奶牛干奶后期饲喂阴离子盐对体内离子平衡状况和产奶性能的影响

采用28头荷斯坦经产奶牛按配对试验设计研究了在干奶后期(产前约3周)添加阴离子盐添加剂对奶牛产前、产后及产后一个月血液离子浓度、胎衣不下发病率以及产后6个月泌乳性能的影响。试验处理为阴离子盐饲粮组和对照组。结果表明,饲喂阴离子盐饲粮5天使尿液pH值显著降低(P<0.01),产前血清氯离子浓度提高(101.5vs95.2毫克毫升;P<0.05)产前血清钙离子趋于上升(7.71vs7.34毫克毫升),并使分娩后胎衣不下的发病率降低31.2个百分点(43.7%vs12.5%;P=0.05)。饲喂阴离子盐饲粮导致第1、2、3、4泌乳月校正乳产量显著提高(38.9vs32.4千克天44.8vs36.5千克天,41.6vs36.9千克天,38.8vs33.2千克天;P=0.02～0.1)且趋于提高乳脂率(P=0.02～0.31),但对乳蛋白、乳糖、无脂固型物含量等乳成分没有明显影响(P>0.3)。饲喂阴离子盐有助于降低产奶牛泌乳前期乳中体细胞数。本实验结论:产前饲粮添加阴离子盐能够改善奶牛产后的健康状况,提高泌乳性能。     

干奶后期饲喂阴离子盐对奶牛采食量及代谢健康的影响

为研究干奶后期添加阴离子盐添加剂对奶牛产前尿液pH变化、产后胎衣不下、产后瘫痪等疾病发病率的影响,本试验采用荷斯坦经产奶牛为试验对象,设置试验组(阴离子盐饲粮组)和对照组。试验结果表明饲喂阴离子盐饲粮6d使尿液pH显著降低(P0.01),分娩后胎衣不下和乳房水肿的发病率分别降低25%、25%;另外,对其他代谢疾病的影响有待进一步研究。本试验结果表明产前饲粮中添加阴离子盐能够改善奶牛产后的健康状况。     

干奶后期饲喂阴离子盐对奶牛离子平衡和产奶的影响

采用28头荷斯坦经产牛按配对试验设计研究了添加阴离子盐对奶牛血液离子浓度、胎衣不下发病率及产后6个月泌乳性能的影响。结果表明,饲喂阴离子盐饲粮5天使尿液pH值显著降低(P<0.01),产前血清氯离子浓度提高(P<0.05),钙离子浓度趋于上升,并使分娩后胎衣不下的发病率降低31.2个百分点P=0.05)。第1、2、3、4泌乳月校正乳产量提高,且趋向提高乳脂率,但对乳蛋白、乳糖、非脂乳固体含量等乳成分没有明显影响(P<0.2)。饲喂阴离子盐能够显著降低产奶牛第2、3、4个泌乳月乳中的体细胞数P=0.03(0.09)。本试验结论:产前饲粮中添加阴离子盐能够改善奶牛产后的健康状况,提高泌乳性能。     

阴离子盐对围产期奶牛健康和生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究阴离子盐对围产期奶牛产后健康和生产性能的影响。试验选取24头围产前期经产奶牛分为对照组和试验组,对照组饲喂牧场原饲料、试验组于产前21 d饲喂含阴离子盐颗粒料,产犊后统一饲喂牧场原有日粮。结果显示,试验组奶牛尿液pH值维持在5.7~6.9;与对照组相比,试验组血液pH值显著降低（P<0.05）,血钙含量、血糖水平、碱性磷酸酶活性在产后1 d显著升高（P<0.05）;试验组低血钙、产乳热、胎衣不下、真胃移位和乳房炎等疾病的发生率降低,其中胎衣不下发病率显著降低（P<0.05）;但两组间产奶量无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上所述,饲喂阴离子盐颗粒料可提高奶牛的健康状况,维持血钙平衡。     

围产前期饲喂阴离子盐日粮对奶牛产后代谢疾病发病率的影响

为探索围产前期饲喂阴离子盐日粮对奶牛产后代谢疾病发病率的影响,试验将胎次、体况相近的400 头围产前期奶牛分为对照组和试验组,每组200 头,对照组饲喂低钙日粮,试验组饲喂阴离子盐日粮,试验周期为60 天。结果表明,围产前期饲喂阴离子盐日粮降低了奶牛的采食量,降低了奶牛产后60 天内胎衣不下、产后瘫痪、真胃移位等的发生率,并提高了产后血钙浓度。     

阴离子盐酸化日粮钙、镁水平对围产期奶牛血清离子平衡及生产性能的影响

为了研究阴离子盐酸化日粮钙、镁水平对奶牛血清离子平衡及生产性能的影响,选择12头二胎以上围产期奶牛,采用配对试验设计分成4组(高钙高镁组、高钙低镁组、低钙高镁组、低钙低镁组),从产前3周开始饲喂4种阴离子盐添加剂日粮,日粮阴阳离子差(DCAD)值均为-65 mEq/kg.结果表明:各试验组奶牛的干物质采食量不同程度下降(P>0.05);尿液pH值在5.5～6.5之间变化(P>0.05).产犊当天、产后1天和产后3天,阴离子盐酸化日粮中钙水平对围产期奶牛血清Ca2+浓度有显著影响(P<0.05);产犊当天,阴离子盐酸化日粮中镁水平对奶牛血清Ca2+浓度有显著影响(P<0.05);在产后3天,阴离子盐日粮钙、镁互作对奶牛血清Ca2+浓度有显著影响(P<0.05).各试验组奶牛产奶量差异不显著(P>0.05).     

围产前期饲喂DCAD对奶牛营养代谢疾病的影响

试验通过在奶牛围产前期日粮中以?瘙
厫560 g/kg的标准添加阴离子盐,以观察DCAD的饲喂效果.结果表明:在奶牛围产前期饲喂阴离子盐有利于牛体健康,能显著降低产后瘫痪及乳房炎的发病率(P＜0.05),极显著降低胎衣不下和子宫内膜炎的发病率(P＜0.01),同时有利于奶牛产后体况的恢复,缩短奶牛产后第一次发情时间26.5天(P＜0.05),显著提高奶牛产奶量,产后30天奶牛日产奶量可提高11.7%(P＜0.05).     

镁盐在奶牛阴离子日粮中的应用研究

试验选择80头临产奶牛,研究了在围产前期奶牛日粮中添加阴离子盐和3个梯度的镁盐对奶牛产后生产性能及健康状况的影响.结果表明:阴离子盐和镁盐对降低奶牛产后胎衣不下及乳房炎的发生有良好效果,能给奶牛养殖带来可观的经济效益.     

阴离子盐日粮钙和镁水平对奶牛血清指标的研究

选取2胎以上12头围产期奶牛,采用配对试验设计分成4组,从产前3周开始随机饲喂4种阴离子盐添加剂日粮(高钙高镁组、高钙低镁组、低钙高镁组和低钙低镁组),饲粮阴阳离子差(DCAD)值均为-6.5mEq/100 g DM.研究阴离子盐酸化日粮Ca2+和镁水平对奶牛血清离子平衡及生产性能的影响.结果表明,各试验组奶牛的干物质采食量(DMI)有不同程度下降(P>0.05).尿液pH在5.5～6.5变化(P>0.05).产犊当天、产后1 d和产后3 d,阴离子盐酸化日粮中钙水平对围产期奶牛血清Ca2+浓度有显著影响;产犊当天,阴离子盐酸化日粮中镁水平对血清Ca2+浓度有显著影响;产后3 d,阴离子盐日粮钙和镁互作对奶牛血清Ca2+浓度有显著影响.产犊当天、产后1 d和产后3 d高钙高镁组血清Ca2+浓度均高于其他3组,并显著高于低钙低镁组.产后1 d及产后3 d高钙低镁组和低钙高镁组血清Ca2+浓度也显著高于低钙低镁组.各试验组奶牛产奶量差异不显著.     

阴离子饲料添加剂"1号"对围产期奶牛血浆中钙镁磷的影响

为了预防围产期奶牛代谢性疾病的发生,了解试验牛体内钙、磷、镁的变化规律,选择20头围产期奶牛,添加研制的"1号"奶牛阴离子饲料添加剂,检测了分娩前、分娩日和分娩后试验奶牛血浆中钙、镁、磷的含量及新鲜尿液的pH.结果表明,血浆中钙分娩前,试验组与对照组差异显著(P＜0.05);镁离子总体比较,试验组与对照组差异极显著(P＜0.001);分娩前、分娩后试验组与对照组差异显著(P＜0.05).尿液pH在5.5～6.5之间.试验牛产后无瘫痪等疾病发生.     

Effects of forage-to-concentrate ratio in prepartum diet on the dry matter intake and milk yield of periparturient cows during hot weather

The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of prepartum diets on dry matter intake (DMI) around parturition and on milk production in early lactation during a hot summer. Nine cows due to calve in July or August were assigned to two groups and fed either control (group C; four cows) or high‐concentrate (group H; five cows) diets to meet 110% of their energy requirements from 18 days before the expected calving date to parturition. The proportion of concentrate in the control diet was 35%, and that in the high‐concentrate diet was 45%. For 21 days after parturition, all cows were fed the same diets for lactation ad libitum. The DMI of cows in group H almost met their energy requirements. In group C, the DMI was decreased relative to group H and the concentration of plasma non‐esterified fatty acids was significantly higher (P < 0.05) before parturition. Therefore, the cows in group C were thought to be energy deficient before parturition. After parturition, there were no significant differences in DMI between the two groups. The milk yield of cows in group H tended to be higher than that of cows in group C at 21 days after parturition. Milk protein yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group H 21 days after parturition relative to group C. There were no significant differences in milk composition between the two groups.     

Effect of Anionic Salts on Health and Production Performance of Holstein Cows in Peripartum

This study was to determine the effect of anionic salts on health and production performance of Holstein cows during the peripartum period. Twenty-four Holstein cows during the peripartum period were selected and divided into control group and experimental group. Twelve Holstein dairy cows in control group were fed diets with original concentrate,while twelve cows in experimental group were fed diets with concentrates adding anionic salts for the last 21 days before expected calving. All animals were ad libitum fed with the same diets after calving. The results showed that urine pH maintained 5.7 to 6.9,and blood pH was decreased significantly compared to control group (P<0.05). However,the contents of plasma Ca,glucose and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in experimental group were significantly increased in 1 d after calving (P<0.05). What's more, the incidences of hypocalcemia,milk fever,retained placenta,displaced abomasum and mastitis were reduced in experimental group and the incidences of retained placenta was significantly decreased (P<0.05). No significant difference was detected in milk yield between two groups (P>0.05). In summary,supplementation of anionic salts concentrate could help to keep the health and plasma Ca homeostasis of Holstein cows.     

围产期健康奶牛干物质摄入水平与血浆瘦素浓度及乳产量的关系

将健康的围产期奶牛 3 0头随机均分为 3组。其中Ⅱ组为对照组、Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组分别为试验组 ;Ⅰ ,Ⅱ ,Ⅲ 3组于产前 2 8d开始分别饲喂NRC标准减少 2 0 %日粮组 (能量摄入 80 %)、NRC标准日粮组 (能量摄入 1 0 0 %)、NRC标准增加 2 0 %日粮组 (能量摄入 1 2 0 %) ,产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮 ,至产后 5 6d结束 ,观察不同干物质摄入水平对奶牛血浆瘦素浓度及产奶量、体重等生产性能的影响。试验结果表明 :奶牛产后干物质摄入量、血浆瘦素浓度和产奶量为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组 ,经统计分析组间差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1 )或差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;但产前2 8～ 1 4d瘦素浓度组间差异均不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,此后Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。此外 ,Ⅰ组体重消耗最小 ,Ⅲ组体重消耗最大 ,各组间差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1 )。可见 ,围产期健康奶牛不同干物质摄入量与血浆瘦素浓度、产奶量、体重等生产性能之间存在着密切的关系     

围产期奶牛干物质摄入水平与产后生产性能及血浆酮体浓度的关系

将围产期奶牛30头随机分为3组,每组10头。其中Ⅱ组为对照组,Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组分别为试验组;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3组于产前28d开始分别饲喂NRC标准减少20%日粮(能量摄入80%组)、NRC标准日粮(能量摄入100%组)、NRC标准增加20%日粮(能量摄入120%组),产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮,至产后56d结束,观察不同干物质摄入水平对奶牛血浆酮体浓度的影响。试验结果表明:奶牛产后干物质摄入量和产奶量均为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组,经统计分析组间差异极显著(P<0.01)或差异显著(P<0.05);此外,Ⅰ组体重消耗最小,Ⅲ组体重消耗最大,各组间差异极显著(P<0.01)。产后Ⅲ组血酮浓度显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05),而Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间差异不明显。可见,围产期奶牛不同干物质摄入量与产奶量、体重等生产性能及产后血酮浓度之间存在着密切的关系。     

Plasma mineral and energy metabolite concentrations in dairy cows fed an anionic prepartum diet that did or did not have retained fetal membranes after parturition

OBJECTIVE: To compare plasma total calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxy butyrate (BHB), and glucose concentrations in parturient dairy cows that were fed an anionic prepartum diet between those with and without retained fetal membranes (RFM) at 24 hours after parturition. ANIMALS: 152 Holstein cows that calved during October through December of 1997 PROCEDURE: All cows were fed an anionic prepartum diet. Blood sample was taken within 6 hours after parturition from randomly selected cows. Thirty-nine cows had a diagnosis of RFM at 24 hours after parturition; 113 were not affected with RFM. At calving, body condition score (BCS; 1 [thin] to 5 [obese]), parity, and calving difficulty score were recorded. Plasma calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, NEFA, BHB, and glucose concentrations were compared between cows with or without RFM. RESULTS: Cows with RFM had significantly lower plasma calcium concentration soon after calving, compared with cows without RFM. Cows with a parity of > or = 3 had significantly lower plasma concentrations of calcium and higher concentrations of magnesium, compared with cows with a parity of 1 or 2. Cows with a BCS of > or = 3.25 at calving had significantly higher plasma concentrations of BHB than cows with a BCS of 2.75 to 3.0. Cows with dystocia had significantly higher plasma concentrations of glucose, compared with cows without dystocia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In parturient cows fed a prepartum anionic diet, those with RFM have lower plasma calcium concentrations than cows without RFM, although this association does not prove a cause-effect relationship.     

不同能量摄入对围产期奶牛脂肪组织胰岛素受体mRNA丰度的影响

将年龄、胎次相同,年产奶量大于5000kg的围产期健康奶牛30头随机分为3组,每组10头。按照中国奶牛饲养标准(2000),低能组饲喂减少20%日粮(能量摄入80%组),对照组饲喂标准日粮(能量摄入100%组),高能组饲喂增加20%日粮(能量摄入120%组),试验从产前14天开始至产后28天结束,产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮。采用半定量RTPCR方法检测了不同能量摄入对围产期奶牛脂肪组织胰岛素受体(InsR)mRNA丰度的影响。结果表明:各组脂肪InsRmRNA相对表达量从产前14天至产后28天均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,产后14天达到最大值,且产后高于产前;低能组产前InsRmRNA相对表达量低于高能组和正常组,产后1天至产后28天高于高能组和正常组,产后14天显著高于高能组(P<0.01)。可见,干乳期低能饲喂奶牛,产后脂肪InsRmRNA表达增加,提示产前适当降低能量摄入水平,有利于胰岛素抑制泌乳初期脂肪动员作用的发挥。     

不同能量摄入水平对围产期奶牛生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度影响的研究

将健康的围产期奶牛30头随机分为3组, 每组10头。其中Ⅱ组为对照组, Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组分别为试验组。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均于产前28d开始分别饲喂NRC标准减少20%日粮(能量摄入80%组)、NRC标准日粮(能量摄入100%组)、NRC标准增加20%日粮(能量摄入120%组), 产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮, 至产后56d结束。观察妊娠后期奶牛不同能量水平对干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分及体重等生产性能和血浆瘦素浓度的影响。试验结果表明: 奶牛产后干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳中蛋白质、乳脂率和非固体物质为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组(P>0 05 ); 同时血浆瘦素浓度为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组, 经统计分析组间差异极显著(P<0 01) 或差异显著(P<0 05); 但产前28~14d瘦素浓度组间差异均不显著(P>0 05 ), 此后Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组差异显著(P<0 05 )。此外, Ⅰ组体重消耗最小, Ⅲ组体重消耗最大, 各组间差异极显著(P<0 01)。可见, 围产期健康奶牛不同能量水平与干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分、体重等生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度之间存在着密切的关系。     

阴离子型日粮及补Ca对围产期奶牛代谢与健康及其生产性能的影响

将36头干奶后期中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组（每组12头）．分别饲喂常规日粮、阴离子型日粮及在此基础上朴Ca日粮，探讨其对奶牛体内代谢状况、健康状况及生产性能的影响。与饲喂常规日粮相比，饲喂阴离子型日粮可降低奶牛尿液pH值（P〈0．01）和血液HCO2^-浓度（P〉0．05）；增加奶牛产后12h（P〈0．05）、2d（P〈0．05）血清总钙含量．对血清无机磷、镁含量没有显著影响；明显降低奶牛亚临床性低血钙率（33％）、胎衣不下率（33％）和乳房水肿率（17％）；增加牛奶乳糖率（P〈0．05），对其他奶成分和奶产量没有显著影响（P〉0．05）。在阴离子型日粮中补Ca后．与饲喂阴离子型日粮相比．除增加奶牛产后血清镁含量外（P〈0．05）．对其他各项指标没有明显影响。