Importance of growth during lactation on body size and antler development in the Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)

Lactation appears to be an influential factor for the adult size of male deer and thus, it could also influence the size of the antlers. This study examined the effects of lactation on body weight and antler size of male Iberian red deer up to 2 years of age. Several body and antler measurements were related to the production and composition of milk and calf growth during lactation. Results showed that calf weight gains during lactation affected body weight and other parameters of calves at 1 year of age, and there is evidence that, even in ad libitum food conditions during post weaning period, some lactation effects could extend up to 2 years of age. High percentage of milk protein resulted in increased antler weight or length. Results also suggested that body growth during this early stage might affect antler size positively through growth precocity. Thus, males that reached a higher weight at weaning also developed antlers earlier. Antlers that developed earlier were also heavier and had a greater base perimeter.     

IGF1与睾酮激素对鹿角柄发生影响的研究

鹿茸是雄性鹿的第二性征,也是哺乳动物器官中唯一能完全再生的。鹿茸是从着生于头部的被称为角柄的永久性骨桩上发生、再生和脱落的。鹿接近青春期时,雄激素逐渐升高并刺激角柄生长。如果在角柄发生前将公鹿去势,角柄将终生不能发生,但当给其施以足够的外源睾酮激素时,可以诱导它们重新生长。研究结果发现,角柄的发生除了与雄性激素有关外,还受到营养水平的调节,只有当鹿的体重达到一定阈值时,角柄才能发生。进一步研究结果发现,营养水平通过调控体内胰岛素样生长因子1(kinsulin-like growth factor l,IGF1)而调节角柄的发生。因此角柄发生不仅与雄性激素有关,也依赖于体内IGF1水平。由于鹿茸的完全再生取决于角柄,因此,对角柄发生机制的研究是对鹿茸再生研究的一个重要方面。作者针对IGF1和睾酮激素对鹿角柄发生所产生的影响进行综述,为研究角柄发生机制提供重要依据。     

miRNA调控鹿茸生长发育的研究进展

鹿茸是雄性鹿科动物(除驯鹿外)特有的能够周期性再生的器官,其生长发育受到多种因素的共同调控。miRNA(microRNA)是一类在真核生物中发现的内源性的具有调控功能的非编码RNA,在基因表达调控、细胞周期、生物体发育等方面发挥着重要的调控作用。本文从miRNA的相关技术、鹿茸组织中miRNA的鉴定、miRNA对生长因子的调控作用、miRNA对鹿茸细胞增殖的作用以及miRNA对鹿茸再生调控的研究几个方面就现有miRNA对鹿茸生长发育的研究进行总结和展望,为今后鹿茸生长发育机理的诠释具有一定的意义。     

Correlation between antler and long bone relative bone mass and circulating androgens in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

The relationship between serum androgen concentrations and relative density changes in the antlers and long bones of male deer was determined. Four male white-tailed deer were sampled 2 times a week during the antler-growing period. Serum androgen values were determined by radioimmunoassay, and relative bone mass (RBM) coefficients were determined by radiograph densitometry. As circulating androgen concentrations increased over the antler-growing period, the RBM coefficients of the antler increased from a mean of 18.5 (+/- 1.96 SD) to a mean of 57.7 (+/- 2.74) at 2 weeks after "rubout." Concurrently, the RBM coefficients of the metacarpus decreased from a mean of 52.0 (+/- 1.92) to a mean of 46.4 (+/- 1.86). There were positive correlation between increasing androgen concentrations and increasing antler RBM and negative correlation between androgens and decreasing metacarpus RBM. Antler RBM coefficients continued to increase after rubout, but metacarpus RBM did not change after rubout. Two castrated deer were injected subcutaneously with 1 g of testosterone and sampled every other day. Similar but smaller changes occurred in RBM values of the metacarpus and developing antler.     

梅花鹿锯茸时出血特点及止血药物的研究

为达到更好的锯茸止血效果,对梅花鹿锯茸时出血特点及锯茸止血药物应用效果进行了观察:收取初角茸时呈渗出状出血;收取二杠茸时呈线状出血;收取三杈茸和畸型茸时呈喷射状出血,并且有节律地进行搏动。出血量随着鹿茸的产量和茸根围度的增加而增多,但是当收取茸根围度为(20.3±0.6)cm的畸型茸时却不存在这种明显的相关关系。同一茸型不同年龄的鹿,因茸重、茸根围度的不同出血亦有差别。根据鹿茸的组织结构、生长规律和梅花鹿生理特点,选用由中药组成的外用锯茸止血药方剂,通过锯茸止血试验,结果表明,该锯茸止血药无刺激性,止血快,抗感染能力强,创面愈合良好,对再生茸产量没有明显影响(P>0.05)。     

天山马鹿数量性状相关的统计分析

探讨了凉泉天山马鹿上锯公鹿的体重、茸重、茸的鲜干比例性状与鹿年龄、茸重性状与体重 ,体重、体尺和茸尺性状与茸重的关系。结果表明 :在一定年龄段 ,这些数量性状除了体尺中角基距性状与茸重呈强负相关 (-r,P <0 0 1 )外 ,多呈极显著正相关 (P <0 0 1 ) ,少数呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并建立了线性回归方程 ,为预测并比较天山马鹿各锯时的体重、茸重、体尺、茸尺和茸的鲜干比例水平及制审定其检测标准提供了科学依据。     

西丰梅花鹿种公鹿茸重性状表型参数的统计分析

对西丰梅花鹿种公鹿茸重性状表型参数的统计分析 ,结果表明 ,生茸佳期为 3～ 8锯 ,生茸最佳年龄为 6锯 ,达 (5 0 2± 1 46)kg ,6锯的产茸量极显著高于 1～ 5锯的产茸量(P <0 0 1 ) ;1～ 6锯的种公鹿鲜茸重与年龄呈强正相关 (r =0 833,P <0 0 1 ) ,其线性回归方程为 y=1 350 +0 679x ;各锯别与产茸量间相关系数统计及显著性检验结果为 :1与 2锯 ,2与 3,4,5,6锯 ,3与 4,5,6锯 ,4与 6,7锯间呈极显著正相关 (P <0 0 1 ) ,其余各锯相关不显著(P >0 0 5)。此统计结果为早期选种、制定生产计划和任务、产茸量标准及是否符合种用性能提供了科学依据。     

Bcl-2在梅花鹿茸角中的表达

鹿茸角是哺乳动物唯一的失去后还能完全再生的器官,人们对鹿茸角再生的分子机理了解甚少。本试验以梅花鹿为研究对象,通过原位杂交方法对Bcl-2在梅花鹿茸角中的表达进行了研究。结果显示,Bcl-2在梅花鹿茸角表皮层内表达甚微,在茸角真皮层、间充质层及软骨层等处均有表达,但在表达强度上存在一定差异。在真皮层中,Bcl-2在真皮成纤维细胞中有较强的表达,在鹿茸间充质细胞中也有少量Bcl-2的表达;在鹿茸软骨层中,Bcl-2在软骨细胞中的表达量很高,主要表达在增殖区的软骨细胞中。这表明Bcl-2可能在梅花鹿茸角再生过程中起重要的调节作用。     

细胞周期蛋白D1在梅花鹿茸角中的表达

以梅花鹿为研究对象,通过原位杂交方法对细胞周期蛋白D1（cyclin D1）在梅花鹿茸角中的表达进行了研究。结果显示,cyclin D1在梅花鹿茸角表皮层内表达极少,在茸角真皮层、间充质层及软骨层等处均有表达,但在表达强度上存在差异。在真皮层中,cyclin D1在真皮成纤维细胞中有较强的表达,在鹿茸间充质细胞中也有少量cyclin D1的表达,在鹿茸软骨层中,cyclin D1在软骨细胞中的表达量非常高,主要表达在增殖区的软骨细胞中。结果表明,cyclin D1可能在梅花鹿茸角再生过程中起重要的调控作用。     

特效生茸宝对梅花鹿某些生理生化指标及鹿茸氨基酸含量的影响

特效生茸宝系由多种中西药物组成的复方药物添加剂，具有明显的促进鹿茸生长的效果。为了进一步研究其促鹿茸生长机理及对鹿茸品质的影响，按日量３０ｇ／头，添加于精料中，连喂７０ｄ。采集锯茸时茸基部流出的血液和锯下的鹿茸，分别测定了某些血液生理生化指标和鹿茸氨基酸含量。结果，饲喂特效生茸宝的鹿，血液红细胞数、Ｈｂ、血清总蛋白量均增加（Ｐ〈０．０５），ＡＫＰ活性增高（Ｐ〈０．０１），鹿茸中氨基酸含量增高。由此     

半乳糖凝集素1蛋白及其生物学功能

半乳糖凝集素1(Galectin-1)是一种分子质量约为14 ku的β-糖结合蛋白,是动物凝集素家族的成员之一。作为多种癌症的诊断指标,治疗癌症的新突破口,对Galectin-1的研究备受关注。此外,Galectin-1分布广泛,与多种正常生物功能相关,如细胞生长、神经修复、血管再生、软骨形成等。现阶段,关于Galectin-1在鹿茸再生中的研究很少,但鹿茸再生中许多过程与Galectin-1的功能高度相关。与肿瘤同样高速生长且高表达Galectin-1的鹿茸组织并不发生癌变,这可能对癌症的研究有所启发。为了寻找治疗癌症的新方法,解释鹿茸再生机制,了解Galectin-1蛋白在肿瘤和鹿茸中的功能研究进展至关重要,文章就其进行了综述。     

Histological examination of the antlerogenic region of red deer (Cervus elaphus) hummels

Hummels are antlerless red deer stags. This abnormality has been attributed to poor feeding conditions which result in failure by the deer to grow complete pedicles. Incomplete pedicles lack the potential to develop normal antlers. The histological examinations in this study showed that the rudimentary pedicles (5 mm and 15 mm in height) grown by the two hummels respectively were developed by intramembranous ossification. This is the way that the frontal lateral crests of normal deer are formed, while, in contrast, antlers grow by endochondral ossification. The transition between the ossification types is most important, and occurs during pedicle growth. Therefore, we suggest that the antlerless condition of hummels is due to their failure to initiate true pedicle growth (which has the potential to develop into an antler) because the change from one ossification type to another does not occur. In view of the fact that both hummels were very small in terms of weight (33.7 kg and 51.8 kg, respectively) for their age, it is possible that nutritional cues are necessary for complete pedicle formation. Presumably these cues act synergistically with androgens for the development of the pedicle/antler as a secondary sexual character. It is possible that nutrition controls pedicle initiation through the IGF1 pathway.     

塔里木马鹿茸间充质干细胞体外培养及细胞特性的研究

鹿茸间充质干细胞是一类新发现的干细胞。为获得鹿茸间充质干细胞的生物学特征,建立鹿茸间充质干细胞体外培养模式,通过采用改良组织块细胞培养法对生长30 d的塔里木马鹿茸间充质层细胞体外分离培养,观察细胞形态特征,MTT比色法检测细胞生长特点。结果表明:间充质层样品组织块于1 d完全贴壁,贴壁后培养2 d即可观察到组织块边缘迁出少量细胞,贴壁后培养3 d,大量的间充质干细胞从组织块中迁出,并不断增殖,在组织块贴壁后5 d细胞生长融合。传代培养的2~6代细胞在培养到96 h细胞增殖达到高峰。原代培养细胞呈梭形,细胞核呈椭圆形,细胞呈菊花状排列生长;传代细胞形态呈梭形、不规则形,且排列无规则。本研究结果将为鹿茸间充质干细胞的后续研究奠定基础。     

鹿茸的软骨内骨化及其调控机理的研究进展

对鹿茸软骨内骨化过程的组织学基础及调控机理进行了综述。鹿茸的骨化是在睾酮等一系列因素的影响下发生的软骨内骨化过程。这种骨化方式由膜内骨化转变而来,标志是角柄顶端软骨膜下出现连续的骨小梁。在整个生茸期内,软骨膜持续存在,通过附加增生来实现鹿茸的生长。发育到一定程度的肥大软骨细胞向细胞间质中分泌X型胶原纤维等,引起间质的钙化,进而骨组织替换软骨组织。     

鹿茸再生及其分子调节机理研究进展

鹿茸是唯一可以周期性完全再生的哺乳动物器官,这种再生起源于骨膜干细胞。鹿茸再生伴随着皮肤、血管和神经的快速生成,而且多种多肽和生长因子参与其中,组成了一系列复杂而精密的信号调控通路。作者综述了鹿茸再生过程的组织学及分子信号通路研究现状,以信号转导通路为研究重点揭示鹿茸再生之谜,为更好地了解哺乳动物器官再生机制提供参考。     

饲粮维生素A添加水平对7～12月龄梅花鹿生长性能、血清生化指标及初角茸生长的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮维生素A添加水平对7~12月龄梅花鹿生长性能、血清生化指标及初角茸生长的影响。选取40只7月龄平均体重为(39.64±4.10)kg的健康雄性梅花鹿,随机分成4组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只,分别饲喂在基础饲粮(含5 mg/kgβ-胡萝卜素)中添加0(对照组)、2 500、5 000和10 000IU/kg维生素A的试验饲粮。试验期从7月龄开始至12月龄结束。结果表明:1)饲粮维生素A添加水平对梅花鹿生长性能无显著性影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮添加2 500、5 000IU/kg维生素A显著提高梅花鹿血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性(P0.05),饲粮添加2 500、5 000、10 000IU/kg维生素A显著提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P0.05),饲粮维生素A添加水平对血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、丙二醛(MDA)、睾酮(T)及雌二醇(E2)含量无显著性影响(P0.05)。3)5 000IU/kg维生素A添加组初角茸干茸重显著高于对照组(P0.05),但与其他2组差异不显著(P0.05)。由此得出,在本试验条件下,适量添加维生素A能够增强7~12月龄梅花鹿免疫和抗氧化功能,提高初角茸干茸重。7~12月龄梅花鹿饲喂以玉米和苜蓿草粉为主的饲粮时,饲粮维生素A适宜添加水平为2 500~5 000IU/kg。     

梅花鹿茸鲜重与年龄的相关性研究及经济效益分析

以江苏地区的梅花鹿为对象,研究分析了梅花鹿鹿茸重量与其年龄之间的相关性。结果表明:9龄内梅花鹿的鹿茸重与年龄呈正相关(r=0.767,P<0.05),它们之间线性回归方程为y=0.345x+1.186。梅花鹿3～8锯的鲜茸单产很高,平均水平达3.28kg/锯。公鹿鲜茸重的变异系数在2～6龄之间逐渐减小,7龄之后又有上升的超势,其中以5～7龄的变异系数最小,分别为16.2%、6.1%、11.7%。相关数据分析表明,梅花鹿公鹿在1～4龄内经济效益较差,从5龄开始获利,年获利逐年增加,这种趋势与梅花鹿的茸产量变化趋势是一致的。     

鹿茸活性成分及其药理功能的研究进展

鹿茸是我国传统的名贵中药,它的化学成分和药理功能比较复杂。近年来,许多科学家对鹿茸的药理作用进行了深入研究,包括免疫增强、神经保护、生殖促进、抗骨质疏松、抗衰老、抗肝纤维化和抗关节炎等方面的药理作用。文章对鹿茸的活性成分及其药理作用的研究进展作一综述,旨在为进一步开发、利用鹿茸提供相应的理论依据。     

Comparison of lidocaine and compression for velvet antler analgesia in wapiti

This research compared ring block lidocaine anesthesia (L) and compression (C) for velvet antler removal in elk. Thirty-two wapiti were given 1 mg/kg body weight of zuclopenthixol acetate. The next day, they were restrained in a hydraulic chute and given either a compression device or a lidocaine ring block on the antler pedicle. Behavioral and physiological responses to treatment application and antler removal were recorded, and blood was collected for cortisol analysis. During application of L and C, increases in mean heart rate and systolic arterial blood pressure were greater in the C treatment group (P < 0.05, and P = 0.05, respectively). When antler was removed, more behavioral responses occurred in the C treatment group (P = 0.02) and its median behavior score was higher (P = 0.03). Mean heart rates increased for both treatment groups when antlers were removed (P < 0.01). It was concluded that application of C may be painful, and that C was not as effective as L for analgesia for velvet antler removal.     

Bilateral antler sequestration above the coronet in a red deer (Cervus elaphus) stag—Insights into the process of antler casting

This paper reports a case of delayed velvet shedding and bilateral premature antler casting above the coronets in a young adult red deer stag from Germany. Based on the established role of testosterone in the control of the antler cycle, the antler abnormality is considered to have been the result of a (temporary) androgen deficiency. The basal surfaces (separation planes or seals) of the cast antlers were markedly concave. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the separation plane was densely covered with Howship's lacunae, denoting intense osteoclastic activity along the border between the proximal (living) and distal (dead) antler portions. Our observations and those of previous studies indicate that antler casting does not occur at a pre-determined separation plane, but along the border between living and dead bone, regardless of the position of this border within the cranial appendages. This is a major difference to autotomy of (living) appendages at fixed breakage planes, as it occurs for instance in lizard tails.