沙拐枣属种间抗干旱抗风蚀性比较试验研究

本文研究了8种沙拐枣造林后的成活生长状况、抗旱性水分生理指标及抗风蚀性能。应用主成分分析法对8种沙拐枣的当年成活率、第4年保存率、水势、束缚水/自由水、细胞液浓度、抗脱水力、受风蚀致死率、相对含水量等8项指标进行了综合分析,得出8种沙拐枣抗干旱、抗风蚀性强弱的顺序为:红皮沙拐枣>东疆沙拐枣>密刺沙拐枣>白皮沙拐枣>泡果沙拐枣>头状沙拐枣>乔木状沙拐枣>网状沙拐枣。从中筛选出红皮沙拐枣、东疆沙拐枣、密刺沙拐枣三种抗逆性较强的种。     

新疆沙拐枣属植物多样性特征及分布格局

新疆是我国沙拐枣属植物分布最多的省份,有19种,约占了82.6%,其中新疆特有种有5个,在北疆准噶尔盆地分布种类最多;从沙拐枣的形态、遗传、物候、抗逆性以及分布格局五个层面进行分析研究,揭示新疆沙拐枣属植物多样性特征以及与生态环境之间的关系,并为深入开展沙拐枣的生态系统结构与功能研究,以及自然植被的科学经营与保护提供科学依据。     

我国沙拐枣属（Calligonum L.）天然群落的土壤理化性质

在野外调查取样与室内分析的基础上,研究了我国沙拐枣属(Calligonum L.)群落天然分布区的土壤理化性质.结果表明:土壤机械组成以细砂粒与中砂粒为主;pH值为7.72～8.96,呈中性偏碱性;盐分含量的空间变异性大,差异显著;有机质积累少,养分和有机质含量偏低,并未表现出明显的变化;依据土壤理化性质,将我国沙拐枣属不同天然群落的土壤划分为4种类型,其中低盐化与强碱化的风沙土是我国沙拐枣属群落土壤分布最广的类型.土壤pH值所表现出的弱变异水平表明,土壤pH是影响沙拐枣属天然群落生长与分布的重要因子.沙拐枣属植物能够在我国荒漠地区作为典型的固沙先锋植物,在生态修复中应根据沙拐枣属不同群落的土壤理化性质来选择适宜的物种.     

琵琶柴和沙拐枣茎的木质部结构的差异性及空间变异特征

木质部结构性状是植物适应不同水分条件的基础,也是植物响应环境条件变化的核心属性之一。以西北荒漠区的典型灌木琵琶柴(Reaumuria soongarica)和沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)为研究对象,对其木质部结构和水力功能性状进行对比分析,以期了解同一生境中不同物种的差异性或相似性,以及同一物种在不同环境条件下的木质部结构性状的可塑性。结果表明：（1）琵琶柴和沙拐枣的木质部结构性状存在显著差异,沙拐枣平均导管直径、脆弱性指数显著高于琵琶柴,而导管密度、导管分组指数则相反。（2）琵琶柴和沙拐枣的木质部结构性状随气候变化的规律具有差异,随年均降水量和干旱指数的增加,沙拐枣的平均导管直径与导管厚跨比显著下降,而琵琶柴的平均导管直径与导管厚跨比与之无关,仅理论导水率与年均降水量和干旱指数呈显著正相关关系。（3）琵琶柴木质部导水系统存在效率与安全的权衡,而沙拐枣中没有表现出效率和安全的权衡关系。（4）性状网络分析结果表明,琵琶柴和沙拐枣的中心性状均为平均导管直径,平均导管直径的变化介导了性状网络的变化。琵琶柴和沙拐枣的木质部结构性状存在显著差异,相对于沙拐枣,琵琶柴水分利...     

头状沙拐枣的解剖学和水分生理特征

头状沙拐枣(Calligonum caput—medusae)系蓼科沙拐枣属植物,灌木或小乔木,叶退化,由同化枝行光合作用。分布于苏联中亚,多生于沙荒地。新疆、甘肃引种栽培,生长良好。中国科学院吐鲁番沙漠植物园于1972年从宁夏中卫引进种子,1977年定植成功。目前,在新疆吐鲁番地区已形成大面积人工林。多年来,对该植物进行过多学科的研究工作,有些已见报导。本文试图从解剖学及水分生理特征入手,探讨其对干旱环境的适应性及其承受力,为进一步开发利用该植物资源,扩大造林提供科学依据,也供同行们在深入研究时参考。     

干旱半干旱地区蓼科4属植物的系统发育关系研究

提取蓼科木蓼属（Atraphaxis）、沙拐枣属（Calligonum）、翅果蓼属（Parapteropyrum）和双翅果蓼属（Pteropy-rum）蓼科4属植物的总DNA,通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）,扩增其叶绿体基因片段atpB-rbcL。atpB-rbcL基因间区长约900 bp,已被广泛应用于属间系统发育关系...     

沙拐枣属(Calligonum L.)植物在中国的潜在分布区预测

应用最大熵算法模型(Max Ent)和地理信息系统(Arc GIS)软件,结合塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborovskii A.Los.)、库尔勒沙拐枣(Calligonum kuerlese Z.M.Mao)、英吉沙沙拐枣(Calligonum yingisaricum Z.M.Mao)、若羌沙拐枣(Calligonum ruoqiangense Liou f.)等四种沙拐枣的现有地理分布记录和19个生物气候变量,预测它们在中国的潜在分布区,并分析其主导气候因子。结果显示:1)塔里木沙拐枣的潜在适生区集中在塔里木盆地及甘肃、内蒙和青海部分地区;若羌沙拐枣的潜在适生区集中在若羌、且末、吐鲁番等较干旱地区;库尔勒沙拐枣的潜在适生区集中在北疆的克拉玛依,东疆的吐鲁番和哈密地区,南疆的库尔勒、喀什、和田等地区;英吉沙沙拐枣的潜在适生区集中在北疆的精河、东疆的吐鲁番、南疆的喀什等地区。2)Max Ent模型对塔里木沙拐枣、库尔勒沙拐枣、英吉沙沙拐枣、若羌沙拐枣等四种沙拐枣潜在分布区的预测精度都很高,AUC值都大于99.5%。3)影响四种沙拐枣分布概率的主要气候因素是春夏多雨季的降水量,其次是冬季的降雪量及最低温。上述研究结果对于适生区开展四种沙拐枣的野生抚育、种植区划及引种栽培具有重要的指导意义。     

沙拐枣果实吸水特性研究

13种沙拐枣 ( CalligonumL .)果实的吸胀过程可分为迅速吸水期、缓吸水期和饱和期。吸胀水平衡时间都在 2 8h以内 ,迅速吸水期在 4- 8h之间。沙拐枣属植物果实吸胀水特性有很大相似性 ,但种间存在一定差异。果实吸水量和吸水速度与温度有密切关系。     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林乔木状沙拐枣耗水特性

利用植物茎流计,测定了塔里木沙漠公路塔中段乔木状沙拐枣茎干液流变化及耗水特性.结果表明3株乔木状沙拐枣在一个生长季内的日平均耗水量为4 183.4 g;在现行的灌溉管理条件下,4～10月3株基径为3.6,3.1,1.9 cm的乔木状沙拐枣日平均耗水量分别为6 203.5,4 829.1,1 517.5 g;7月份是耗水量最大的季节.乔木状沙拐枣液流日变化呈单峰曲线型,并随环境因子的变化有所波动;液流高峰值出现在12:00～15:00,最小值出现在0:00～3:00,夜间仍保持较高的液流速率.乔木状沙拐枣液流速率与基径呈正相关关系,在6月底,3株基径为3.6,3.1,2.1 cm的乔木状沙拐枣日耗水量分别为9 521.2,5 803.1 g/d和1 818.8 g/d.不同天气条件下沙拐枣日平均率日耗水量的排列顺序为:小雨＜阴天＜浮尘＜沙尘暴＜多云＜晴天.干旱的环境条件和较为充足的水分供应是耗水量大的一个重要原因.     

干旱半干旱区7个云杉属树种引种适应性研究

在甘肃省干旱半干旱区引种4年生云杉属7个植物,对其抗寒性、抗旱性、耐盐碱性及生长性状进行研究。结果表明:在试验区7个云杉属树种抗寒性表现为川西云杉=红皮云杉>白扦=粗枝云杉=恩氏云杉=蓝云杉>黑云杉;白扦、恩氏云杉抗旱性较差,其它云杉属树种表现较好;恩氏云杉抗盐碱性较差,而其它云杉属的树种表现出较好的抗盐碱特性。7个云杉属树种引种后保苗率为红皮云杉>川西云杉>粗枝云杉>白扦>蓝云杉>恩氏云杉>黑云杉。7个云杉属树种树高、当年新梢生长量和冠幅的变异系数较大,各性状在种间差异极显著。对7个云杉属树种运用性状综合评价方法进行评价,初步筛选出在甘肃省干旱半干旱区具有较强适应性和生长潜力的云杉种为川西云杉和红皮云杉。     

碱茅草地上生物量的分布和利用评价

碱茅草能降低盐渍化土壤表层的含盐量,营养价值高。通过对它地上生物量的测定,证实碱茅草不仅具有耐牧性,也是一种较好的刈草场种类。     

Estimating the outcrossing rate of Cyperus difformis using resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and molecular markers

Cyperus difformis (smallflower umbrella sedge) is an economically important weed of rice in California where its control has recently been complicated by the evolution of herbicide resistance. Knowledge of the mating system of this weed is needed to elucidate the dynamics of resistance evolution and to design mitigation strategies that delay its occurrence. The aim of this study was to estimate the outcrossing rate of C. difformis using molecular and phenotypic markers. Outcrossing rates were estimated in natural field populations using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular markers and in glasshouse and field experiments using resistance to the acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicide bensulfuron-methyl as a phenotypic marker. Using SRAP markers, the multilocus ( t _m) and average single-locus ( t _s) outcrossing rates varied from 0.014 to 0.025 and from 0.008 to 0.012, respectively, among natural weed populations in rice fields. Using resistance to bensulfuron-methyl as a genetic marker, the average C. difformis outcrossing rate estimated was 0.009 in the glasshouse and 0.0084 in the field. These results indicate that C. difformis is a highly self-fertilising species. Therefore, the primary mechanism by which genes for herbicide resistance can be transferred among C. difformis populations in different rice fields is probably seed dispersal. Weed management should emphasise prevention of seed production and dispersal to preclude the further spread and evolution of resistance in C. difformis .     

Influence of host resistance on the genetic structure of the white pine blister rust fungus in the western United States

Cronartium ribicola, the causal agent of white pine blister rust, has been devastating to five-needled white pines in North America since its introduction nearly a century ago. However, dynamic and complex interactions occur among C. ribicola, five-needled white pines, and the environment. To examine potential evolutionary influences on genetic structure and diversity of C. ribicola in western United States, population genetic analyses of C. ribicola were conducted using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers. The fungus was sampled at six sites. Collections for two of the six sites were from separate plantings of resistant-selected western white pine and sugar pine. Heterozygosity based on polymorphic loci among populations ranged from 0.28 to 0.40, with resistant-selected plantations at the extremes. Genetic differentiation was also highest between these two populations. Principal coordinates analysis and Bayesian assignment placed most isolates that are putative carriers of virulence to major-gene resistance into a discernable cluster, while other isolates showed no clustering by site or host species. These results indicate that C. ribicola in western North America is not genetically uniform, despite its presumed single site of introduction and relatively brief residence. Moreover, major-gene resistance appears to have imposed strong selection on the rust, resulting in reduced genetic diversity. In contrast, no evidence of selection was observed in C. ribicola from hosts that exhibit only multigenic resistance.     

高寒沙区中间锦鸡儿人工林细根动态及其周转

通过对青海省治沙试验站3 a、5 a、10 a、16 a和30 a生的中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia Kuang et H. C.Fu)人工林细根生物量的测定分析,了解其细根生物量的垂直分布和动态变化特征以及周转速率。结果表明:①中间锦鸡儿人工林约41%的活细根和39%的死细根分布在0~20 cm的土层,38%的活细根和死细根分布在20~40 cm的土层,21%的活细根和23%的死细根分布在40~60 cm的土层。②细根生物量表现出明显的季节动态性,活细根生物量峰值出现在6月和8月或者6月和9月,8月或9月达到最大值;死细根生物量峰值出现8月和9月,也是8月或9月达到最大值。③不同林龄人工林细根周转速率分别为:0. 53、0. 66、0. 56、0. 73、0. 78次·a^-1。④细根生物量和周转率均随林龄增大而增加,随土层加深而减小。     

广东优质籼稻抗稻瘟病育种研究进展

通过对广东优质籼稻品种抗瘟性研究、抗病品种的系谱分析以及抗病育种实践的回顾，综述了广东优质稻抗性育种历史及现状，剖析了优质稻抗瘟育种存在的问题及相应对策。提出开发利用不同稻作系统的抗病资源，构建遗传多样性丰富的抗病优质种质，延长品种抗性寿命及解决品种优质与抗病的矛盾。     

山东省辣椒上尖孢炭疽复合种对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感基线及吡唑醚菌酯增效配方筛选

为明确山东省辣椒炭疽病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性,延缓其抗性发展及降低防治成本,在该省主要辣椒产区采集并经单孢分离获得175株尖孢炭疽复合种,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了病原菌群体对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性,同时测定了吡唑醚菌酯与甲基硫菌灵、多菌灵、代森锰锌、戊唑醇和咯菌腈5种杀菌剂分别混用对尖孢炭疽复合种的联合毒力。结果表明:吡唑醚菌酯对尖孢炭疽复合种菌丝生长和孢子萌发的EC50值范围分别为0.056~0.530和0.002~0.027 μg/mL,平均值为（0.273 ± 0.067）和（0.014 ± 0.019）μg/mL,其敏感性频率分布呈连续单峰曲线,符合正态分布,可作为田间抗性监测的敏感基线;不同采集地菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性存在一定差异,其中采自菏泽市的菌株敏感性最高,而采自潍坊市的菌株敏感性最低;吡唑醚菌酯与甲基硫菌灵按体积比1:3和3:1复配,对抑制尖孢炭疽复合种的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发均表现为增效作用,其中按体积比1:3混用时增效作用最明显,增效系数分别是4.82和3.94。结果可为吡唑醚菌酯的合理使用提供理论依据。     

Herbicide resistance in transgenic plants with mammalian P450 monooxygenase genes

Transgenic potato and rice plants were generated by the introduction of human P450 species, CYP1A1, CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, which metabolized a number of herbicides, insecticides and industrial chemicals. The transgenic potato plant T1977 co-expressing CYP1A1, CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 genes showed remarkable cross-resistance to several herbicides with different structures and modes of action due to metabolism of these herbicides by the P450 species expressed. The transgenic rice plant 2C9-57R2 expressing CYP2C9 gene showed resistance to sulfonylureas, and the transgenic rice plant 2C19-12R1 expressing CYP2C19 gene showed cross-resistance to certain herbicides with different structures and modes of action. These transgenic plants appear to be useful for herbicide resistance as well as phytoremediation of environmental contaminants.     

准噶尔盆地南缘防护林树种适宜性评价

2007-2009年,针对新疆准噶尔南缘地区植被严重退化的现状和防护林树种选择的要求,结合该地区的环境特点和生产实践,首先通过专家打分法选出银×新（Populus alba and P.bolleana）、转基因抗盐碱杨、北美速生杨1号、北美速生杨2号、转基因抗虫杨、辽育杨、黑核桃、水曲柳、夏橡、芬兰桦、榛子作为参试树...     

干旱胁迫下3种岩石边坡生态修复植物的抗旱性

植物的抗旱性直接影响着岩石边坡生态修复的效果。为研究不同植物在持续干旱下的抗旱机理,选择草地早熟禾、狗牙根和红三叶3种常用于岩石边坡生态修复的植物,采用盆栽控水试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究干旱胁迫下3种植物叶片的相对含水量、相对电导率、丙二醛（MDA）含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量和叶绿素含量6个生理生化指标的变化情况。结果表明：所有参试植物的生理生化指标都随干旱胁迫的程度而变化,但植物之间和生理生化指标之间存在差异。运用模糊数学隶属函数分析法和灰色关联分析法,综合评价3种植物的抗旱性和各指标对干旱胁迫的敏感性。结果显示：干旱前期和中期,植物的抗旱性为：狗牙根＞红三叶＞草地早熟禾;干旱后期,植物的抗旱性为：草地早熟禾＞狗牙根＞红三叶;各生理生化指标与植物抗旱隶属度的关联度从大到小依次为0.708,0.694,0.638,0.630,0.609和0.607,可作为岩石边坡生态修复抗旱性植物筛选的评价指标,其中,以叶绿素含量和相对含水量对干旱胁迫的反应最为敏感。     

Response of Cucurbita spp. to tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus inoculation and identification of a dominant source of resistance in Cucurbita moschata

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is an emerging whitefly-borne species of begomovirus in Mediterranean regions that poses a severe threat to cucurbit crops of the genus Cucurbita. Until now, only two sources of resistance have been identified in Cucurbita spp., these being PI604506 (cv. Large Cheese) and PI381814 (Indian landrace), both of C. moschata. The resistance of cv. Large Cheese is conferred by a single recessive gene located on chromosome 8. The objective of the present investigation was to screen for tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) resistance among 105 accessions drawn from five species of Cucurbita and, if high resistance was found in any of them, determine the mode of inheritance. Screening was conducted using whitefly-mediated inoculation on all 105 accessions. The accessions showing some resistance were further screened by mechanical inoculation as well as by quantitative PCR-based diagnostics. The results showed that, overall, the accessions of C. pepo and C. maxima were the most susceptible, those of C. argyrosperma and C. ecuadorensis intermediate, and those of C. moschata most resistant to ToLCNDV. Only one accession of C. moschata, BSUAL-252, originating from Japan, was highly resistant to ToLCNDV, showing no symptoms after either method of inoculation, and absence of virus accumulation. Upon crossing BSUAL-252 with a susceptible accession of C. moschata, BSUAL-265, the resistance was observed to be conferred by a single dominant gene. This gene is not linked to the genomic region on chromosome 8 where the locus of the previously identified recessive gene for ToLCNDV resistance resides.