氨基多糖水溶肥对小麦生理特性、产量及籽粒品质的影响

为了探明氨基多糖水溶肥对小麦生理特性、产量及籽粒品质的影响,以'淮麦33'为试验材料,研究小麦不同生育期叶面喷施氨基多糖水溶肥1次、2次和3次对小麦产量和品质的影响,并在处理后12天测定小麦旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs),叶绿素(Ch1)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛...     

The effect of VRN1 genes on important agronomic traits in high‐yielding Canadian soft white spring wheat

For reproductive success, flowering time must synchronize with favourable environmental conditions. Vernalization genes play a major role in accelerating or delaying the time to flowering. We studied how different vernalization (VRN1) gene combinations alter days to flowering and maturity and consequently the effect on grain yield and other agronomic traits. The study focussed on the effect of the VRN1 gene series (Vrn‐A1, Vrn‐B1 and Vrn‐D1) and their combinations. The Vrn gene group Vrn‐A1a, Vrn‐B1, vrn‐D1 was the earliest to flower and mature, while Vrn‐A1b, Vrn‐B1, vrn‐D1 was the latest to flower. Spring wheat lines with vrn‐A1, Vrn‐B1, Vrn‐D1 were the highest yielding and matured at a similar time as those having vernalization genes Vrn‐A1a, Vrn‐B1 and Vrn‐D1. The findings of this study suggest that the presence of Vrn‐D1 has a direct or indirect role in producing higher grain yield. We therefore suggest the introduction of Vrn‐D1 allele into higher‐yielding classes within Canadian spring wheat germplasm.     

Root System Size Influences Water‐Nutrient Uptake and Nitrate Leaching Potential in Wheat

Environmental and economic considerations require the effective use of water and nutrients to elevate grain production in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with concomitant reduction in nitrate leaching to minimize contamination of underground water. We determined the effect of the root system on leaching fraction, leachate N concentration, and N, P and K uptake using bread wheat ‘Pavon 76’ and its three near‐isogenic translocation lines: Pavon 1RS.1AL, Pavon 1RS.1BL and Pavon 1RS.1DL. These genotypes were grown in sand‐tube experiments under optimum and low level of nutrients for 2 years. Root, stem and leaves, and grain N, P, and K content, and agronomic characters were measured. Leaching fraction and leachate nitrate concentration were measured at early tillering, booting and early grain filling. Significant main effects for year, nutrient level and genotype were found for the characters. Genotype × N interaction was significant only for root P content. Genotype × year interaction was significant only for plant N content, root P content and plant P content. Genotype × year × N interaction was significant only for root N uptake efficiency. Thus, genotypic means averaged across years and nutrient levels are reported. Low levels of nutrients (1330, 235 and 793 mg vs. 1915, 375 and 1268 mg N, P and K, respectively) reduced mean root biomass, plant biomass and grain yield by 27 %, 25 %, and 19 %, respectively. The translocation lines produced 31–46 % more root biomass, 11–14 % heavier grains and 6–8 % greater grain yield than Pavon 76. Leaching fraction was higher under low level of nutrient at booting and grain filling. Leaching fraction at tillering, booting, and grain filling was 67%, 42% and 25%, respectively. Leaching fraction at early tillering was lower for Pavon 1RS.1AL (39 %) and Pavon 1RS.1DL (40.5 %) than for Pavon 76 (45.3 %). Leachate nitrate concentration was lower for two translocation lines at all three stages of plant growth compared to Pavon 76. The correlation coefficient between plant N content and root biomass, between plant N content and plant biomass, and between grain yield and root biomass was positive and significant. Significant positive correlation was found between root biomass and P and K uptake. Multiple small applications of N fertilizer during early plant growth with adequate irrigation water are recommended. Wheat genotypes with superior root characteristics for efficient nutrient uptake, especially during tillering and booting, should be developed in breeding programmes to increase grain yield and to minimize the nitrate leaching.     

氮肥运筹对强筋小麦旗叶生理性状及产量的影响

以优质强筋小麦品种‘郑麦9023’为材料,进行了等氮量不同追氮时期对其旗叶生理性状与产量调控作用的研究。结果表明,等氮量不同追氮时期对旗叶叶绿素和全氮含量及产量均存在明显影响。小麦旗叶叶绿素和全氮含量以及穗粒数、千粒重和产量均以孕穗期追施氮肥（60%）最好,而穗数以拔节期追施氮肥最多,并且,孕穗期追肥与较拔节期追肥、返青期追肥和氮肥全部底施相比,小麦产量分别提高了1.8%、6.2%和9.9%,由此表明,小麦生长发育初期少施氮肥,中后期重追施氮肥,不仅能够为小麦生长快速期提供充足的氮肥供应,提高旗叶叶绿素和全氮含量以及氮素转运率,防止叶片早衰,而且对于增加小麦穗粒数,促进大穗形成、提高千粒重和产量均具有积极的作用。     

Effects of Benzyl Adenine and Abscisic Acid on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Triticale and Wheat

Grain yield and yield components (grains per ear, grain weight, 1000-grain weight, ear weight, ear seed ratio and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed) were examined in a wheat genotype (PBW-343) with well-filled grains and a Triticale genotype (DT-46) with poorly filled grains (showing grain shrivelling) grown in pots. Six days after anthesis (DAA), benzyladenine (BA) @2 µg ear⁻¹ and abscisic acid (ABA) @4 µg ear⁻¹ were injected at the base of the mother shoot ear in both species. It was observed that, in both wheat and Triticale , BA increased the grain weight, grain number and partitioning of dry matter between ear and seed, whereas ABA decreased the grain weight, grain number and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed. However, these decreases were slower in Triticale than in wheat. BA treatment increased the grain dry matter accumulation, which in turn resulted in better filling of grains and increased the grain weight in both wheat and Triticale . The average grain weight of Triticale was lower than that of wheat. Thus, it appears that variation in grain weight between wheat and Triticale might be due to different availabilities of growth-promoting phytohormones such as cytokinins and assimilates.     

Impact of High Night‐Time and High Daytime Temperature Stress on Winter Wheat

High temperature is a major environmental factor that limits wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Climate models predict greater increases in night‐time temperature than in daytime temperature. The objective of this research was to compare the effects of high daytime and high night‐time temperatures during anthesis on physiological (chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration, leaf level photosynthesis, and membrane damage), biochemical (reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and antioxidant capacity in leaves), growth and yield traits of wheat genotypes. Winter wheat genotypes (Ventnor and Karl 92) were grown at optimum temperatures (25/15 °C, maximum/minimum) until the onset of anthesis. Thereafter, plants were exposed to high night‐time (HN, 25/24 °C), high daytime (HD, 35/15 °C), high daytime and night‐time (HDN, 35/24 °C) or optimum temperatures for 7 days. Compared with optimum temperature, HN, HD and HDN increased ROS concentration and membrane damage and decreased antioxidant capacity, photochemical efficiency, leaf level photosynthesis, seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike. Impact of HN and HD was similar on all traits. Greater impact on seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike was observed at HDN compared with HN and HD. These results suggest that HN and HD during anthesis cause damage of a similar magnitude to winter wheat.     

临河地区气候变化及对春小麦产量的影响

为了揭示临河地区气候变化及对春小麦产量的影响,为当地春小麦种植提供科学依据。笔者利用1975—2009年的气候资料和春小麦单产资料,分析临河地区气候变化特征及对春小麦产量的影响。结果表明:临河地区年平均温度呈波动上升趋势,其变化倾向率为0.70℃/10 a,气温突变时间点为1993年,并且大于0℃积温平均以188.4(℃·d)/10 a的速度增加;平均年降水量为150.6 mm;日照时数总体呈波动下降趋势,年日照时数的倾向率为-38.4 h/10 a;春小麦气候产量呈"M"型,1993年以前气象产量相对较低,最低的年份为1987年,1996—2000年前后气象产量相对较高,2000年以后,气象产量呈逐渐降低趋势。     

不同稻秸还田方式对冬小麦产量及冻害的影响

为了综合评价稻秸还田方式对冬小麦产量及冻害的影响,以不还田为对照(CK),设置覆盖还田、宽行覆草、浅旋还田、翻耕还田4种还田方式,研究各处理下小麦生长和产量的变化以及对低温的响应。结果表明,与对照相比,覆盖还田和浅旋还田显著降低了冬小麦的出苗、分蘖的发生以及花后干物质的积累,其产量分别减少了21.3%和15.3%,而宽行覆草和翻耕还田则与之相反,分别较对照增产8.0%和5.2%。另外,与对照相比,覆盖还田和浅旋还田不仅显著降低了单株麦苗质量(茎蘖数、鲜重和干重),而且在低温下有更多的冻害苗和更高的冻害比例。相关分析得出,冻害苗数与单株麦苗的质量呈显著负相关。表明通过宽行覆草和翻耕还田2种方式还田均有利于冬小麦生长和产量的形成,并在一定程度上能减轻冬小麦的冻害。     

耕作和培肥对豫中区冬小麦生长和产量性状的影响

以‘百农矮抗58’为试验材料,在2007-2008年度深耕土壤的基础上,于2008-2009年度研究了深耕（耕深40 cm）和浅耕（耕深20 cm）2种耕作方式和底施专用复合肥（B1）、专用复合肥+鸡粪（B2）及专用复合肥+饼肥（B3）3种培肥模式对豫中区冬小麦生长和产量性状的影响。结果表明：浅耕模式下小麦的株高、群体数量、叶片叶绿素含量及地上部单株干物质积累量均高于深耕模式。B3培肥模式下,小麦叶片的叶绿素含量和植株地上部分干物质积累量较高。浅耕+B3模式下成穗数和穗粒数极显著高于其它模式,产量较高。综上,深耕基础上,浅耕配施复合肥和饼肥是豫中区适宜的种植模式。     

Long‐Term Field Drought Affects Leaf Protein Pattern and Chloroplast Ultrastructure of Winter Wheat in a Cultivar‐Specific Manner

Recurrent drought periods of varying duration often cause extensive crop damage and affect wheat production in Southern Europe. This study compares biochemical and ultrastructural responses of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to long‐term field drought, and their contribution to final grain yield. Gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analyses combined with transmission electron microscopy and grain yield evaluation were employed to assess drought susceptibility of the wheat cultivars. Two of them behaved as drought‐tolerant, the other two presented as drought sensitive. Enhanced degradation of Rubisco large subunit (RLS), Rubisco small subunit (RSS) and Rubisco activase (RA) accompanied by an increased protease activity and reduced levels of heat shock proteins (HSP70) and dehydrins (DHNs) were associated with drought sensitivity. Drought tolerance coincided with relatively stable or increased HSP70 and DHN contents, and unchanged/higher levels of RLS, RSS and RA. Sensitive cultivars were more vulnerable to ultrastructural damages, showing obvious degradation of chloroplast membrane systems and depletion of leaf starch reserves. These drought responses affected yield potential, as tolerant cultivars gave higher yield under intense drought. Thus, our results provide additional insights into the complexity of plant drought responses, identifying multiple interacting traits that may serve as indirect selection criteria for wheat drought tolerance.     

连续2年施用鸡粪有机肥对土壤和小麦锌积累的影响

为了安全合理地利用集约化养殖场的畜禽粪便有机肥,本研究通过田间小区定位试验,研究了连续2年施用高Zn的鸡粪有机肥对土壤和小麦植株Zn积累的影响。结果表明:高Zn鸡粪有机肥施用量为60 t/hm2连续施用2年后,土壤重金属Zn含量未超过国家二级标准300 mg/kg(p H7.5)。随着鸡粪有机肥施用量的增加,连续2年土壤全Zn、有效Zn含量和小麦籽粒Zn含量均趋于明显上升趋势。与第1年施用鸡粪有机肥相比,第2年施用鸡粪有机肥的处理土壤全Zn含量增加1.39%~70.79%,土壤有效Zn含量增加35.37%~66.25%。鸡粪施用量30 t/hm2时较施用化肥的处理小麦籽粒Zn含量差异达到显著水平。鸡粪施用量为60 t/hm2的处理,第2年比第1年施用有机肥小麦秸秆和籽粒Zn含量分别升高了14.75%和2.74%。随着土壤全Zn含量的增加,小麦籽粒Zn含量也趋于上升趋势。土壤全Zn与小麦籽粒Zn含量的关系呈显著的线性相关关系。土壤中全Zn的含量达到国家规定的二级土壤标准时,第1年和第2年施用鸡粪的小麦籽粒Zn含量分别为93.21 mg/kg和100.37 mg/kg。     

播期和密度对江苏淮北强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

旨在为江苏淮北地区小麦优质高产栽培提供参考,以优质强筋品种‘瑞华麦506’为材料,研究了播期（10月5日、15日、25日、11月4日和14日）和密度（2.1×10⁶、2.7×10⁶和3.3×10⁶/hm²）对温光利用、籽粒产量和籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,播期延迟减少了出苗至越冬始期累积积温和日照时数以及花后累积日照时数。迟播显著降低了茎蘖数和穗数,但不同程度增加了每穗粒数和千粒重,籽粒产量以10月15日播种最高。每晚播种10天,生育期、积温、日照时数和穗数分别减少8.5天、108℃、38 h和3.85×10⁵/hm²,产量损失700 kg/hm²。推迟播期降低了面粉吸水率,但增加了籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间。增加密度对籽粒品质影响不显著。综合而言,10月15日播种、采用2.7×10⁶/hm²密度是江苏淮北强筋小麦协同高产优质的适宜组合。     

The Effect of Mulching,Tillage and Rotation on Yield in Non‐flooded Compared with Flooded Rice Production

Non‐flooded rice cultivation has been proven to be an effective measure to reduce water consumption in drought areas of Southeast China. However, rice cultivation under non‐flooded conditions leads to less stable productivity and lower grain yield. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare crop performance and yields among flooded and non‐flooded rice over several seasons, (2) to identify the yield performed in non‐flooded rice systems over seasons and whether the options which included no‐tillage, straw mulching and wet‐dry rotation system can narrow the grain yield gap between non‐flooded and traditional flooded condition. The results showed the difference between flooded rice (F) and non‐flooded rice (NF) with straw mulching was much lower than the difference between F and NF without straw mulching. Within late seasons, the difference of aboveground total biomass between non‐flooded rice without mulching and flooded rice gradually widened as the number of cropping seasons increased. Compared with the non‐flooded rice without mulching, straw mulching can reduce the decline of aboveground total biomass and grain yield. The yield difference between F and NF treatments became smaller in no‐tillage plots than complete tillage plots. It suggested that no‐tillage can keep the crop production more stable. In comparison with continuously non‐flooded cultivation, our study indicated that the wet‐dry rotation system can reduce the yield decline under non‐flooded condition.     

秸秆还田深度对小麦蔗糖转化及产量形成的影响

在大田条件下研究了小麦秸秆不同还田深度下小麦蔗糖含量及其有关酶活性,结果表明秸秆还田处理条件下,灌浆期间旗叶蔗糖含量及磷酸蔗糖还原酶（SPS）活性、籽粒蔗糖含量和酸性转化酶（AI）活性均高于普通耕作处理。在各不同深度秸秆还田处理中,15 cm深度秸秆处理在灌浆前期上述指标均有较高的表现,而花后21 天左右则低于还田25 cm处理,灌浆后期下降幅度较大;而穗下节间蔗糖含量还田25 cm 处理在花后7 天左右超过其他处理,因而蔗糖滞留量较高。在秸秆还田25 cm 处理条件下,小麦籽粒产量达到最高,其穗数也最多,而穗粒数与15 cm还田处理差异不显著,千粒质量也较低。     

氮磷钾肥优化配施对冬小麦产量与养分吸收利用的影响

为探究氮磷钾肥优化配施对冬小麦产量、养分吸收和积累以及利用特性的关系,推动高产高效施肥,于2017—2018年在河南省的鹤壁市和焦作市同步开展冬小麦田间试验,分析不施肥(CK)、磷钾肥配施(CF-N)、氮钾肥配施(CF-P)、氮磷肥配施(CF-K)、氮磷钾肥优化配施(CF)、控释尿素与普通尿素1:1配施(CRU)和农民习惯施肥(FP)对冬小麦产量、地上部养分积累和吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,CF能显著提高冬小麦产量,其两地产量平均值分别较CK和FP提高30.27%和6.50%;与FP相比,焦作市CF的氮、磷、钾素积累量分别提高20.69%、1.03%和23.16%,鹤壁市则分别提高9.99%、3.27%和13.88%;两地CF氮、磷、钾肥利用率较CRU分别平均提高9.57、7.17和9.83个百分点,农学效率分别平均提高0.85、2.20和2.25个百分点。综上,采用氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为240、105、90 kg/hm²,并按照基肥与拔节肥1:1配施的CF处理可显著提高冬小麦产量及养分吸收利用效率。     

Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate and Timing Effect on Bread Wheat Protein in Eastern Canada

Nitrogen management for production of bread quality wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in eastern Canada has received little research attention. An experiment was conducted for 2 years at each of two sites in Québec to study the effect of level and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on grain protein concentration, protein content per seed, non-protein seed dry matter, grain protein yield and nitrogen harvest index (portion of plant N in the grain) of four hard red spring wheat cultivars known to have potential as bread wheats in eastern Canada. The soil types were Bearbroock clay (fine, mixed, non-acid, frigid, Humaquept) and Ste-Rosalie clay (typic, non-acid, frigid, Humaquept). The experiment was a 4 × 4 × 2 factorial. Four cultivars were used: Columbus, Katepwa, Max and Hege 155–85. In both years 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg Nha⁻¹ were applied either all at seeding or 60 % at seeding and 40 % at heading. Grain protein concentration and grain protein yield increased consistently with increasing N fertilizer and with split N application. Nitrogen harvest index was not increased by increasing applications of N fertilizer. Protein content per seed was more critical in determining grain protein concentration than non-protein seed dry matter content. The western Canadian cultivars Columbus and Katepwa generally had greater grain protein concentration than the European cultivars Max and Hege 155–85, With reasonable N fertility the grain protein concentration of spring wheats grown in eastern Canada are sufficient for bread production.     

灌溉处理对冬小麦氮的吸收转移特性的影响

以强筋小麦烟农21号和中筋小麦鲁麦21为材料。研究了灌溉处理对小麦植株及籽粒氮的积累、运转特性的影响,以期为优质小麦的高产优质栽培提供理论依据。结果表明：在冬小麦各营养器官中,小麦花前氮积累量以叶鞘中最高,其次是其他叶、茎、颖壳和穗轴,旗叶最低。成熟期小麦各器官氮素分配以茎中积累量较高。叶鞘花前氮转移效率以及转移氮对籽粒氮的贡献率最高。适当灌水拔节水与开花水有利于强筋小麦烟农21号氮素的积累与转移,有利于小麦面团品质的改善。面团形成时间．稳定时间延长。随着灌溉次数的增加,中筋小麦鲁麦21的各营养器官的花前氮积累量。转移氮对籽粒氮的贡献率逐渐增加,但其沉降值,面团形成时间,稳定时间处理间无显著差异。强筋小麦烟农21号氮素的吸收．转运能力明显优于中筋小麦鲁麦21。     

Differences in Wheat Cultivar Response to N Supply. I: Differences in Grain Yield Formation

Two-year field trials with winter wheat cultivars Batis and Toronto were conducted in Southern Bavaria, Germany, to investigate the possible causes of cultivar differences in response to N supply varying in total amount and time of application. Cultivar-related differences in grain yields were observed in treatments with low and medium N supply. High doses of N supply resulted in grain yield adjustment or grain yield advantage for cv. Toronto. The results of this study revealed a consistent, genotypic pattern in response to N fertilization in spite of strong seasonal effects. Systematic modifications in canopy growth rates in response to N supply were of particular relevance and a main factor for differences in tillering intensity resulting in modified stand densities. In the present study, cultivar differences in spike development and interactions with N supply related more to abortion than to initiation processes for number of spikelets and number of flowers per spikelet. High grain density (grains per m²) of cv. Toronto was evident during reproduction stages even under conditions of medium N supply. However, decreased growth rates during the later part of grain filling in combination with low 1000 grain weight, which was barely modified by N fertilization, allowed only partial utilization of this potential. It is assumed that sink limitations were of particular relevance for grain yield development in cv. Toronto, while cv. Batis combined a less intense response to N supply with more stability in the development of grain yield components.     

尿素中添加腐殖酸提升冬小麦产量和氮吸收效率

旨在明确腐殖酸添加量对尿素肥效的影响,为腐殖酸尿素在华北石灰性土壤冬小麦增产中的作用提供支持资料。田间条件下,通过施用不同用量腐殖酸添加剂尿素（I-VI型,腐殖酸添加量1%~6%）,与普通尿素处理作对比,比较其对改善氮素吸收和冬小麦产量持续提高的影响。试验结果表明：腐殖酸尿素添加量与冬小麦产量和氮吸收密切相关。施氮量相同时,IV型腐殖酸尿素能够显著增加冬小麦产量并促进氮素向籽粒中运移,腐殖酸尿素显著提高穗粒数（I和II型腐殖酸尿素）和千粒重（II、V和VI型腐殖酸尿素）等产量构成因素;III型腐殖酸尿素显著提高冬小麦氮吸收率,但均对锰吸收、土壤有机质含量、出苗数、分蘖数、有效蘖数和穗数等无显著促进作用。由此可见,腐殖酸尿素肥效与腐殖酸添加剂量密切相关,4%腐殖酸作为尿素添加剂时能显著增加高产冬小麦产量和构成因素,3%腐殖酸作为尿素中添加剂时显著提高氮吸收率。