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1.
Ilaria Cerasoli Alexandru Tutunaru Alessia Cenani Juan Ramirez Johann Detilleux Marc Balligand Charlotte Sandersen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):337-345
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy, in terms of the amount of rescue analgesia required, and the clinical usefulness of epidural injection of morphine with bupivacaine or levobupivacaine for elective pelvic limb surgery in dogs during a 24-hour perioperative period.Study design
Prospective, blinded, randomized clinical study.Animals
A group of 26 dogs weighing 31.7 ± 14.2 (mean ± standard deviation) kg and aged 54 ± 36 months.Methods
All dogs were premedicated with methadone intravenously (0.2 mg kg–1) and anaesthesia induced with diazepam (0.2 mg kg–1) and propofol intravenously to effect. After induction of anaesthesia, dogs randomly received a lumbosacral epidural injection of morphine 0.1 mg kg–1 with either levobupivacaine 0.5% (1 mg kg–1; group LevoBM) or bupivacaine 0.5% (1 mg kg–1; group BM). Cardiovascular, respiratory and temperature values were recorded during the intra- and postoperative period. A visual analogue scale, subjective pain scale, sedation scale and the short form of the Glasgow pain scale were assessed every 6 hours after epidural injection during 24 hours. The ability to stand and walk, neurological deficits and other side effects were assessed at the same time points. The amount of rescue analgesia (sufentanil intraoperatively and methadone postoperatively) was recorded.Results
No statistically significant differences were found between groups for any of the recorded data, with the exception of the incidence of spontaneous urination and postoperative rescue analgesia requirement. In group LevoBM four dogs spontaneously urinated at recovery while none of the dogs in group BM did (p = 0.03) and seven dogs of group LevoBM required postoperative rescue analgesia versus none of the dogs in the BM group (p = 0.005).Conclusions
and clinical relevance Epidural LevoBM is a suitable alternative to BM in healthy dogs during elective pelvic limb surgery. Epidural BM produced more urinary retention but better pain control compared to the same concentration and dose of LevoBM in dogs. 相似文献2.
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine whether lumbosacral epidural administration of magnesium sulphate added to ropivacaine prolongs and improves perioperative analgesia, without adverse effects on motor block duration or hind limb neurological function, in dogs undergoing hip arthroplasty.Study design
Investigator-blind, controlled, randomized, prospective clinical trial.Animals
A group of 20 client-owned dogs undergoing hip arthroplasty were allocated randomly to either group C (control, 1 mg kg?1epidural ropivacaine) or group M (magnesium, epidural injection of 1 mg kg?1 ropivacaine and 2 mg kg?1magnesium sulphate).Methods
All dogs were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine. General anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Intraoperatively, nociception was assessed based on changes in heart rate, respiratory rate and mean arterial pressure above baseline values. Postoperatively, pain was evaluated with a Sammarco pain score, a Glasgow pain scale and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Tarlov’s scale was used to quantify motor block. All dogs were evaluated at recovery and then 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 24 hours after that. Rescue analgesia was provided during surgery with fentanyl and, postoperatively, with buprenorphine. Groups were compared using one-way repeated-measure analysis of variance followed by the Holm–Sidak method for multiple comparison or nonparametric tests when appropriate.Results
The two treatment groups did not differ (p > 0.05) with respect to intraoperative physiological variables, rescue analgesia, postoperative pain scores (Sammarco q = 1.00; Glasgow q = 3.10; VAS q = 0.50) and duration of the motor block (Tarlov’s q = 2.40).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The addition of epidural magnesium to ropivacaine did not improve or prolong the analgesia provided by ropivacaine alone. Further studies are needed to determine whether an epidural magnesium dose of >2 mg kg?1 would exert better analgesia, without causing adverse effects, in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. 相似文献3.
David Knazovicky Erika S. Helgeson Beth Case Andrea Thomson Margaret E. Gruen William Maixner B. Duncan X. Lascelles 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):615-624
Objective
To evaluate replicate effects and test–retest reliability of mechanical and thermal quantitative sensory testing (QST) in normal dogs and dogs with osteoarthritis (OA)-associated pain.Study design
A prospective clinical study.Animals
A total of 54 client owned dogs (OA, n = 31; controls, n = 23).Methods
Mechanical [electronic von Frey (EVF) and blunt pressure] and thermal (hot and cold) sensory thresholds were obtained in dogs with OA-associated pain and control dogs at two visits, 7 days apart, to assess test–retest reliability. Thresholds were measured at the OA-affected joint (hip or stifle), over the tibial muscle and over the midpoint of the metatarsals. Five replicates were obtained for each modality at each site bilaterally.Results
Overall, there was no significant effect of replicates on QST response. EVF thresholds were significantly lower at the second visit in OA dogs at the affected and metatarsal sites (p = 0.0017 and p = 0.0014, respectively). Similarly for control dogs, EVF thresholds were significantly lower at the second visit at the metatarsal site (p = 0.001). Significantly higher hot thermal latencies were seen in OA dogs at the affected and tibial testing sites (p = 0.014 and p = 0.012, respectively), and in control dogs at the tibial site (p = 0.004).Conclusions
In QST, a replicate does not show a strong effect. However, QST results show variability over time, particularly for EVF and hot thermal stimuli.Clinical relevance
If QST is to be used clinically to evaluate a sensitized state, the variability over time needs to be accounted for in the study design. 相似文献4.
Tania E. Perez Katrina L. Mealey Neal S. Burke Tamara L. Grubb Michael H. Court Stephen A. Greene 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):370-374
Objective
Variants in the MC1R gene have been associated with red hair color and sensitivity to pain in humans. The study objective was to determine if a relationship exists between MC1R genotype and physiological thermal or mechanical nociceptive thresholds in Labrador Retriever dogs.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Thirty-four Labrador Retriever dogs were included in the study following public requests for volunteers. Owner consent was obtained and owners verified that their dog was apparently not experiencing pain and had not been treated for pain during the previous 14 days. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.Methods
Nociceptive thresholds were determined from a mean of three thermal and five mechanical replications using commercially available algometers. Each dog was genotyped for the previously described MC1R variant (R306ter). Data were analyzed using one-way anova with post hoc comparisons using Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).Results
Thirteen dogs were homozygous wild-type (WT/WT), nine were heterozygous (WT/R306ter), and eight were homozygous variant (R306ter/R306ter) genotype. Four dogs could not be genotyped. A significant difference (p = 0.04) in mechanical nociceptive thresholds was identified between dogs with the WT/WT genotype (12.1 ± 2.1 N) and those with the WT/R306ter genotype (9.2 ± 2.4 N).Conclusion
A difference in mechanical, but not thermal, nociceptive threshold was observed between wild-type and heterozygous MC1R variants. Differences in nociceptive thresholds between homozygous R306ter variants and other genotypes for MC1R were not observed.Clinical relevance
Compared with the wild-type MC1R genotype, nociceptive sensitivity to mechanical force in dogs with a single variant R306ter allele may be greater. However, in contrast to the reported association between homozygous MC1R variants (associated with red hair color) and nociception in humans, we found no evidence of a similar relationship in dogs with the homozygous variant genotype. 相似文献5.
Objective
To compare the effectiveness of ultrasound- and electrostimulation-guided nerve blocks of the brachial plexus and to determine whether ultrasound guidance is feasible in conscious dogs.Study design
Blinded, crossover, experimental study.Animals
Six clinically healthy adult Beagle dogs.Methods
The nerves of the brachial plexus of the right thoracic limb were blocked under ultrasound guidance (UNB) in conscious dogs and under electrostimulation guidance (ENB) in anesthetized dogs with bupivacaine (0.4 mL kg–1, 0.25%). Saline (0.4 mL kg–1) was injected in control animals. Sensory nerve blockade was evaluated by scoring cutaneous sensation in targeted nerves. Motor nerve blockade was evaluated based on weight bearing, conscious proprioception and withdrawal reflex scores. Times to execute the technique in UNB and ENB were compared using t tests (p < 0.05). Scores for sensory and motor nerve blockades in each treatment were compared with scores before treatment and with control treatment scores using nonparametric repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance. Time to onset and duration of sensory nerve block were assessed using scores for four sensory nerve functions. A successful sensory nerve block was defined by decreases in scores for these functions. Success rates of nerve blocks were compared among treatments using McNemar’s test.Results
In UNB and ENB, onset times of sensory nerve blocks were 1 hour and 1.5 hours, respectively. Onset times of motor nerve blocks were 0.5 hour in both treatments. In UNB and ENB, durations of sensory nerve block were 3 hours and 0.5 hour, respectively, and durations of motor nerve block were 7.5 hours and 6.5 hours, respectively. Success rates did not differ between the techniques.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The UNB brachial plexus block had a shorter onset time and longer duration than ENB. UNB can be performed in conscious dogs or those under mild sedation. 相似文献6.
Objectives
To determine the prevalence of mitral valve regurgitation (MR) in asymptomatic Swedish Norfolk terriers.Animals
Seventy-nine privately owned Norfolk terriers.Materials and methods
A prospective observational study was conducted where dogs were recruited via the Swedish Norfolk terrier club. All dogs were examined using the same protocol including physical examination and Doppler echocardiography.Results
Fifteen dogs (19%) had a murmur at the time of the examination. A total of 35 dogs (44%) had MR, including 23 dogs (29%) with both MR and tricuspid valve regurgitation and 12 dogs (15%) with MR only, identified on Doppler echocardiography. In addition, 7 dogs (9%) had tricuspid valve regurgitation only. The prevalence of MR increased with increasing age (p < 0.0001).Conclusions
Mitral valve regurgitation is common in asymptomatic Norfolk terriers with and without murmurs and the prevalence increases with age. The impact of MR in this breed on survival remains to be elucidated by a longitudinal study. 相似文献7.
Nina Küls Karen J. Blissitt Darren J. Shaw Gudrun Schöffmann Richard E. Clutton 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1198-1207
Objective
To evaluate skin temperature increase as an early predictive measure for evaluating epidural and femoral-sciatic block success in dogs.Study design
Prospective clinical trial.Animals
A total of 29 dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery on one hindlimb.Methods
Dogs were anaesthetized and placed into lateral recumbency with the affected limb uppermost and the coat was clipped. Baseline infrared thermographic images (T0) of the affected limb, of the paw pad of the affected leg and of the ipsilateral paw pad were taken. Subsequently, dogs were administered either an epidural (EPI; n = 11) or a femoral–sciatic block (FS; n = 18) using bupivacaine 1 mg kg?1. Then, 2 minutes after placement of the block, thermographic images were obtained every 3 minutes for a total of four measurements (T1–T4) and surgery was commenced. Rescue analgesia consisting of fentanyl 1 μg kg?1 was administered if needed. A regional block was considered successful if the dose of fentanyl administered was less than the lower 95% confidence interval of the geometric mean of the total fentanyl used in each group. A ≥ 1 °C increase of skin temperature was considered as the minimum increase required for detection of a successful block.Results
A total of 12 out of 18 blocks in the FS and eight of 11 in the EPI group were considered successful based on fentanyl consumption. Out of these, only four of 12 in the FS and one of eight in the EPI group developed an increase in temperature of ≥ 1 °C. Contrarily, four of six of the nonsuccessful cases in the FS and three of three in the EPI group developed an increase in temperature of ≥ 1 °C.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Contrary to reports in humans, thermography did not indicate regional block success prior to surgery in dogs. However further studies under more controlled conditions are needed to determine whether thermography can be used to indicate failure of regional blockade. 相似文献8.
Nicola Wiedemann Nicolai Hildebrandt Gabriel Wurtinger Estelle Henrich Esther Hassdenteufel Matthias Schneider 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(3):247-255
Background
Increased cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration has been reported in dogs with atrioventricular (AV) block before and shortly following pacemaker implantation. The role of AV dyssynchrony, age, or concurrent cardiac disease on cTnI concentration remains unknown.Objectives
To investigate change in cTnI concentration following dual-chamber pacemaker implantation on short- and long-term follow-up and to compare cTnI values to a case-matched control group.Animals
Thirty-eight client-owned dogs with permanent AV block and 38 matched control dogs.Methods
Retrospective review of medical records. Pacemaker group consisted of dogs with AV block and dual-chamber pacing. Control group matched the study population in age and cardiac disease. cTnI was compared between pacemaker and control group on short- and long-term follow-up. Different lead types and influence of arrhythmia on cTnI were tested.Results
cTnI was high at presentation (median 0.66 ng/ml; range 0.03–18.6) and showed a significant reduction over time after pacemaker implantation (p < 0.0001). Median cTnI values were significantly different between pacemaker and control group on short-term (p = 0.0004; 0.11 ng/ml, range 0.03–1.36 versus 0.06 ng/ml, range 0.03–0.46), but not on long-term follow-up (p = 0.0547; 0.14 ng/ml, range 0.03–0.73 versus 0.07 ng/ml, range 0.03–0.46). Lead type and severity of arrhythmia did not show a significant correlation to cTnI concentration.Conclusions
On long-term follow-up, cTnI remained mildly elevated in some of the pacemaker dogs but was not significantly different to the matched control group. 相似文献9.
Marija Damjanovska Erika Cvetko Maxine M. Kuroda Alenka Seliskar Tanja Plavec Katarina Mis Matej Podbregar Tatjana Stopar Pintaric 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(2):236-245
Objective
To test whether neurotoxic effects of a bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension differ from those of a standard formulation of bupivacaine hydrochloride (HCl) after intraneural injection into the sciatic nerves in pigs.Study design
Prospective, randomized study.Animals
Fifteen pigs, hybrids of Landrace and Large White.Methods
After the National Ethics Committee approval, 15 pigs were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 5/group) to receive intraneural injections of 4 mL of 1.33% bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension, 0.5% bupivacaine HCl or normal saline. Serial neurologic examinations were conducted to detect sensory and motor response to noxious stimuli using a modified Thalhammer’s scale at 2 hour intervals for the first 12 hours after injection and daily thereafter for 2 weeks. Fiber characteristics (density) of the harvested sciatic nerves were measured during histomorphometric analysis. Inflammatory response was studied using immunohistochemical analysis. Data were tested using analyses of variance; p values for paired comparisons were Bonferroni adjusted.Results
Compared with bupivacaine HCl, bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension provided longer sensory (11.2 ± 1.8 hours versus 3.2 ± 1.1 hours, respectively, p < 0.0001) and motor (10.0 ± 2.0 hours versus 4.0 ± 1.4 hours respectively, p < 0.0001) blockade. Histomorphometric parameters were similar among the groups. No changes in axonal density or myelin structure indicative of injury to the sciatic nerves were observed in any of the groups. Number of immunopositive cells did not differ between the bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension (23 ± 6 cells per mm2) and the bupivacaine HCl groups (21 ± 4 cells per mm2), p > 0.90.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Intraneural injections of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension or bupivacaine HCl in our porcine model did not result in evidence of neurotoxicity. 相似文献10.
Objective
To compare the running-drip and hanging-drop techniques for locating the epidural space in dogs.Study design
Prospective, randomized, clinical trial.Animals
Forty-five healthy dogs requiring epidural anaesthesia.Methods
Dogs were randomized into four groups and administered epidural anaesthesia in sternal (S) or lateral (L) recumbency. All blocks were performed by the same person using Tuohy needles with either a fluid-prefilled hub (HDo) or connected to a drip set attached to a fluid bag elevated 60 cm (RDi). The number of attempts, ‘pop’ sensation, clear drop aspiration or fluid dripping, time to locate the epidural space (TTLES) and presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were recorded. A morphine–bupivacaine combination was injected after positive identification. The success of the block was assessed by experienced observers based on perioperative usage of rescue analgesia. Data were checked for normality. Binomial variables were analysed with the chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Non-parametric data were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests. Normal data were studied with an anova followed by a Tukey's means comparison for groups of the same size. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.Results
Lateral recumbency HDo required more attempts (six of 11 dogs required more than one attempt) than SRDi (none of 11 dogs) (p = 0.0062). Drop aspiration was observed more often in SHDo (nine of 11 dogs) than in LHDo (two of 11 dogs) (p = 0.045). Mean (range) TTLES was longer in LHDo [47 (18–82) seconds] than in SHDo [20 (14–79) seconds] (p = 0.006) and SRDi [(34 (17–53) seconds] (p = 0.038). There were no differences in ‘pop’ sensation, presence of CSF, rescue analgesia or pain scores between the groups.Conclusion and clinical relevance
The running-drip method is a useful and fast alternative technique for identifying the epidural space in dogs. The hanging-drop technique in lateral recumbency was more difficult to perform than the other methods, requiring more time and attempts. 相似文献11.
Sandra Sanchis-Mora Yu-Mei Chang Siobhan Abeyesinghe Amy Fisher Holger A. Volk Ludovic Pelligand 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):600-614
Objective
To study the feasibility and test–retest repeatability of a sensory threshold examination protocol (STEP) and report the quantitative sensory threshold distributions in healthy dogs.Study design
Prospective, observational, cohort study.Animals
Twenty-five healthy client-owned dogs.Methods
Tactile sensitivity test (TST) (von Frey filaments), mechanical thresholds (MT with 2, 4 and 8 mm probes), heat thresholds (HT) and responsiveness to cold stimulus (CT at 0 °C) were quantitatively assessed for five body areas (BAs; tibias, humeri, neck, thoracolumbar region and abdomen) in a randomized order on three different occasions. Linear mixed model and generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the effects of body weight category, age, sex, BA, occasion, feasibility score and investigator experience. Test–retest repeatability was evaluated with the intra-class correlation coefficient.Results
The STEP lasted 90 minutes without side effects. The BA affected most tests (p ≤ 0.001). Higher thresholds and longer cold latencies were scored in the neck (p ≤ 0.024) compared to other BAs. Weight category affected all thresholds (p ≤ 0.037). Small dogs had lower MT (～1.4 N mean difference) and HT (1.1 °C mean difference) than other dogs (p ≤ 0.029). Young dogs had higher HT than adults (2.2 °C mean difference) (p = 0.035). Gender also affected TST, MT and HT (p < 0.05) (females versus males: TST odds ratio = 0.5, MT = 1.3 N mean difference, HT = 2.2 °C mean difference). Repeatability was substantial to moderate for all tests, but poor for TST. There was no difference in thresholds between occasions, except for CT. Test–retest repeatability was slightly better with the 2 mm MT probe compared to other diameters and improved with operator experience.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The STEP was feasible, was well tolerated and showed substantial test–retest repeatability in healthy dogs. Further validation is needed in dogs suffering pain. 相似文献12.
Latifa Khenissi Gwen Covey-Crump Toby G. Knowles Joanna Murrell 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):452-460
Objective
To investigate whether the use of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) preserves body temperature in dogs weighing <10 kg anaesthetised for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Study design
Prospective, randomised, clinical trial.Animals
Thirty-one client-owned dogs.Methods
Dogs were assigned randomly to a treatment group [HME (n = 16) or no HME (n = 15)]. Dogs were pseudorandomised according to the premedication they were administered, either dexmedetomidine or no dexmedetomidine. Induction agents were not standardised. General anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane vaporised in 100% oxygen delivered using a T-piece and a fresh gas flow of 600 mL kg?1 minute?1. Rectal temperature was measured before premedication (T1), after induction (T2), before moving to the MRI unit (T3) and at the end of the MRI scan (T4). Ambient temperatures were measured in the induction room, outside and inside the MRI unit. Data were analysed using a general linear model with T4 as the outcome variable. Linear correlations were performed between T1, T2, T3 and T4, and variables that predicted T4 were investigated.Results
Sex, age and body mass were not significantly different between groups. There were no significant differences in rectal temperature between groups at any time point (group with HME at the end of MRI = 36.3 ± 1.1 °C; group with no HME at the end of MRI = 36.2 ± 1.4 °C) but at the end of the MRI, dogs administered dexmedetomidine (36.6 ± 0.7 °C) had a higher rectal temperature compared with dogs not administered dexmedetomidine (35.9 ± 1.6 °C) for premedication. Rectal temperature varied directly with ambient temperature in MRI scanning room and inversely with anaesthetic duration.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Using an HME did not alter body temperature in dogs weighing <10 kg undergoing an MRI, but including dexmedetomidine in the premedication regimen seemed to preserve the body temperature during anaesthesia. 相似文献13.
Peter M. DiGeronimo Anderson F. da Cunha Bruno Pypendop João Brandão Rhett Stout Max Rinaldi Thomas N. Tully 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):287-294
Objective
To determine the median effective dose (ED50) of intravenous (IV) bupivacaine associated with a 50% probability of causing clinically relevant cardiovascular effects [defined as 30% change in heart rate (HR) or mean arterial pressure (MAP)] in chickens anesthetized with isoflurane.Study design
Randomized up-and-down study.Animals
A total of 14 Ross-708 broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) weighing 1.70–2.75 kg.Methods
Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane. Monitoring included the electrocardiogram and invasive arterial pressures. Chickens were administered bupivacaine IV over 2 minutes using a dose based on the response of the previous animal. Dose was decreased when HR and/or MAP in the previous animal increased or decreased ≥30% after bupivacaine administration, or increased when HR or MAP changed <30%. The ED50 was defined as the dose resulting in ≥30% variation in HR or MAP in 50% of the population studied.Results
The IV ED50 of bupivacaine was 1.94 mg kg?1 using Dixon’s up-and-down method and 1.96 mg kg?1 by logistic regression.Conclusions and clinical relevance
These results suggest that 1.33 and 1.96 mg kg?1 of IV bupivacaine are associated with a respective 1 or 50% probability of a clinically significant change in MAP in isoflurane-anesthetized chickens. Identification of the cardiovascular changes associated with different doses of bupivacaine can be used as the basis for studies of therapeutic applications in the domestic chicken. Further studies are required to determine interspecies variation. 相似文献14.
Sachie Shimada Miki Shimizu Miori Kishimoto 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1208-1215
Objective
To determine whether an ultrasound (US)-guided femoral nerve block using a ventral suprainguinal approach could be successfully achieved in sedated dogs; to measure the time to execute the nerve block, onset time, duration, and complete block rate in sensory and motor nerves; and to examine any differences between two volumes for injection.Study design
Blinded crossover experimental study.Animals
A total of 10 clinically healthy adult Beagle dogs.Methods
The femoral nerve of the right pelvic limb was infiltrated with 0.5% bupivacaine at 0.4 (treatment 0.4B) or 0.2 mL kg?1 (treatment 0.2B), or saline at 0.4 mL kg?1 (control) in sedated dogs. The sensory and motor nerve functions were scored on a scale of 0 (complete blockade) to 2 (normal). The onset time and duration of the sensory and motor nerve blockade were compared between treatments 0.4B and 0.2B using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Sensory and motor nerve function scores for each of the three treatments were compared at multiple time points using a nonparametric multiple comparisons test.Results
The time to execute the nerve block was 2.5 ± 0.9 minutes (n = 30). For both 0.4B and 0.2B treatments, the onset times of both the sensory and motor nerve blockades were 15 minutes. The durations of the sensory nerve blockade for 0.4B and 0.2B were 9.9 ± 1.4 and 10.0 ± 1.2 hours, respectively, and those of the motor nerve blockades were 10.5 ± 1.3 and 10.2 ± 1.3 hours, respectively. No adverse effects were noted. No significant difference was observed between 0.4B and 0.2B.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A US-guided femoral nerve block using a ventral suprainguinal approach demonstrated a short onset and long duration with 0.5% bupivacaine 0.2 mL kg?1 and can be performed under sedation in dogs. 相似文献15.
Travis R. Gray Brighton T. Dzikiti Gareth E. Zeiler 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(2):214-225
Objective
To determine the effect of hyaluronidase on time to onset and offset of anaesthesia in ropivacaine or bupivacaine femoral–ischiatic nerve blocks.Study design
Blinded randomized crossover trial.Animals
Eight dogs.Methods
Each dog underwent four treatments separated into two blocks – initially, the ropivacaine treatment block: RS (ropivacaine 0.5% plus saline 0.9%) and RH (ropivacaine 0.5% plus hyaluronidase 100 IU mL–1), followed 3 weeks later by the bupivacaine treatment block: BS (bupivacaine 0.5% plus saline) and BH (bupivacaine 0.5% plus hyaluronidase). The local anaesthetics were administered at 0.1 mL kg–1 per site. Hyaluronidase and saline were administered at 0.02 mL kg–1 per site. Performance of femoral–ischiatic blocks was aided by a combined ultrasound–electrolocation technique. The mechanical nociceptive threshold was measured, until offset or 360 minutes, using an algometer to ascertain baseline, onset and offset of anaesthesia. Onset and offset of anaesthesia were defined as a 25% increase above and as a return to <25% above baseline nociceptive threshold readings, respectively.Results
The median (range) onset of anaesthesia for RS and RH was 21 (3–60) and 12 (3–21) minutes, respectively (p = 0.141), and offset was 270 (90–360) and 180 (30–300) minutes, respectively (p = 0.361). By contrast, the median (range) onset of anaesthesia for BS and BH was 24 (3–60) and 9 (3–27) minutes, respectively (p = 0.394), and offset was 360 (240–360) and 330 (210–360) minutes, respectively (p = 0.456).Conclusion and clinical relevance
Hyaluronidase had no effect on the onset and offset times of ropivacaine and bupivacaine femoral–ischiatic nerve blocks in dogs compared with saline. The onset and offset times were highly variable in all treatments. Clinically, the high variability of the onset and offset times of the regional anaesthesia of these local anaesthetic drugs means that clinicians must monitor the animal’s response and, if required, provide additional analgesic drugs. 相似文献16.
Kazumasu Sasaki Tatsushi Mutoh Tomoko Mutoh Yasuyuki Taki Ryuta Kawashima 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):719-726
Objective
To evaluate the ability of a noninvasive cardiac output monitoring system with electrical velocimetry (EV) for predicting fluid responsiveness in dogs undergoing cardiac surgery.Study design
Prospective experimental trial.Animals
A total of 30 adult Beagle dogs.Methods
Stroke volume (SV), stroke volume variation (SVV) and cardiac index were measured using the EV device in sevoflurane-anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated dogs undergoing thoracotomies for experimental creation of right ventricular failure. The dogs were considered fluid responsive if stroke volume (SVI; indexed to body weight), measured using pulmonary artery thermodilution, increased by 10% or more after volume loading (10 mL kg–1). Relationships of SVV, central venous pressure (CVP) and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) with SVI were analysed to estimate fluid responsiveness.Results
Better prediction of fluid responsiveness, with a significant area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, was observed for SVV (0.85 ± 0.07; p = 0.0016) in comparison with CVP (0.65 ± 0.11; p = 0.17) or PAOP (0.60 ± 0.12; p = 0.35), with a cut-off value of 13.5% (84% specificity and 73% sensitivity).Conclusions and clinical relevance
SVV derived from EV is useful for identification of dogs that are likely to respond to fluids, providing valuable information on volume status under cardiothoracic anaesthesia. 相似文献17.
Objective
To describe a transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block in dogs and compare it with a traditional approach.Study design
Prospective, randomized controlled study.Animals
Heads from 17 euthanized dogs (10 Greyhounds, three Border Collies and four of mixed breed).Methods
A volume of 1 mL of methylene blue dye was injected by each of two techniques, a traditional percutaneous approach and a transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block. Both techniques were used on each head, alternating the left and right sides after random assignment to the first head. The heads were dissected to reveal the maxillary nerve and the length of nerve stained was measured.Results
There was no significant difference (p = 0.67) in the proportion of nerves stained for a length >6 mm by either technique (88.2% transorbital versus 82.3% percutaneous). The mean length of nerve stained did not differ significantly between the techniques (p = 0.26).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block described here presents a viable alternative to the traditional percutaneous approach. Further study is required to confirm its efficacy and safety under clinical conditions. 相似文献18.
Yael Shilo-Benjamini Peter J. Pascoe Erik R. Wisner Nili Kahane Philip H. Kass David J. Maggs 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):925-932
Objective
To compare injectate distribution and likelihood of regional anesthesia to the orbit following retrobulbar (RB) or peribulbar (PB) injections in dog cadavers.Study design
Randomized, masked study.Animals
Twenty-four dog cadavers (aged 5.5–17 years, 2.0–36.3 kg).Methods
Orbits underwent one of three injection techniques with bupivacaine 0.5% and iohexol (1:1): ventrolateral RB injection (1–2 mL; 15 orbits), medial canthal PB injection (2–8 mL; PB-1; 16 orbits), or dorsomedial and ventrolateral PB injections (each 1–4 mL; PB-2; 16 orbits). The likelihood of successful regional anesthesia was estimated based on computed tomographic images scored for injectate volume of distribution at the base and within the extraocular muscle cone (EOMC), and injectate distribution around the optic nerve. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before and after injections. Mixed-effects linear regression with post hoc Bonferroni contrast adjustments was performed. Significance was set at 0.05.Results
A difference in injectate volume of distribution within or at the base of the EOMC was not detected among groups. The median optic nerve circumference of injectate distribution was significantly higher in the RB injected group than in the PB-2 group. Injectate distribution following RB, PB-1 and PB-2 injections was graded as likely to provide regional anesthesia within the EOMC in 40%, 19% and 31% of eyes, and at the EOMC base in 60%, 63% and 50% of eyes, respectively. The probability of likelihood to provide regional anesthesia was lower in dogs of higher body weights. The IOP was significantly higher than baseline following PB-1 (18 ± 14 mmHg) and in comparison with RB (2 ± 3 mmHg), but not different from PB-2 injection (10 ± 11 mmHg).Conclusions and clinical relevance
None of the techniques reliably produced ‘successful’ injectate distribution based on this study's definitions; however, clinical assessment of anesthetic success is required. 相似文献19.
Randolph L. Winter Ashley B. Saunders Sonya G. Gordon Jesse S. Buch Matthew W. Miller 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(2):124-131
Introduction
To determine the biologic variability of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) in healthy dogs and dogs with various stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).Animals
Thirty-eight privately owned dogs: 28 with MMVD and 10 healthy controls.Materials and methods
Prospective clinical study with comprehensive evaluation used to group dogs as healthy or into three stages of MMVD based on current guidelines. NTproBNP was measured hourly, daily, and weekly. For each group, analytical (CVA), within-subject (CVI), and between-subject (CVG) coefficients of variability were calculated in addition to percent critical change value (CCV) and index of individuality (IoI).Results
For healthy dogs, calculated NTproBNP values were: CVA = 4.2%; CVI = 25.2%; CVG = 49.3%; IoI = 0.52, and CCV = 70.8%. For dogs with MMVD, calculated NTproBNP values were: CVA = 6.2%; CVI = 20.0%; CVG = 61.3%; IoI = 0.34, and CCV = 58.2%.Conclusions
Biologic variability affects NTproBNP concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with MMVD. Monitoring serial individual changes in NTproBNP may be clinically relevant in addition to using population-based reference ranges to determine changes in disease status. 相似文献20.
Jonathon M. Congdon Pedro Boscan Clara S.S. Goh Marlis Rezende 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(4):915-924