共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of ketamine and two doses of medetomidine administered by two routes of injection in a genetically diverse population of rabbits. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, clinical trial. ANIMALS: One hundred and five domestic rabbits of mixed breed, sex and age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rabbits undergoing orchiectomy or ovariohysterectomy received ketamine (15 mg kg(-1)) combined with medetomidine at 0.25 or 0.5 mg kg(-1), by subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular (IM) injection. Anaesthesia was supplemented with 1.5-2% isoflurane when signs of regular jaw movements and/or slight limb twitching indicated inadequate anaesthesia. Heart and respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration and rectal temperature were monitored at several time points. Duration of surgical anaesthesia and anaesthesia time were measured. At completion of surgery, atipamezole (1.0 or 0.5 mg kg(-1), IM or SC) was administered. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: MANOVA was used to compare variables over time between males and females, anaesthetic doses and routes of drug administration. RESULTS: All reflexes were lost significantly more rapidly after IM drug administration (p < 0.05). The times (in minutes) from drug injection to loss of reflexes for the respective groups were: righting reflex: 6.3 (15.0 + 0.25, SC), 5.5 (15.0 + 0.5, SC), 2.9 (15.0 + 0.25, IM) and 2.3 (15.0 + 0.5, IM); ear pinch: 9.2, 8.5, 4.8, 3.6; pedal withdrawal: 12.8, 10.4, 6.6, 5.2. Heart and respiratory rates during surgery did not differ between groups, however the highest end-tidal CO(2) concentration during surgery was significantly affected by dose, with the highest concentration occurring in group 15.0 + 0.5 IM. The number of animals requiring isoflurane tended to decrease with increasing dose of anaesthetic and significantly more females required supplementation than males (p < 0.05). Recovery from anaesthesia (return of righting reflex) was not significantly different between dose groups (p > 0.1) but was more rapid in animals given IM atipamezole (13.6 +/- 13 versus 21 +/- 17, p = 0.037). No anaesthetic-related mortality occurred and all but three animals recovered uneventfully. Five animals were killed whilst under anaesthesia because of unrelated disease. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ketamine-medetomidine combinations reliably produced surgical anaesthesia in domestic rabbits that could easily be deepened for brief periods with low concentrations of isoflurane. Subcutaneous administration was better tolerated, but the speed of induction was slower compared with IM injection. Atipamezole was an effective antagonist and produced most rapid effects when administered IM. 相似文献
2.
3.
P Hedenqvist DVM HE Orr† BVMS Cert LAS JV Roughan† BSc PhD LM Antunes† MSc DVM & PA Flecknell† M.A Vet MB PhD DLAS Dip ECVA MRCVS 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2002,29(1):14-19
ObjectiveTo compare the characteristics of anaesthesia induced with ketamine/medetomidine administered by the subcutaneous and intramuscular routes and to assess the effects of the addition of butorphanol to this combination.Study designProspective randomised study.AnimalsSix female New Zealand White rabbits.MethodsRabbits were given one of four combinations of ketamine and medetomidine (K/M) either subcutaneously (SC) or intramuscularly (IM) on four successive occasions with a 7–day interval between treatments. The dose combinations were; 15/0.25 mg kg−1 SC; 15/0.25 mg kg−1 IM; 15/0.5 mg kg−1 SC, and 15/0.25 mg kg−1 together with 0.4 mg kg−1 butorphanol (K/M/B) SC. The effects of anaesthesia on arterial blood gas values and cardiovascular variables were recorded at predetermined time points. Toe and ear pinch reflexes were judged to determine the duration of surgical anaesthesia. Loss of the righting reflex was used to measure the duration of sleep time. Analyses used repeated measures analysis of variance.ResultsAll groups lost the righting reflex and ear pinch response. Three animals in the groups that received K/M alone lost their toe pinch reflex, whereas four lost this reflex when given K/M/B. Time of onset of loss of the righting, toe and ear pinch reflexes did not differ significantly among the groups. The higher dose combination of medetomidine with ketamine and the combination of K/M/B produced a greater duration of loss of the ear pinch response than the lower dose of K/M administered by either route. No significant differences were found among the groups in the duration of loss of the toe pinch reflex. All animals developed a moderate bradycardia (mean heart rate <166 beats minute−1) and moderate hypoxaemia (mean PaO2 < 6.0 kPa). Animals given butorphanol showed the greatest reduction in respiratory rate (31 ± 13 breaths minute−1, p < 0.05) but this was not reflected in any significant differences in arterial PCO2, PO2 or pH among the groups.ConclusionsAdministration of K/M by the SC route produced equivalent effects in comparison to intramuscular administration. The addition of butorphanol increased the duration of anaesthesia, but produced a slight increase in the degree of respiratory depression. All dose rates resulted in hypoxaemia so oxygen should be administered when these combinations are used in rabbits.Clinical relevanceSubcutaneous administration is both technically simpler and may cause less discomfort to the animal than IM injection, and so is preferred. The combination of K/M with butorphanol has relatively minor effects on the depth and duration of anaesthesia, so offers little advantage to the use of K/M alone. 相似文献
4.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate alterations in peri-operative body temperatures and oesophageal-skin temperatures in isoflurane-anaesthetized rabbits following either ketamine-midazolam or ketamine-medetomidine induction of anaesthesia. ANIMAL POPULATION: Fifty client-owned rabbits, (25 male, 25 female) of different breeds anaesthetized for elective neutering (age range: 3-42 months; mass range: 1.15-4.3 kg). STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, blinded clinical study. METHODS: Pre-anaesthetic rectal temperature was measured. A 24 SWG catheter was placed in a marginal ear vein after local anaesthesia. Ketamine (15 mg kg(-1)) with medetomidine (0.25 mg kg(-1)) (group KMT) or with midazolam (3 mg kg(-1)) (group KMZ) was injected intramuscularly (IM). Following endotracheal intubation anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Carprofen (3 mg kg(-1)) and glucose saline (5 mL kg(-1) hour(-1)) were administered through the intravenous catheter. Room temperature and humidity, skin temperature (from tip of pinna) and oesophageal temperature were measured during anaesthesia. Ovariohysterectomy or castration was performed. Rectal temperature was taken when isoflurane was discontinued (time zero) and 30, 60 and 120 minutes thereafter. Atipamezole (0.5 mg kg(-1)) was administered IM to rabbits in group KMT at zero plus 30 minutes. Mass, averaged room temperature and duration of anaesthesia data were compared using a two-tailed t-test. Age, averaged room humidity, rectal temperature decrease, oesophageal temperature decrease and oesophageal-skin difference data were compared using a Kruskal-Wallis test. p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The averaged oesophageal-skin temperature difference was significantly greater in group KMT [median 9.85 degrees C (range 6.42-13.85 degrees C)] than in group KMZ [4.38 degrees C (2.83-10.43 degrees C)]. Rectal temperature decreased over the anaesthetic period was not significantly different between the two groups; however, oesophageal temperature decrease was significantly less in group KMT [1.1 degrees C (-0.1-+2.7 degrees C)] than in group KMZ [1.4 degrees C (0.6-3.1 degrees C)]. CONCLUSIONS: Oesophageal-skin temperature difference is larger in rabbits anaesthetized with ketamine-medetomidine combination than ketamine-midazolam. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The oesophageal temperature in rabbits anaesthetized with ketamine-medetomidine and isoflurane decreases significantly less than in animals anaesthetized with ketamine-midazolam and isoflurane, during anaesthesia. 相似文献
5.
P Hedenqvist DVM Jv Roughan BSc PhD He Orr BVM&S Cert LAS L M Antunes MSc DVM 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2001,28(1):18-25
ObjectiveTo compare the characteristics of anaesthesia induced with four dose combinations of ketamine/medetomidine.DesignProspective randomized study.Animals Five female New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits of approximately 2.3 kg.MethodsRabbits were given one of four drug combinations (25/0.25; 15/0.5; 15/0.25 and 10/0.5 mg kg−1 IM) on four successive occasions with a four day interval. Response to injection and then arterial blood gas and cardiovascular parameters were recorded at predetermined time points. Toe and ear pinch reflexes gave measures of total duration of surgical anaesthesia and total sleep time. Analyses used repeated measures analysis of variance.ResultsInduction was smooth with little reaction to injection and intubation achieved easily. Two combinations (15/0.25, 10/0.5) produced moderate hypoxaemia (mean pO2 < 8.0 kPa) and two (25/0.25, 15/0.5) very marked hypoxaemia (mean pO2 < 5.3 kPa). This was reversed within 15 minutes of oxygen administration and all rabbits recovered uneventfully. Heart rates fell in all cases, with only minimal effects on arterial blood pressure and no cardiac arrhythmias. Mean duration of surgical anaesthesia was significantly longer for dose groups 25/0.25 (57 ± 12 minutes) and 15/0.5 (59 ± 17 minutes, p = 0.01) compared to dose group 15/0.25 (27 ± 8 minutes). Only three animals in the 10/0.5 mg kg−1 group achieved surgical anaesthesia. Mean duration of loss of the ear pinch reflex was similar between doses, being, respectively, 64 ± 13, 81 ± 7, 60 ± 22 and 62 ± 24 minutes. Sleep time was significantly longer for the 15/0.5 dose (112 ± 10 minutes) compared to 15/0.25 (86 ± 22 minutes, p = 0.04). Sleep times for the 25/0.25 and 10/0.5 mg kg−1 doses were, respectively, 103 ± 23 and 108 ± 12 minutes.ConclusionsKetamine/medetomidine reliably produces smooth induction and recovery in the NZW rabbit, but due to the degree of hypoxaemia produced, should only be used with simultaneous provision of oxygen.Clinical relevanceCurrently recommended dose rates of ketamine/medetomidine for minor procedures such as ovariohysterectomy in rabbits (25 mg/0.5 mg kg−1) are unnecessarily high; a dose of 15/0.25 mg kg−1 should be adequate for 15–30 minutes of surgical anaesthesia. 相似文献
6.
7.
Davison KE Hughes JM Gormley E Lesellier S Costello E Corner LA 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2007,34(6):394-402
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of three anaesthetic combinations in adult European badgers (Meles meles). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded, experimental trial. ANIMALS: Sixteen captive adult badgers. METHODS: The badgers were each anaesthetized by intramuscular injection using the three techniques assigned in random order: romifidine 0.18 mg kg(-1), ketamine 10 mg kg(-1) and butorphanol 0.1 mg kg(-1) (RKB); medetomidine 0.1 mg kg(-1), ketamine 9 mg kg(-1) and butorphanol 0.1 mg kg(-1) (MKB); and medetomidine 0.1 mg kg(-1) and ketamine 10 mg kg(-1) (MK). Initial drug doses were calculated based on a body mass of 10 kg. Additional anaesthetic requirements, time to drug effect, duration of action and recovery from anaesthesia were recorded. Heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate and rhythm, rectal and subcutaneous microchip temperature and oxygen saturation were recorded every 5 minutes. Depth of anaesthesia was assessed using: muscle tone; palpebral and pedal reflexes; and tongue relaxation at these time points. Blood samples and a tracheal aspirate were obtained under anaesthesia. Atipamezole was administered if the badger had not recovered within 60 minutes Parametric data were analysed using anova for repeated measures, and nonparametric data using Friedman's, and Cochran's Q tests: p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: All combinations produced good or excellent muscle relaxation throughout the anaesthetic period. RKB had the shortest duration of anaesthesia (16.8 minutes compared with MKB 25.9 minutes and MK 25.5 minutes) and antagonism was not required. RKB depressed respiratory rate less than MK and MKB. There was no significant difference between techniques for heart rate and rhythm. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: All combinations provided anaesthetic conditions suitable for sampling and identification procedures in adult badgers. The RKB protocol provided a significantly shorter period of anaesthesia when compared with the combinations containing medetomidine. 相似文献
8.
Schernthaner A Lendl CE Hartmann K Pragst I Preissel AK Henke J 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2011,38(5):439-450
ObjectiveTo evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects and plasma concentrations of medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine (MMK) combinations administered by intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injection in sable ferrets (Mustela putorius furo).Study designProspective randomized experimental study.AnimalsEighteen adult ferrets: weight median 1.19 (range 0.81–1.60) kg.MethodsAnimals were allocated to one of three groups: group IM07 received 20 μg kg?1 medetomidine, 0.5 mg kg?1 midazolam and 7 mg kg?1 ketamine IM; group IM10 20 μg kg?1 medetomidine, 0.5 mg kg?1 midazolam and 10 mg kg?1 ketamine IM; and group SC10 20 μg kg?1 medetomidine, 0.5 mg kg?1 midazolam and 10 mg kg?1 ketamine SC. Following instrumentation, cardiorespiratory parameters and plasma drug concentrations were measured every 5 minutes (T5–T30) for 30 minutes Ferrets were then euthanased. Data were analysed using anova for repeated measures. p < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsResults are mean ± SD. Induction of anaesthesia (minutes) in IM07 and IM10 [2 (1)] was significantly faster than in SC10 [5 (2)]. All groups demonstrated the following: results given as groups IM07, IM10 and SC10 respectively. Mean arterial blood pressures (mmHg) were initially high [186 (13); 174 (33) and 174 (9) at T5] but decreased steadily. Pulse rates were initially 202 (20), 213 (17) and 207 (33) beats minute?1, decreasing with time. PaO2 (mmHg) was low [54.0 (8), 47.7 (10) and 38.5 (1)] at T5, although in groups IM07 and IM10 it increased over time. Plasma concentrations of all drugs were highest at T5 (36, 794 and 8264 nmol L?1 for medetomidine, midazolam and ketamine, respectively) and decreased thereafter: for both midazolam and ketamine, concentrations in IM07 and IM10 were higher than SC10.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMMK combinations containing either 7 or 10 mg kg?1 ketamine and given IM are suitable combinations for anaesthetising ferrets, although the observed degree of hypoxaemia indicates that oxygen administration is vital. 相似文献
9.
《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2020,47(5):604-613
ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of intramuscular (IM) co-administration of the peripheral α2-adrenoceptor agonist vatinoxan (MK-467) with medetomidine and butorphanol prior to intravenous (IV) ketamine on the cardiopulmonary and anaesthetic effects in dogs, followed by atipamezole reversal.Study designRandomized, masked crossover study.AnimalsA total of eight purpose-bred Beagle dogs aged 3 years.MethodsEach dog was instrumented and administered two treatments 2 weeks apart: medetomidine (20 μg kg–1) and butorphanol (100 μg kg–1) premedication with vatinoxan (500 μg kg–1; treatment MVB) or without vatinoxan (treatment MB) IM 20 minutes before IV ketamine (4 mg kg–1). Atipamezole (100 μg kg–1) was administered IM 60 minutes after ketamine. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial (MAP) and central venous (CVP) pressures and cardiac output (CO) were measured; cardiac (CI) and systemic vascular resistance (SVRI) indices were calculated before and 10 minutes after MVB or MB, and 10, 25, 40, 55, 70 and 100 minutes after ketamine. Data were analysed with repeated measures analysis of covariance models. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Sedation, induction, intubation and recovery scores were assessed.ResultsAt most time points, HR and CI were significantly higher, and SVRI and CVP significantly lower with MVB than with MB. With both treatments, SVRI and MAP decreased after ketamine, whereas HR and CI increased. MAP was significantly lower with MVB than with MB; mild hypotension (57–59 mmHg) was recorded in two dogs with MVB prior to atipamezole administration. Sedation, induction, intubation and recovery scores were not different between treatments, but intolerance to the endotracheal tube was observed earlier with MVB.Conclusions and clinical relevanceHaemodynamic performance was improved by vatinoxan co-administration with medetomidine–butorphanol, before and after ketamine administration. However, vatinoxan was associated with mild hypotension after ketamine with the dose used in this study. Vatinoxan shortened the duration of anaesthesia. 相似文献
10.
On the basis of worm counts in naturally infected Angora-X goats, albendazole at either 3.8mg/kg repeated after 24 hours or as a single dose at 7.6mg/kg, was >99% effective in removing adult Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp. Small numbers of adult Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia sp. and Chabertia ovina were present in control but not treated animals. The single dose of 7.6mg/kg removed > 99% of adult Oesophagostomum venulosum whereas the repeated dose of 3.8mg/kg removed only 96%. 相似文献
11.
McLaren GW Thornton PD Newman C Buesching CD Baker SE Mathews F Macdonald DW 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2005,32(6):367-372
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of four ketamine-based anaesthetics in badgers using a quantitative anaesthesia assessment technique. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized 'blinded' experimental trial. METHODS: The quality of induction, of anaesthesia (at 5-minute intervals) and of recovery were assessed in 93 badgers, given either one of three ketamine (K)-medetomidine (M)-butorphanol (B) combinations: group A - M K B at 20/40/80 microg kg(-1); group B - M K B at 20/40/60 microg kg(-1); and group C - M K B at 20/60/40 microg kg(-1), or ketamine (K) alone at 2 mg kg(-1) (group D). The assessor was ignorant of the combination administered. Physiological variables (heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperature) were measured at 5-minute intervals during anaesthesia. Gingival mucus membrane colour was also recorded. RESULTS: Induction to anaesthesia was most rapid with ketamine (2 mg kg(-1)) although induction quality did not differ between techniques. Ketamine used alone gave the poorest score for anaesthesia quality. Heart rate (HR) and scores for gingival mucus membrane colour were higher in animals anaesthetized with ketamine alone. Rectal temperature did not differ significantly between the techniques at any time during anaesthesia. Ketamine used alone produced the poorest quality of recovery. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The M-K-B combinations investigated overcame several side effects associated with ketamine anaesthesia, but at the expense of more variable induction times, lower HRs, and poorer mucus membrane coloration. 相似文献
12.
Gareth E Zeiler Brighton T Dzikiti Geoffrey T Fosgate Frik G Stegmann Frans J Venter Eva Rioja 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2014,41(4):411-420
ObjectivesTo compare the anaesthetic, analgesic and cardiorespiratory effects of intramuscular (IM) medetomidine and ketamine administered alone or combined with morphine or tramadol, for orchiectomy in cats.Study designRandomised, blinded, prospective clinical study.AnimalsThirty client-owned cats.Materials and methodsCats (n = 10 in each group) received a combination of medetomidine (60 μgkg?1) and ketamine (10 mg kg?1) alone (MedK); combined with morphine (0.2 mg kg?1) (MedKM), or combined with tramadol (2 mg kg?1) (MedKT) IM. Time of induction, surgical and recovery events were recorded, and physiological parameters measured and recorded. Analgesia was evaluated with a visual analogue scale, a composite scoring system and the von Frey mechanical threshold device, every hour from three to eight hours post-drug administration injection. Data were analyzed with a linear mixed model, Kruskal–Wallis or Chi-square tests (p < 0.05).ResultsMedian (IQR) induction and recovery times (minutes) were not significantly (p = 0.125) different between groups: 5.6 (2.7–8.0), 7.4 (5.1–9.6) and 8.0 (5.8–14.9) for induction and 128.5 (95.1–142.8), 166.4 (123.1–210.0) and 142.9 (123.4–180.2) for recovery, with MedK, MedKT and MedKM, respectively. Two cats (MedKM) required alfaxalone for endotracheal intubation. In all groups, three or four cats required additional isoflurane for surgery. Arterial oxygen tension overall (mean ± SD: 66 ± 2 mmHg) was low. Surgery resulted in increased systolic arterial blood pressure (p < 0.001), haemoglobin saturation (p < 0.001), respiratory (p = 0.003) and heart rates (p = 0.002). Pain scores did not differ significantly between groups. Von Frey responses decreased over time; changes over time varied by treatment (p < 0.001), MedK returning to baseline values more rapidly than MedKM and MedKT. No cat required rescue analgesics.Conclusion and clinical relevanceAll three protocols can provide adequate anaesthesia and analgesia for orchiectomy in cats. However, rescue intervention to maintain surgical anaesthesia may be required in some cats. Oxygen supplementation is advised. 相似文献
13.
14.
Henke J Astner S Brill T Eissner B Busch R Erhardt W 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2005,32(5):261-270
OBJECTIVE: To compare the quality of surgical anaesthesia and cardiorespiratory effects of three intramuscular (IM) anaesthetic combinations in rabbits. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized cross-over experimental study. ANIMALS: Nineteen adult female chinchilla mixed-bred rabbits weighing 3.9 +/- 0.8 kg. METHODS: Rabbits were given one of three IM anaesthetic combinations: 0.25 mg kg(-1) medetomidine and 35.0 mg kg(-1) ketamine (M-K), 0.20 mg kg(-1) medetomidine and 0.02 mg kg(-1) fentanyl and 1.0 mg kg(-1) midazolam (M-F-Mz) and 4.0 mg kg(-1) xylazine and 50 mg kg(-1) ketamine (X-K). The effects of anaesthesia on nociceptive reflexes, circulatory and respiratory function were recorded. Statistical analyses involved repeated measures anova with paired Student's t-test applied post hoc. P-values <0.05 were considered as significant. RESULTS: Reflex loss was most rapid and complete in M-K recipients, whereas animals receiving M-F-Mz showed the longest tolerance of endotracheal intubation (78.1 +/- 36.5 minutes). Loss of righting reflex was significantly most rapid (p < 0.05) in the X-K group (114.7 +/- 24.0 minutes). Surgical anaesthesia was achieved in 16 of 19 animals receiving M-K, in 14 animals receiving M-F-Mz, and in seven animals with X-K, but only for a short period (7.1 +/- 11.6 minutes). This was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter than with M-K (38.7 +/- 30.0 minutes) and M-F-Mz (31.6 +/- 26.6 minutes). Heart rates were greatest in X-K recipients; lowest HR were seen in animals receiving M-F-Mz. Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly higher (about 88 mmHg) during the first hour in the M-K group. During recovery, the greatest hypotension was encountered in the X-K group; minimum values were 53 +/- 12 mmHg. Six of 19 animals in the M-F-Mz group showed a short period of apnoea (30 seconds) immediately after endotracheal intubation. Respiratory frequency was significantly lower in this group (p < 0.001). Highest values for arterial carbon dioxide partial pressures (PaCO(2)) (6.90 +/- 0.87 kPa; 52.5 +/- 6.5 mmHg) occurred after induction of anaesthesia in group M-F-Mz animals. There was a marked decrease in PaO(2) in all three groups (the minimum value 5.28 +/- 0.65 kPa [39.7 +/- 4.9 mmHg] was observed with M-K immediately after injection). Arterial PO(2) was between 26.0 and 43.0 kPa (196 and 324 mmHg) in all groups during O(2) delivery and decreased - but not <7.98 kPa - on its withdrawal. Immediately after drug injection, pH(a) values fell in all groups, with lowest values after 30 minutes (7.23 +/- 0.03 with M-K, 7.28 +/- 0.05 with M-F-Mz, and 7.36 +/- 0.04 with X-K). The X-K animals showed significantly (p < 0.001) higher pH values than medetomidine recipients. During 1 hour of anaesthesia pH values in the medetomidine groups remained below those of the X-K group. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical anaesthesia was induced in most animals receiving medetomidine-based combinations. Arterial blood pressure was maintained at baseline values for about 1 hour after M-K. Transient apnoea occurred with M-F-Mz and mandates respiratory function monitoring. Oxygen enrichment of inspired gases is necessary with all three combinations. Endotracheal intubation is essential in rabbits receiving M-F-Mz. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The quality of surgical anaesthesia was greatest with M-K. All combinations allowed recoveries of similar duration. It is theoretically possible to antagonize each component of the M-F-Mz combination. 相似文献
15.
16.
17.
Linda C. Weiland Katharina Kluge Annette P.N. Kutter Peter W. Kronen 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):98-105
Objective
The aim was to compare efficacy and side effects of induction with medetomidine–ketamine or medetomidine–S(+)-ketamine by intranasal (IN) instillation in rabbits and to evaluate both protocols during subsequent isoflurane anaesthesia.Study design
Prospective, blinded, randomized experimental study in two centres.Animals
Eighty-three healthy New Zealand White rabbits undergoing tibial or ulnar osteotomy.Methods
Medetomidine (0.2 mg kg?1) with 10 mg kg?1 ketamine (MK) or 5 mg kg?1 S(+)-ketamine (MS) was administered IN to each rabbit in a randomized fashion. In Centre 1 (n = 42) rabbits were held in sternal recumbency, and in Centre 2 (n = 41) in dorsal recumbency, during drug instillation. Adverse reactions were recorded. If a rabbit swallowed during endotracheal intubation, half of the initial IN dose was repeated and intubation was re-attempted after 5 minutes. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. Heart rate, blood pressure, endtidal carbon dioxide concentration and blood gases were recorded. Data were analysed using Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney test and Fisher's exact test.Results
In all, 39 animals were assigned to the MK group and 44 to the MS group. Two rabbits in the MS group held in dorsal recumbency died after instillation of the drug. Eight (MK) and 11 rabbits (MS) were insufficiently anaesthetized and received a second IN dose. One rabbit in MK and three in MS required an isoflurane mask induction after the second IN dose. There were no significant differences between treatments for induction, intraoperative data, blood gas values and recovery data.Conclusion and clinical relevance
This study indicated that medetomidine–ketamine and medetomidine-S(+)-ketamine were effective shortly after IN delivery, but in dorsal recumbency IN administration of S(+)-ketamine led to two fatalities. Nasal haemorrhage was noted in both cases; however, the factors leading to death have not been fully elucidated. 相似文献18.
Kieren Maddern Vicki J Adams† Nichole AT Hill‡ & Elizabeth A Leece 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2010,37(1):7-13
ObjectiveTo determine in dogs the effects of medetomidine and butorphanol, alone and in combination, on the induction dose of alfaxalone and to describe the induction and intubation conditions.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded clinical trial.AnimalsEighty-five client-owned dogs (ASA 1 or 2).MethodsSubjects were block randomized to treatment group according to temperament. The treatment groups were: medetomidine 4 μg kg?1 (M), butorphanol 0.1 mg kg?1 (B), or a combination of both (MB), all administered intramuscularly. After 30 minutes, a sedation score was assigned, and alfaxalone 0.5 mg kg?1 was administered intravenously over 60 seconds by an observer who was unaware of treatment group. Tracheal intubation conditions were assessed and, if tracheal intubation was not possible after 20 seconds, further boluses of 0.2 mg kg?1 were given every 20 seconds until intubation was achieved. Induction dose and adverse events (sneezing, twitching, paddling, excitement, apnoea and cyanosis) were recorded; induction quality and intubation conditions were scored and recorded.ResultsThe mean dose of alfaxalone required for induction was similar for groups M and B: 1.2 ± 0.4 mg kg?1. The mean dose requirement for group MB (0.8 ± 0.3 mg kg?1) was lower than groups M and B (p < 0.0001). Induction dose was not influenced by temperament or level of sedation. Induction and intubation scores did not differ between treatment groups. Adverse events were noted in 16 dogs; there was no association with treatment group, temperament or level of sedation.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMedetomidine and butorphanol administered in combination reduce the anaesthetic induction dose of alfaxalone compared to either agent alone. This difference should be taken into account when using this combination of drugs in a clinical setting. 相似文献
19.
20.
Kempchen S Kuhn M Spadavecchia C Levionnois OL 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2012,39(3):245-255
ObjectiveTo evaluate medetomidine as a continuous rate infusion (CRI) in horses in which anaesthesia is maintained with isoflurane and CRIs of ketamine and lidocaine.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded clinical trial.AnimalsForty horses undergoing elective surgery.MethodsAfter sedation and induction, anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. Mechanical ventilation was employed. All horses received lidocaine (1.5 mg kg?1 initially, then 2 mg kg?1 hour?1) and ketamine (2 mg kg?1 hour?1), both CRIs reducing to 1.5 mg kg?1 hour?1 after 50 minutes. Horses in group MILK received a medetomidine CRI of 3.6 μg kg?1 hour?1, reducing after 50 minutes to 2.75 μg kg?1 hour?1, and horses in group ILK an equal volume of saline. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was maintained above 70 mmHg using dobutamine. End-tidal concentration of isoflurane (FE′ISO) was adjusted as necessary to maintain surgical anaesthesia. Group ILK received medetomidine (3 μg kg?1) at the end of the procedure. Recovery was evaluated. Differences between groups were analysed using Mann-Whitney, Chi-Square and anova tests as relevant. Significance was taken as p < 0.05.ResultsFE′ISO required to maintain surgical anaesthesia in group MILK decreased with time, becoming significantly less than that in group ILK by 45 minutes. After 60 minutes, median (IQR) FE′ISO in MILK was 0.65 (0.4–1.0) %, and in ILK was 1 (0.62–1.2) %. Physiological parameters did not differ between groups, but group MILK required less dobutamine to support MAP. Total recovery times were similar and recovery quality good in both groups.Conclusion and clinical relevanceA CRI of medetomidine given to horses which were also receiving CRIs of lidocaine and ketamine reduced the concentration of isoflurane necessary to maintain satisfactory anaesthesia for surgery, and reduced the dobutamine required to maintain MAP. No further sedation was required to provide a calm recovery. 相似文献