hm-2,楠木人工林具有较好的涵蓄水分功能。林分不同层次的持水量大小顺序为:土壤层>林冠层>枯枝落叶层>林下植被层。土壤层是森林涵蓄降水的主要场所,其贮水量占林分总贮水量的95%以上。楠木人工林10℃时的初渗值和稳渗值分别为6.95 mm.min-1和3.43 mm.min-1,具有良好的渗透性能。     

白蜡实生苗培育技术

为了克服水曲柳播种苗适应性差,生长缓慢的缺点,本文对水曲柳的砧木白蜡的播种育苗技术从种实采集、种实处理、圃地选择与整地、播种育苗和幼苗的抚育管理等五个方面进行了试验研究,总结了一套白蜡培育壮苗的新技术。     

山苍子种子育苗试验

针对山苍子种子休眠期长,苗木繁育困难的现状,采用7月采的种子和9月采的种子进行种子育苗试验。结果表明:7月采的种子的出苗数和苗高生长量只有9月采的种子的20%和63.3%,两者达到极显著差异。7月采种,由于种子尚未完全成熟,种子发芽率低,苗木生长较差;9月采种,种子已完全成熟,种子发芽率高,苗木生长较好。     

Seed Biology,Stand Characteristics,and Regeneration of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance

Fruit size and seed moisture content were measured and seed production and dispersal were monitored to understand the seed biology of the Korean ash (Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance) in two Korean ash forests. A combination of four ground treatments and four crown closure levels were created in a natural forest to understand the site conditions needed for seedling emergence in natural stands and to determine practical regeneration methods for direct seeding. The seed size of Korean ash increased until late May and its moisture content decreased rapidly in early November. Prolific seed bearing occurred every 3 yr. The distance of seed dispersal by wind was about 30 m, but more than 90% of the seeds dispersed within 10 m from the seed trees. Twenty-five seed trees per hectare provided for successful natural regeneration. The seedling emergence in the natural stands was best with scarification treatment and 25～50% of crown closure.     

Natural infection of Fraxinus excelsior seeds by Chalara fraxinea

The occurrence of Chalara fraxinea, the fungus responsible for dieback of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), was investigated in the current and previous seed years collected from symptomatic trees in Latvia and Sweden using molecular techniques (DNA extraction, ITS‐PCR, Sanger sequencing). Molecular analysis of seeds revealed the presence of 30 different fungal taxa. Chalara fraxinea was detected in 8.3% of seeds tested from the current year originating from Latvia. The presence of C. fraxinea in seeds of F. excelsior is of great concern to phytosanitary protection authorities in countries outside the current zone of infestation.     

落叶松枯落针叶水浸液对落叶松和云杉种子的萌发影响

研究了长白落叶松未分解和半分解枯落针叶的水浸液处理对红皮云杉种子和长白落叶松种子萌发的不同生物效应。对于长白落叶松种子萌发来说,长白落叶松半分解和未分解枯落针叶水浸液4.0 g/L浓度的处理效果均为最佳;而对于红皮云杉种子萌发来说,10.0 g/L浓度或0.5～1.0 g/L浓度的处理效果为最佳。长白落叶松枯落针叶水浸液处理对长白落叶松自身种子和对红皮云杉种子萌发的作用均有很大的差异,推测这是长白落叶松枯落针叶水浸液中所含的化感物质和营养物质与长白落叶松和红皮云杉萌发过程中种子产生的不同代谢物质之间不同相互作用的反映。     

缙云山常绿阔叶林种子雨组成及其时空动态

【目的】分析缙云山常绿阔叶林种子雨组成及其时空动态,为常绿阔叶林种子生态学大尺度和长时序的研究提供数据支持,并为受损常绿阔叶林近自然恢复过程中的种源收集和种子撒播提供参考信息。【方法】 2014-01—2016-12,收集缙云山常绿阔叶林1 hm 2标准地中172个种子收集框内的种子,鉴定物种并计数,风干后称质量。根据果实类型及种子特征并结合野外实地观察,确定每个物种种子(果实)的散布方式。【结果】 3年间共收集到成熟种子36 298粒,种子雨密度为140.69粒·m -2 a -1;种子分属于19科21属27种,占群落木本植物物种总数的36.49%;种子雨具有明显的季节动态,在秋季出现高峰,其中有17个物种在干季(1—4和10—12月)成熟并散布,6个物种在湿季(5—9月)成熟并散布,4个物种在干、湿季均有散布;种子雨密度年际变异系数为0.36~1.73,空间变异系数为1.54~15.20。【结论】缙云山种子雨产量在常绿阔叶林中处于较低水平;优势种对群落种子雨产量贡献较大,种子雨物种组成与群落物种组成相似性较低;群落水平种子雨具有明显的季节动态,且存在很大的年际变异和空间变异,反映出亚热带常绿阔叶林种子雨时空动态的典型特征。在区域植被近自然恢复中的种子采集和撒播环节,应当充分参照不同物种的种子雨掉落的时空动态。     

水曲柳种子真菌群落研究

落地的水曲柳种子自然染菌率较高,未染菌的种子占6.7%;经分离鉴定,从水曲柳种子上共分离出22种真菌,其中接合菌2种、子囊菌1种、半知菌18种、待鉴定1种,交链孢菌是优势种群。在种仁、种皮、种翅3个部位上分离到的真菌种类、数量差别较小。     

三峡地区柏木林种子雨和种子库的研究

柏木种子雨在8月底开始降落,10月达到顶峰,翌年5月结束,历经9个月左右。整个过程呈单峰曲线,10~11月的种子雨量占全年的67.5%。种子雨时间变化格局差异极显著,而水平空间分布格局没有显著差异。种子雨中柏木种子的年均密度为5 982.2粒.m-2。63.4%的柏木种子直径大于2.5 mm,构成了柏木种子雨的主体。由于这一级别柏木种子的萌发能力较强,因此三峡地区柏木林的更新能力强。柏木林中非柏木种子的种子雨每年主要发生在1月和5月,形成2个高峰,年均种子雨密度为1 842.8粒.m-2。土壤种子库中柏木种子的平均密度为608.8粒.m-2。柏木种子在土壤种子库中垂直分布格局差异极显著。0~2 cm土壤层所分布的柏木种子占种子库中柏木种子的80.49%。其它土壤层次所含有的种子比例很低,且萌发能力较低,因此,柏木林的更新主要依赖于表层土壤种子库的种子。柏木种子在种子库中的水平分布格局虽然随坡位的不同而有所变化,但是差异不显著,表明整个柏木林的更新能力在水平格局上无显著差异。     

Evaluation of regeneration potential of Pinus koraiensis in mixed pine-hardwood forests in the Xiao Xing’an Mountains, China

Large scale harvest of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) seeds as a food product in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest of northeastern China poses a serious threat to the sustainability and restoration of this endangered regional ecosystem.Seed collection over past decades greatly reduced the seed bank and subsequent seedling and sapling recruitment,and impacting a wide array of granivorous animals that rely on the pine seeds.We surveyed Korean pine seeds,including solid seeds(SS),insect consumed seeds(ICS) and other(animal) consumed(OCS) kernels,of the seed bank(forest floor and the top 10 cm of mineral soil),the seedlings and saplings from 1 m 2 sample plots in five forest types in Liangshui Nature Reserve(LNR) of the southern Xiao Xing’an Mountains in northeastern China to provide accurate information for assessing the Korean pine regeneration potential.The average number of pine seeds in the seed bank were 11.2 seeds/m 2,9.1 seeds/m 2,4.6 seeds/m 2,1.1 seeds/m 2,and 0.2 seeds/m 2 in Korean pine-basswood forest,mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest,mixed conifer-hardwood forest,white birch forests,and oak forests,respectively.In the first three forest types,percentages of SS(potentially viable seeds) were 11.2%,3.5% and 27.8%,respectively.The percentages of ICS(not viable seeds) were consistent at around 35%.The higher but variable percentages of OCS(not viable seeds) indicated high seed predation in these forests.Compared with other studies,we recorded higher percentages of seed damage,probably due to our survey approach and the increased depth of seed bank sampled in our study.Depletion of pine seeds in the seed bank greatly reduced seedling and sapling recruitment.Densities of pine seedlings varied from about 180 trees/ha in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest to about 5,400 trees/ha in the mixed conifer-hardwood forests and showed a high degree of spatial variation.Saplings were rare in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest,but ranged in the thousands in other forests.Large scale pine seed harvest has seriously threatened the sustainability of the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest ecosystem.Scaling down the seed harvest or supplemental planting of pine saplings are urgently needed to maintain the health of the existing Korean pine forests and to restore this endangered ecosystem.     

Long-lasting effects of unplanned logging on the seed rain of mixed conifer-hardwood forests in southern South America

Understanding the effects of disturbance on seed rain is critical to predict changes in forest species composition and diversity.Logging effects on seed rain in a mixed conifer-hardwood forest complex in southern Brazil were evaluated.One year of seed rain data were collected from a large-scale observational experiment in logged and protected forests and quantity and average seed size weighted by species abundance(CWM) were compared between old-growth and logged stands 55 years after logging activities.Using these data,variations in frequency of functional groups of species in the seed rain were examined to see if they could be attributed to logging.Results show that the number of seeds per trap was highly right-skewed,ranging from 13 to 12,788 seeds per trap in one year.Seed rain was affected by logging history,with seed traps in old-growth plots receiving significantly less seeds than traps in logged plots.All species included mean seed size weighted by species abundance were significantly smaller in logged than in old-growth forests.This difference persisted after the exclusion of Arawcaria a large-seeded pioneer which was intensively logged,although the difference of seed size between the two forest classes was greatly reduced.Species abundance in the seed rain differed significantly from the established tree community,between logged and oldgrowth stands.The composition of the seed rain was much more variable than the composition of the established tree community and its points more scattered over the ordination space than the points corresponding to the protected forests.The number of collected seeds across different functional groups of species significantly differed between logged and old-growth plots.The seed rain of logged forests reflects their arrested succes sion as indicated by reduced abundance of functional groups such as pioneers,large seeded pioneers and A raucaria,as well as reduced functional diversity.S eed rain differences between logged and old-growth stands reflect the intensive logging of A.angustifolia.