不同地表覆盖方式油菜花后干物质积累与分配规律研究

为探索春油菜在西北沿山旱作区的最佳地表覆盖栽培方式,采用田间试验法,以常规露地平播为对照,研究了双垄面全膜覆盖沟播、全地面覆盖平播、膜侧沟播、半地面覆盖平播、麦秸覆盖平播等5种地表覆盖方式下春油菜的干物质积累及分配规律。结果表明,不同地表覆盖栽培方式对油菜植株各器官的干物质分配比率产生不同程度的影响,双垄面全膜覆盖沟播和全地面覆盖平播栽培方式与对照差异最大;各种地膜覆盖栽培方式均有利于油菜单株干物质积累,但不同覆膜方式效果不同。双垄面全膜覆盖沟播和全地面覆盖平播栽培方式油菜单株干物重、单位面积产量最高,秸秆覆盖未能显著提高油菜的单株产量及单位面积产量;油菜单位面积产量同油菜单株干物重呈现正相关关系,并获得最优线性回归方程;采用地膜覆盖栽培技术能有效地加快油菜植株茎秆、叶片同化物向角果的转移速度,提高油菜地上部干物质积累量和单位面积产量。其中,双垄面全膜覆盖沟播和全地面覆盖平播栽培方式比常规露地栽培增产达到30%以上,应在生产上大面积推广应用。     

垄膜沟播与平膜侧播对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为了探索我国西北半湿润易旱区合理覆膜种植方式,为该区作物生产及覆膜种植制度的建立提供参考,本研究以传统平作为对照,设两种覆膜方式:垄膜沟播(R)与平膜侧播(F).结果表明,与传统平作(CK)相比,垄沟宽均为40 cm(R40)和60 cm(R60)的沟播处理全生育期0-200 cm土壤平均含水量分别提高8.82％(P ＜0.05)和10.84％ (P＜ 0.01),膜宽为40 cm(F40)和60 cm(F60)的侧播处理提高4.40％和3.96％,沟播处理较侧播处理平均提高了5.42％(P＜0.05).不同覆膜方式处理的旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)均较传统平作(CK)显著增加,同宽度的沟播处理较对应的侧播处理提高幅度明显,但胞间CO2浓度显著低于传统平作(CK).不同覆膜方式处理的小麦经济产量和水分利用效率均较传统平作(CK)显著提高,平均提高幅度达21.52％和30.97％,同宽度沟播处理的生物产量、经济产量和作物水分利用效率显著(P＜0.05)高于对应的侧播处理.试验表明,在半湿润旱作区冬小麦垄膜沟播是一种高效栽培模式.     

不同覆盖种植模式对马铃薯土壤温度、水分及产量的影响

以陇薯6号为试验材料,研究了不同覆盖种植模式对甘肃定西马铃薯田土壤温度、水分和产量的影响,并对其经济效益进行分析比较。结果表明,全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播和全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播处理在马铃薯整个生育期0~30 cm平均土壤温度较CK增加2.2℃和2.5℃,秸秆带状覆盖处理平均土壤温度较CK降低了1.0℃。覆膜垄沟集雨和秸秆带状覆盖技术都能明显改善土壤水分状况,在马铃薯生长前期集雨保墒效果尤为明显,出苗期全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播、全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播、秸秆带状覆盖在0~100 cm平均土壤含水量分别较CK提高2.6%和2.2%和1.6%。各处理马铃薯土壤温度和含水量垂直变化随着土壤深度的增加而减弱。全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播、全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播和秸秆带状覆盖增产效果明显,产量分别较CK增加33.6%、28.6%和23.2%。全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播纯收益最高,秸秆带状覆盖次之,纯收益较CK分别增加7 201.56元·hm~(-2)和5996.04元·hm~(-2)。因此,黑膜全覆盖双垄垄作侧播技术在改善土壤水温效应的同时能显著增产增收,是定西地区马铃薯种植的高效栽培模式。     

沟垄覆膜栽培对旱作马铃薯生长及产量的影响

以当地主栽品种“新大坪”为试验材料,研究了不同沟垄覆膜种植模式对旱作马铃薯生长和产量的影响.结果表明:沟垄覆膜种植能显著提高马铃薯根际的温度、株高、开展度、主根长以及相对生长率(RGR).与传统平畦不覆膜(T1)相比,平畦覆膜(T2)、全膜双垄沟播(T3)、全膜双垄垄播(T4)、半膜膜侧种植(T5)和半膜沟垄垄播(T6)种植分别增产36.29％、59.68％、60.49％、47.58％和45.97％,其中T3和T4的产量最高.沟垄覆膜种植有利于马铃薯产量性状的改善,提高了大薯率和中薯率总和,其中以全膜双垄垄播(T4)最为显著.在该区采用全膜双垄垄播(T4)最有利于马铃薯的生长及产量性状的提高.     

旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培技术研究

针对甘肃中部半干旱旱作区春季降水少、土壤墒情差、胡麻保全苗难等问题探讨旱地胡麻地膜栽培模式对胡麻产量的影响。试验结果表明,旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培可防止胡麻出苗板结,有效提高胡麻出苗率,明显减少土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,胡麻生长的前期地温明显提高,胡麻的经济性状明显改善,增产效果明显,经济效益显著;旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培水分生产率,比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别提高28.28%、40.33%和116.17%;比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别增产22.04%、28.74%和53.74%,是目前旱地胡麻增产稳产高产的最佳的栽培模式。     

覆膜方式对旱地糜子光合特性及产量的影响

以晋黍7号为材料,研究了旱地不同覆膜方式对糜子各生育期植株绿叶面积、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD ）、光合特性及产量的影响。试验结果表明,与平膜穴播和露地条播相比,分蘖期至成熟期,膜侧穴播处理的糜子平均旗叶SPAD分别提高3．8％、10．2％;单株绿叶面积分别提高17．9％、59．1％;拔节期至成熟期,膜侧穴播处理的糜子平均旗叶净光合速率较平膜穴播和露地条播分别增加3．8％、28．7％,旗叶蒸腾速率分别增加7．5％、23．4％,叶片瞬时水分利用效率（LWUE ）下降幅度较平膜穴播和露地条播分别低16％、25％。在不同的覆膜方式中,膜侧穴播处理的糜子产量最高,较平膜穴播和露地条播分别增加7．6％、51．2％。因此,膜侧穴播有利于糜子光合和产量的提高。     

黄土高原地区玉米双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术土壤水温条件及其产量效应

田间比较玉米双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术新型覆膜方式(SL)与其他覆膜方式———条膜起垄覆盖(TL),条膜平铺覆盖(TP),全膜平铺覆盖(QP)以及不覆膜(CK)在土壤含水量,土壤温度及玉米产量三个方面差别。分析结果显示:新型覆膜方式SL在作物苗期和成株期的表层土壤含水量最高,地表蒸发量较小,集水效果最好;在苗期的表层地温高于其他处理,超出对照6.1℃。各处理玉米产量从高到低次序为SLQPTLTPCK。其中SL比QP增加21.9%,比TL增加64.8%,比TP增加32.1%,较CK提高了1045%。SL的经济收益是QP的1.2倍,TL的1.7倍,TP的1.3倍,CK的10.2倍。双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术是黄土高原半干旱区一项有效的增产和提高农民经济收入的措施。     

不同覆膜栽培方式对天水旱地冬油菜生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响

以全膜双垄沟播、全膜覆土、全膜平铺、起垄膜侧和露地栽培5种处理方式,研究了不同覆膜栽培方式对冬油菜生育期、越冬率、产量和经济性状、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：全膜双垄沟播、全膜覆土、全膜平铺、起垄膜侧 栽培冬油菜,均能不同程度影响冬油菜单株经济性状,提高水分利用效率和越冬率,增加产量,缩短生育期;其中全膜双垄沟播栽培效果最好,水分利用效率比露地栽培（对照）提高3.4 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,生育期缩短7 d,越冬率提高24.5%,产量达3 194.46 kg·hm^-2,增产42.8%;全膜平铺栽培增产33.9%,全膜覆土栽培增产26.0%,起垄膜侧栽培增产24.8%。     

旱地玉米双垄全膜覆盖“一膜用两年”免耕栽培模式研究

在推广应用旱地玉米双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播技术基础上,从减少投入、提高经济效益入手,进行了旱地玉米双垄全膜覆盖"一膜用两年"免耕栽培模式的试验研究.结果表明,该项技术玉米农艺性状明显优于常规覆膜栽培,玉米产量比常规栽培增产956.1 kg/hm2,增加16.31%;前期土壤含水量显著提高,玉米出苗率比双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播和常规覆膜栽培分别提高2.58%、14.5%;比双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播栽培和常规覆膜栽培分别减少投入1 350元/hm2、1 860元/hm2,纯收入分别增加703.9元/hm2、3 055.1元/hm2,经济效益显著.     

不同覆膜方式对旱地玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响

针对甘肃陇东旱作区年降水量少、季节分布不均,特别是玉米生产春旱严重等问题,以露地平播为对照(CK),研究了双垄面全膜覆盖沟播,双垄面半膜覆盖沟播,宽膜覆盖平播,窄膜覆盖平播,全地面覆盖平播,膜侧播种等6种覆膜种植方式对旱作玉米出苗率、干物质积累量、株高、叶面积指数、生育时期、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,全膜双垄沟提高了玉米出苗率和出苗速度,提早成熟,整个生育期玉米株高、叶面积指数和干物质积累量始终大于其它处理,显著提高了产量和水分利用效率,是旱作区进一步挖掘降水潜力和高产田创建的有效途径。     

双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培对甘肃中部坡耕地水土流失和作物产量的影响

在甘肃省榆中县黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的坡耕地,采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播(DRM)、全膜平铺覆盖(WM)、条膜(半膜)起垄覆盖(RM)、条膜(半膜)平铺覆盖(NM)、露地条播(CK)5个处理进行对比试验。结果表明,双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培具有良好的减少坡耕地土壤水土流失的作用,土壤流失量分别较露地条播、条膜起垄、条膜平铺、全膜平铺下降了56.07%、67.24%、71.59%、82.47%;作物产量大幅度提高,玉米产量分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺增产46.76%和58.07%,蚕豆产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产46.52%、54.99%和102.96%,马铃薯产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产95.21%、76.30%和74.89%。玉米的水分生产率分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺提高4.77 kg/(mm.hm2)和9.47 kg/(mm.hm2),蚕豆的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高3.24、6.58 kg/(mm.hm2)和5.03 kg/(mm.hm2),马铃薯的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高47.35、42.02、41.57 kg/(mm.hm2)。黄土高原丘陵沟壑半干旱雨养农业区坡耕地采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培,具有良好的减少土壤水土流失的作用,能够最大限度地集蓄天然降水,加之其明显的增温保温作用,可大幅度地提高作物产量,降水生产率显著提高。     

Effects of different ridge-furrow mulching systems on yield and water use efficiency of summer maize in the Loess Plateau of China

Ridge-furrow film mulching has been proven to be an effective water-saving and yield-improving planting pattern in arid and semi-arid regions. Drought is the main factor limiting the local agricultural production in the Loess Plateau of China. In this study, we tried to select a suitable ridge-furrow mulching system to improve this situation. A two-year field experiment of summer maize (Zea mays L.) during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 was conducted to systematically analyze the effects of flat planting with no film mulching (CK), ridge-furrow with ridges mulching and furrows bare (RFM), and double ridges and furrows full mulching (DRFFM) on soil temperature, soil water storage (SWS), root growth, aboveground dry matter, water use efficiency (WUE), and grain yield. Both RFM and DRFFM significantly increased soil temperature in ridges, while soil temperature in furrows for RFM and DRFFM was similar to that for CK. The largest SWS was observed in DRFFM, followed by RFM and CK, with significant differences among them. SWS was lower in ridges than in furrows for RFM. DRFFM treatment kept soil water in ridges, resulting in higher SWS in ridges than in furrows after a period of no water input. Across the two growing seasons, compared with CK, RFM increased root mass by 10.2% and 19.3% at the jointing and filling stages, respectively, and DRFFM increased root mass by 7.9% at the jointing stage but decreased root mass by 6.0% at the filling stage. Over the two growing seasons, root length at the jointing and filling stages was respectively increased by 75.4% and 58.7% in DRFFM, and 20.6% and 30.2% in RFM. Relative to the jointing stage, the increased proportions of root mass and length at the filling stage were respectively 42.8% and 94.9% in DRFFM, 63.2% and 115.1% in CK, and 76.7% and 132.1% in RFM, over the two growing seasons, showing that DRFFM slowed down root growth while RFM promoted root growth at the later growth stages. DRFFM treatment increased root mass and root length in ridges and decreased them in 0-30 cm soil layer, while RFM increased them in 0-30 cm soil layer. Compared with CK, DRFFM decreased aboveground dry matter while RFM increased it. Evapotranspiration was reduced by 9.8% and 7.1% in DRFFM and RFM, respectively, across the two growing seasons. Grain yield was decreased by 14.3% in DRFFM and increased by 13.6% in RFM compared with CK over the two growing seasons. WUE in CK was non-significantly 6.8% higher than that in DRFFM and significantly 22.5% lower than that in RFM across the two growing seasons. Thus, RFM planting pattern is recommended as a viable water-saving option for summer maize in the Loess Plateau of China.     

渭北旱原冬小麦全程微型聚水两元覆盖高产栽培增产机理研究

旱地冬小麦全程微型聚水两元覆盖栽培技术,是夏闲期采用“微型聚水两元覆盖技术”,种麦时仍保持微型聚水两元覆盖形式不变,沟下,垄上均种小麦的一种新的旱地小麦栽培技术,它集地膜覆盖和残茬覆盖之所长,能将冬小麦整个生产年度的降水最大限度地蓄积并保存于土壤之中,从而使小麦生长健壮,分蘖增多,根系发达,成穗数增加,穗粒数增多,千粒重提高,具有显著的增产,增收效果。是渭北旱原进行旱地冬小麦高产或超高产栽培的一条     

Effects of mulches on water use in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in Loess Plateau,China

Limited water resources often result in reduced crop yield and low water productivity(WP). In northwestern China, crop production is generally dependent on precipitation. Therefore, a variety of agricultural rainwater harvesting(ARH) techniques have been used for conserving soil moisture, ameliorating soil environment, increasing crop yield, and improving water use efficiency. A two-year(2013–2015) field experiment was conducted under a typical sub-humid drought-prone climate in Yangling(108°24′E, 34°20′N; 521 m a.s.l.), Shaanxi Province, China, to explore the effects of mulching(same for summer maize and winter wheat) on soil moisture, soil temperature, crop water consumption, and crop yield with a winter wheat/summer maize rotation. Crops were planted in a ridge-furrow pattern and the treatments consisted of a transparent film mulch over the ridges(M1), a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M2), a transparent film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M3), a black film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M4), and a control with no mulch(CK). Results showed that M4 was the best treatment for improving soil water storage and content, and decreasing crop water consumption during the summer maize and winter wheat rotation. In both maize and wheat seasons, M1 had a higher soil temperature than M2 and CK, and M3 had a higher soil temperature than M4. In the maize seasons, M4 had the highest yield, WP, and precipitation productivity(PP), with the average values for these parameters increasing by 30.9%, 39.0%, and 31.0%, respectively, compared to those in CK. In the wheat seasons, however, M3 had the highest yield, WP, and PP, with the average values for these parameters being 23.7%, 26.7%, and 23.8% higher, respectively, than those in CK. Annual yield(maize and wheat yields combined) and WP did not differ significantly between M3 and M4. These results suggested that M3 and M4 may thus be the optimal ARH practices for the production of winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, in arid and semi-arid areas.     

渭北旱地小麦留茬深松膜侧沟播耕作技术体系研究

试验结果表明,留茬、深松、膜侧沟播是融“深松储水效应”、“残茬覆盖保水增肥效应”和“起垄覆膜沟播聚水、保水、增温、透光效应”于一体的旱地小麦机械化保护性耕作技术体系,具有极好的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益;夏闲期留茬覆盖、深松耕可把占小麦全生产年度50％的夏闲期降水最大限度地蓄积并保存于土壤之中,较传统翻耕法多蓄水76.2mm,蓄水率达50％以上;在夏闲期多蓄水的基础上,种麦时再应用起垄覆膜沟播技术,既可以把夏闲期蓄积到土壤中的水分最大限度地保住,又可把小麦生育期的降水量最大限度地蓄住,加之地膜覆盖的增温效应,从而使旱地小麦的水、热条件明显改善,达到既增产增收,又保水保土的效果。     

金诺丰叶面肥对旱地冬小麦陕农981旗叶光合和灌浆特性及产量的影响

以冬小麦陕农981为材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了不同时期喷施叶面肥金诺丰对陕农981灌浆期旗叶光合特性、籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响.结果表明:金诺丰能够提高小麦灌浆期旗叶的光合速率和籽粒灌浆速率,分别较对照提高14.5%和10.7%;增加籽粒干物质的积累量,较对照增加2.6%;产量构成三要素都有不同程度提高,成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重分别平均提高8.0%、7.5%和2.6%.不同时期喷施对产量的影响大小依次是拔节期＞开花期＞灌浆期＞分蘖期＞返青期.     

渗灌条件下覆盖对旱区冬小麦增产效应研究

3年研究表明：与传统的露地条播种植方式相比，旱区冬小麦地下渗灌与膜上穴播栽培技术体系相结合，有更好地发挥水增产效应，提高水分利用率，小麦植株发育健壮，干物质积累增多，分蘖成穗增加，群体光合能力增强；更为显著的是，在产量三因素中，每公顷成穗增加了93.0万，穗粒数平均增加1.8粒，千粒重提高了2.1g，每公顷增产2127.0kg，增产率为47.58%，净增产值1265.1元。