烟田油菜免耕直播不同密度研究

为探讨烟田油菜免耕适宜密度,以行距为固定的烟垄行、穴距为33.33 cm,穴定植留苗2株、3株、4株、5株4种不同定植密度,进行了烟田油菜免耕直播试验研究.结果表明,烟田油菜免耕直播最佳密度,在现有施肥水平和管理条件下,以穴定植3株,定植密度6000株/667m2最佳.     

Comparative Performance of Rice with System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Conventional Management using Different Plant Spacings

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) reportedly enhances the yields of rice (Oryza sativa L.) through synergy among several agronomic management practices. This study was conducted to investigate the effects on rice plant characteristics and yield by comparing the plants grown with different methods of cultivation – SRI vs. recommended management practices (RMP) focusing on the impact of different plant spacings. Performance of individual hills was significantly improved with wider spacing compared with closer‐spaced hills in terms of root growth and xylem exudation rates, leaf number and leaf sizes, canopy angle, tiller and panicle number, panicle length and grain number per panicle, grain filling and 1000‐grain weight and straw weight, irrespective of whether SRI or RMP was employed. Both sets of practices gave their highest grain yield with the spacing of 20 × 20 cm; however, SRI yielded 40 % more than the recommended practice. At this spacing, canopies also had the highest leaf area index (LAI) and light interception during flowering stage. The lowest yield was recorded at 30 × 30 cm spacing under both the practices, as a result of less plant population (11 m^?2), despite improved hill performance. During the ripening stage, hills with wider spacing had larger root dry weight, produced greater xylem exudates, and transported these towards shoot at faster rates. These features contributed to the maintenance of higher chlorophyll levels, enhanced fluorescence and photosynthesis rates of leaves and supported more favourable yield attributes and grain yield in individual hills than in closely‐spaced plants. Moreover, these parameters further improved in SRI, apart from the enhanced percentage of effective tillers and showed substantial and positive impacts on grain yield (17 %) compared with recommended practice. In conclusion, wide spacing beyond optimum plant density, however, does not give higher grain yield on an area basis and for achieving this, a combination of improved hills with optimum plant population must be worked out for SRI.     

机插穴苗数对不同穗型粳稻品种产量及品质的影响

以盐粳9号(小穗型)、淮稻9号(中穗型)和9优418(大穗型)为机插材料,研究了每穴栽插苗数对不同穗型水稻产量、品质的影响。结果表明,随穴栽苗数的增加,3种穗型品种的穗数均呈增加趋势,每穗颖花数、结实率和千粒重均呈减小趋势,但变化程度不一。3种穗型品种的产量随穴栽苗数增加均呈先增后减二次曲线变化。小、中、大穗型品种最高产量对应的穴栽苗数分别为4、3、2苗。3种穗型品种稻米的品质性状受穴栽苗数影响的变异程度存在差异,但均表现随穴栽苗数的增加而垩白度和垩白率上升,糙米率、精米率和整精率下降,蛋白质含量变低,直链淀粉含量增加,胶稠度变长;峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度和起始糊化温度等RVA特性值先增后减,而消减值先减后增。对产量与品质指标综合评价,以小穗型品种每穴栽插4苗、中穗型品种每穴3苗、大穗型品种每穴2苗,最利于相对实现高产与优质的协调。     

三江地区主栽水稻品种高产群体优化研究

采用裂区设计,于2009 ～2010年对三江地区主栽的4个品种进行高产群体结构优化研究,以明确各品种高产栽培的株行距和穴苗数配置.结果表明,在此地区采用5～8苗/穴、株距10 cm、行距24 cm的配置可以获得高产.建三江科研所的龙粳20号和垦粳3号较生产中常规配置为4苗/穴、株距13.3 cm、行距30 cm的理论产量分别增产43.1％和29.4％,且差异均达到极显著水平;七星研发中心的空育131和龙粳26号的理论产量较常规配置分别增产57.3％和47.9％,差异也达到极显著水平;株、行距与产量均呈负相关,其中株距与产量的负相关多达到显著或极显著水平,株距是3个因子中获得高产的最重要限制因子.因此,对于三江地区从农机上加以改造,这是充分利用当地的自然资源,实现水稻更高产的最为快捷、经济有效的的技术措施.     

行距和穴内插秧密度对寒地粳稻产量和品质性状的影响

为了明确寒地粳稻优质高产栽培的最佳行距和穴内插秧密度,以优质粳稻品系‘东农09-51’为试验材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究行距和穴内插秧密度及其互作效应对寒地粳稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,行距对产量及其构成因素、加工品质和蒸煮食味品质性状及RVA特性（除了回冷恢复值）都有显著或极显著的影响,穴内插秧密度对产量及其构成因素、加工品质和蒸煮食味品质性状及RVA特性（除了最低粘度和最终粘度）有显著或极显著的影响,二者互作效应对产量及其构成因素、加工品质和蒸煮食味品质性状及RVA特性都有显著或极显著的影响。其中处理A2B2的产量为最高,为9775 kg/hm2,但其蒸煮食味品质并不是最佳的,较A3B2和A2B3处理稍差,这一点与RVA谱特性分析结果是一致的。从高产和优质的协调以及高效角度考虑,首先要充分利用行距和穴内插秧密度的互作效应,行株距30 cm×10 cm、穴内插秧4棵/穴更有利于提高寒地粳稻产量和改善品质。     

施肥量和穴内插秧密度对寒地粳稻产量和品质性状的影响

以中熟超高产粳稻品种龙稻5号、晚熟超高产粳稻品种松粳9号和优质晚熟品种五优稻1号为试验材料,研究了施肥量和穴内插秧密度对寒地粳稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量的增加可以提高高产品种的产量,但导致了优质品种贪青晚熟,降低了优质品种的产量;施氮量的增加可以显著提高蛋白质含量、糙米率和精米率,但也显著降低了稻米的直链淀粉含量和味度值。穴内插秧密度对产量的影响表现为先增加后降低趋势,对稻米品质的影响表现程度不一。施肥量和穴内插秧密度的互作对超高产粳稻品种的产量和品质有影响,对优质品种的蛋白质有影响。从高产和优质的协调考虑,龙稻5号以施纯氮194.90kg/hm²、2棵/穴为宜,松粳9号以施纯氮194.90kg/hm²、4棵/穴为宜,五优稻1号以施纯氮119.94kg/hm²、4棵/穴为宜。     

机械化种植对杂交籼稻F优498产量构成与株型特征的影响

为探明机械化种植杂交籼稻高产群体的株型特征, 以F优498为材料, 采用二因素裂区设计, 研究了不同穴苗数与播期下机直播、机插、手插3种种植方式的株型特征及其与产量构成的关系。结果表明: (1) 不同种植方式株型特征差异显著, 机直播和机插上三叶叶长、叶宽和叶间距大, 但叶基角和披垂度也较大; 手插上三叶大小适宜, 叶片厚而挺直; 机直播和机插株高和着生高度显著大于手插, 但手插比叶重、单株穗数和总叶片数显著高于机械化种植; 机直播的茎蘖夹角、穗粒数和单穗重显著低于机插和手插。推迟播期和低苗处理均使叶片增大, 比叶重、粒叶比、单株穗数、穗粒数和结实率随播期延迟显著降低。单穗重与上三叶长度、宽度、着生高度和株高均呈显著或极显著正相关, 以机插最高, 手插次之, 机直播最低。(2) 机直播产量显著低于机插和手插, 且随播期延迟和穴苗数减少显著降低。产量及其构成与株型特征密切相关, 机械化种植杂交籼稻高产株型的显著特征为适宜的株高、上三叶长度、群体LAI和茎集散度; 叶宽、比叶重、叶间距大和直立性好。足穗和大穗的统一是实现水稻高产的关键, 塑造个体优良的株型与优化群体结构是增产的前提, 机械化种植杂交籼稻应在时间允许的条件下尽早播栽, 穴苗数以3苗左右为宜。     

Row and Plant Spacing Effects on Yield and Yield Components of Soya Bean Varieties Under Hot Humid Tropical Environment of Ethiopia

Appropriate plant density is a key for gainful production of soya bean in various environments including the hot‐humid tropical environments (HHTE) of Ethiopia. A split‐plot factorial experiment was conducted under HHTE in south‐west Ethiopia to determine the effect of Variety (Clark, CSC‐1), Row spacing (50, 55, 60, 65, 70 cm) and Plant spacing (2.5, 5, 10 cm) on yield and yield components, and weed infestation of soya bean. The effect of Plant spacing was more Variety‐specific than that of Row spacing. Yield and yield components per m² were significantly affected by both Row spacing and Plant spacing. However, per plant and per pod responses and weed infestation were affected mainly by Plant spacing, and not that much by Row spacing. Seed yield and yield components per m² were the highest for the highest plant density (50 cm Row spacing, 2.5 cm Plant spacing), but individual plant and pod responses, and weed infestation were the highest for wider Plant spacing (10 cm). Regression analysis of various responses on planting density showed negative, cubic relationship albeit with different strength. This study demonstrated that these factors significantly modify soya bean yield and yield components as well as weed infestation, suggesting that they could be used as management tools for increased yield in HHTE.     

超级稻中浙优1号栽培密度试验研究

为进一步探索中浙优1号在荔波县不同栽培密度及栽培方式下的丰产和稳产性,开展了不同栽培密度及栽培方式对中浙优1号的试验.结果表明：以密度为22.58万丛/hm2、栽植方式为等行栽植,规格16.65cm× 26.64cm,的处理产量最高.     

西北旱区膜下滴灌条件下种植模式对制种玉米生长影响

为了探究膜下滴灌条件下西北旱区制种玉米高产节水最佳种植模式。通过田间小区试验,设置了9种宽窄行种植模式处理。窄行间距为30 cm(N30)和40 cm(N40),宽行间距分别为60 cm(W60)、70 cm(W70)、80 cm(W80)、90 cm(W90)和100 cm(W100),其中对于N40处理,没有设置宽行间距为100cm的处理,株距统一为15 cm。结果表明,窄行间距相同时,随着宽行间距增大,株高呈减小趋势、茎粗及叶面积指数呈增大趋势;相同种植密度下,窄行行间距为30cm时,其植株茎粗小、株高高;各处理生育期累计耗水量ET范围约为525.10~545.18 mm;从群体总体产量水平来看,在相同种植密度情况下,N30处理的总体产量水平高于N40处理。[结论]从稳定高产角度考虑,推荐当地膜下滴灌制种玉米种植模式为：窄行和宽行种植间距分别为30和70 cm。     

长沙烟区烟稻复种体系晚稻肥密互作效应研究

为明确长沙烟区烟稻复种体系烟后晚稻的适宜施氮量和种植密度,以丰源优299为材料,于2013-2014年在湖南省长沙市浏阳市开展了烟后晚稻的肥密互作效应研究。结果表明：烟后晚稻全生育期因施氮延长2d,与密度无明显关系;水稻LAI整体随施氮量和密度增大而提高,但是施氮量和密度间存在互作效应,且两年的互作效应有差异;烟后晚稻叶片SPAD值因施氮而明显提高,与密度关系不大;水稻产量构成因素中,千粒重较稳定,不因密度与施氮量变化而发生显著变化;密度与施氮量对烟后晚稻产量构成因素有明显互作效应,较低密度（152 000~200 000穴/hm ²）条件下,有效穗数、穗粒数和产量随密度和施氮量增大而明显提高,而较高密度（210000~300000穴/hm ²）条件下,结实率随施氮量增大而增大,有效穗数、穗粒数和产量随施氮量增大表现先升后降趋势,密度300 000穴/hm ²、施氮90kg/hm ²处理表现最好。     

密度和空间布局种植方式对夏玉米穗位叶光合生理性状的影响

为探明夏玉米适宜种植方式的光合生理机制,采用裂区试验设计研究了种植密度(9.3万,8.1万,6.9万,5.7万株/hm~2)、空间布局(等行距1穴1株,等行距1穴3株和宽窄行1穴3株)以及它们的交互作用对夏玉米郑单958开花后不同生育时期(开花期、抽丝期、灌浆前期、灌浆后期和完熟期)净光合速率及其相关性状的影响。结果表明:宽窄行1穴3株能显著降低夏玉米开花期和完熟期穗位叶净光合速率,而8.1万株/hm~2密度下的净光合速率不受空间布局的影响;等行距1穴1株空间布局下,种植密度不会显著影响穗位叶净光合速率。种植密度、空间布局以及它们交互作用对类胡萝卜素含量影响显著。等行距1穴3株空间布局下,9.3万株/hm~2种植密度显著降低前3个观测时期类胡萝卜素含量,而6.9万株/hm~2在宽窄行1穴3株以及5.7万株/hm~2在等行距1穴1株空间布局下显著降低完熟期类胡萝卜素含量。种植密度、空间布局及其交互作用均对PSⅡ最大光化学效率无显著影响。综上可知,8.1万株/hm~2种植密度不受空间布局的显著影响,而等行距1穴1株空间布局不受种植密度的显著影响,均能保证夏玉米郑单958植株的净光合作用及其相关指标维持在较高水平。结果也为从光合物质基础和光合水分生理基础方面(色素含量、荧光特性、净光合速率和蒸腾速率)解释种植方式-光合产物源-产量库之间的关系提供了理论数据。     

高产杂交籼稻新组合“特优649”产业化技术研究 I 密度及主要肥料因子对产量的影响

试验采用裂区设计，以肥料为主区，密度为副区，研究高产杂交籼稻新组合“特优649”的密度和氮肥、磷肥、钾肥施用量与产量的关系，结果表明：当密度为37.5万穴/hm2，或株行距为20cm×13.2cm，氮肥施用量为225kg纯氮/hm2，其N，P2O5，K2O的比例为1.0:0.5:0.8时，产量最高，平均达9.24t/hm2，最高达9.36t/hm2。据此提出产量指标为9.0 t/hm2以上的优化农艺措施组合为：每hm2密度37.5万穴，每穴插2粒谷秧，纯氮用量225kg，P2O5用量112.5 kg ，K2O用量180.0kg，其中基肥为猪牛粪22.5t+30kg过磷酸钙；试验还提出了相配套的水分运筹方法。     

马铃薯叶型和种植密度对产量组分的影响

最佳种植密度有利于对不同叶型马铃薯品种的田间管理,而且在高产同时可以获得最佳产量组分。为研究马铃薯叶型和种植密度的相互关系,找到不同叶型品种的最佳种植密度,选取株型直立的中晚熟代表品种Atlantic（叶上冲型）和甘农薯7号（叶平展型）,固定行距70cm,设置30、25、20、15和10cm 5个株距,测定了植株性状、叶绿素荧光参数和块茎产量组分,并分析了不同种植密度下2个品种性状差异以及植株性状和产量组分之间的相关性。田间鉴定表明,随着种植密度的增加,2个品种的株高、节间距、披垂度和叶面积指数增加,茎粗、垂角和叶夹角降低,光合系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率F_v/F_m增加,但实际光化学效率Φ_PSII降低。相对于叶上冲型品种Atlantic,叶平展型品种甘农薯7号披垂值显著增加。株距为15~30cm时,2个品种种植密度的提高均可以显著增加单株产量、单株结薯数和小区产量。结果表明,叶平展型品种甘农薯7号在株距25cm、叶上冲型品种Atlantic在株距20cm时,植株冠层结构分布最佳,商品薯率和小区产量较高,为最适种植密度。     

不同种植规格对杂交水稻江优919生长及产量的影响

为确定杂交水稻江优919的适宜手插密度,采用两因子随机区组设计,在天柱县和石阡县开展了不同种植规格试验研究。结果表明：密度与有效穗数、穗实粒数等产量构成因子密切相关;同一密度、相同株距、不同的宽窄行设置对产量形成有一定影响;天柱点适宜手插密度为13468～14815穴／667m2,株距在15～16．5cm之间,30cm等行距种植;石阡点适宜手插密度为10870穴／667m2,株距为23．1cm,行距设置为36．6＋16．5cm或33．3＋19．8cm,平均为26．55cm。     

玉米涝害及其防御措施的研究——Ⅰ、芽涝对玉米出苗及苗期生长的影响

玉米种子在吸收膨胀和主胚根开始伸长时对涝害最敏感,淹水2—4天可降低出苗率50%以上.高温、延长淹水期和增加淹水层均会明显加重涝害.受涝后幼苗生长弱,发育慢;根系受害程度重于地上部.早播和起垄播种有助于预防或减轻夏玉米的涝害.     

Grain yield and its components in spring barley under row and hill plot conditions

Twenty homozygous barley lines were grown in row and hill plots at two locations in Ontario in 1973. The hill plots were of two spacings –30×30 cm and 45×45 cm between hills. Within each spacing, three seeding rates were used i.e. 15, 25 and 35 seeds per hill. Grain yield and three of its components, namely; number of seeds per spike (NSS), number of spikes per plot (NSP) and seed weight (SW) were studied. It was concluded that both NSS and SW could be evaluated in hill plots. NSS was found to be an important component of grain yield and its relationship with grain yield was unaffected by plot types and locations. SW also remained unaffected by plot types and seeding rates but as a component of grain yield it was the least important of the three components measured. The correlation between SW and grain yield could be changed by locations. NSP was as important as NSS as a component of grain yield, and was highly correlated with grain yield. Unlike NSS, NSP could not be efficiently evaluated in hill plots since its correlation between row and hill plots was generally lower.     

水稻合理密植及其优质高产机理研究进展

合理密植是水稻高产优质栽培的重要措施之一,包括合理的每蔸基本苗数、单位面积蔸数和行株距配置三部分。此文从每蔸基本苗数、单位面积蔸数和行株距配置3个方面综述了栽插密度对水稻群体产量和品质的影响,以期为水稻高产优质提供理论指导。     

杂交水稻京福1优527高产栽培试验研究

为进一步提高京福1优527的单产水平,挖掘其产量潜力,2007年在福建省三明地区进行种植密度、纯氮施用量、磷肥施用量、钾肥施用量4因素3水平正交试验,结果表明,每公顷基本苗21.74万株、施用纯氮150kg、施用磷肥90kg、施用钾肥150kg可实现较高的产量水平,与其它处理差异达显著。京福1优527高产栽培策略是合理密植,控制好基本苗数。一般中等肥力田基本苗以21.74万/hm2左右为宜,例如安排密植规格为20 cm×23 cm,每丛插1~2苗左右。同时通过合理施用氮、磷肥促使大穗,以达到高产目的。在中等肥力条件下,每公顷施用纯氮150kg、磷肥150kg可达到7.72t/hm2左右的产量水平。与此同时,配合施用钾肥和有机肥也是很必要的。     

水稻稀播少本插高产技术的研究

本文是根据秧田播种量和每丛插秧本数联因试验的结果,证明在肥水管理水平较高的条件下,稀播少本插比密播多本插具有明显的增产作用。指出稀播少本插在水稻高产形成中的作用点在于增大穗形,而少本插又是形成大穗的主导因素。从群体的某些生理生态着手,阐明了稀播少本插的高产机理:秧苗素质优良和本田个体生育健壮是稀播少本插