养殖条件下鲻鱼生长发育的初步研究

鲻鱼（Mugil cophalus Linnaeus）是鲻科鱼类中分布最广且最早被人类利用及研究的对象之一，其个体大、生长快、抗病性强、食物链级次低，可在淡水、半咸水及海水中正常生长。有关鲻鱼生长发育的研究，国内外学者已做了不少工作。鲻鱼的生长情况与鲻鱼养殖的经济效益有着直接的关系，同时也影响到鲻鱼性腺的发育，关系到鲻鱼人工繁殖工作的研究。     

厦门杏林湾鲻鱼年龄和生长的研究

厦门杏林湾鲻鱼鳞片年轮可作为年龄鉴定依据。鳞片边缘增长率a的周年变化，表明鳞片年轮每年形成一次，新年轮主要在10-11月间出现。已计算出鲻鱼体长与鳞长、体长与体重的关系式。3龄鱼以前属于幼鱼生长阶段，体长和体重的相对增长率较大，生长指标较高；3龄鱼以后则进入成鱼生长阶段。其生长适合于von Bertalanffy生长方程，体重生长曲线的拐点位于2龄至2．5龄之间，其生长速度和加速度曲线能反映生长过程的变化特征，合理捕捞的生物学指标应以生长转折点较为适当，限制捕捞1龄和2龄的港养鲻鱼是提高单位面积产量的关键之一。     

盐度对鲻鱼前期仔鱼生长与存活的影响

本文研究了鲻鱼前期仔鱼在不同海水盐度条件下的生长和存活情况。结果表明：鲻鱼前期仔鱼生长与存活的适宜盐度范围为20－32‰，盐度低于20‰，随盐度下降，前期仔鱼存活率降低，生长速度趋慢；反之，盐度高于32‰，随盐度升高，前期仔鱼存活率降低，生长速度趋缓。     

鲻鱼人工繁殖及苗种培育的试验

鲻鱼（Mugil cephalus Linnaeus）隶属鲻形目（Mugiliformes）、鲻科（Mugilidae）、鲻属（Mugil）,广泛分布在热带、亚热带地区,可在淡水、半咸水及海水中正常生长,具有个体大、生长快、肉质细嫩鲜美、养殖时对饵料要求不高及适应性强等特点。     

鲻鱼人工繁殖及育苗技术的研究（摘要）

鲻鱼(Mugil Cephalus Linnaeus)，分布广，食物链短，生长快，是海淡水优良的养殖品种之一。一些国家和地区已可批量生产人工苗种；六十年代初福建省水产科学研究所等单位亦曾有过对港养鲻鱼进行人工催产试验，孵出仔鱼并存活4天的报道。     

珠江口鲻的池养生长与饲养

研究了鲻的池养生长与饲养技术。单养鲻的旺长期在I∧ 龄，应用Von Bertalanffy方程，求得人工饲养条件下，其体长、体重生长方程为Lt=543.3849[l-e∧0.7594(t 0.0599]；Wt=2807.4491[l-e∧0.7594(t 0.0599]∧2.8957，体重生长拐点于t1.34龄处，进行135hm∧2池塘的单养和混养，鱼苗经驯化、中间培育养成鱼种，养成池深1.8-2.5m，具增氧机、投饲机，单养池单产12.5-15.5t/hm∧2.a,混养池最高达16.7-19.4t/hm∧2.a。投入产出比1：1.24。     

鲻鱼人工育苗技术研究的现状和动向

在人类的历史上,鲻鱼Mugil cephalus是最早被选作海鱼养殖的对象之一,我国早在四百年前就有养鲻的历史记载。由于鲻科中的多数鱼类具有食物链短、适盐性广、生长快及易于养殖等优点,故已成为很多国家咸水或半咸水水域的主要养殖对象,其生产潜力业已引起各国的重视。1969年鲻科鱼类的研究被列为国际生物学的研究课题之一。本世纪六十年代以来,随着鲻科鱼类养殖在世界范围内的迅速推广,天然苗来源日蹙,人工繁殖研究应运而生。鲻鱼人工繁殖工作虽已进行了10余年,但由于育苗技术上尚存在不少问题,故人工繁殖鲻鱼苗尚未进     

低氧胁迫对鲻幼鱼生长、能量代谢和氧化应激的影响

为研究低氧胁迫对鲻幼鱼生长、能量代谢和氧化应激的影响,实验将其放在溶解氧(DO,mean±SE)含量分别控制在(1.66±0.41)、(4.35±0.53)、(7.03±0.36)mg/L的条件下养殖10 d,然后恢复至接近饱和溶解氧含量7.0 mg/L的条件下养殖30 d,研究其特定生长率、排氨率、耗氧率、氧氮比和血浆、肌肉、肝脏及鳃组织的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、抗超氧阴离子活力(ASOR)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、乳酸(LD)含量、总谷胱甘肽(T-GSH)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量。结果表明:低氧胁迫对鲻幼鱼的生长、能量代谢影响显著,较严重缺氧组鲻的体质量、特定生长率(SGR)、耗氧率和排氨率显著低于其他处理,不具有补偿生长的能力;而轻微缺氧组获得完全补偿生长。低氧胁迫对鲻氧化应激指标影响显著,胁迫结束时鲻通过提高某些抗氧化酶的活力来增强抗氧化能力,以提高其应对恢复正常溶解氧环境可能带来的氧化应激的能力,同时在恢复溶氧后鲻氧化应激反应也较强烈。在恢复溶解氧阶段,肝脏中GSH显著增加,说明鲻体内的保护机制被激活。肝脏和鳃中MDA的含量在低氧胁迫后与溶解氧含量呈明显的负相关性,在复氧30 d后仍然高于对照组,表明低氧胁迫加强鲻肝脏和鳃组织脂质过氧化反应。     

鲻科鱼类养殖历史和现状简述

鲻科(Mugiljdae)鱼类，据汤姆逊(Thompson，1964)统计，已见报道的现存种类有281种，其中，在分类学上确有依据者仅77种，同物异名者多。本科属海产鱼类，有些种类能进入咸淡水或淡水中生活。仅个别种纯属淡水种类，终生生活于淡水环境中。鲻科中的多数种类，具有适盐性广、食物链低、生长快、肉味好等优点。鲻科分布十分广泛，     

南方地区黄尾鲻的繁育和养殖技术

黄尾鲻学名为鲮鱼（Mugil so—iuy），属鲻形目鲻科。鲻形目鱼类大多为食用鱼，我国常见的鲻科鱼类有鲻鱼和簸鱼，是我国沿海地区主要的养殖对象之一，近年已发展成为国际养殖对象。我国南方主要以养鲻鱼为主，而北方沿海主要养殖鲅鱼，故有“南鲻北鳆”之称。经养殖试验表明，与在北方养殖鲮鱼相比，鳆鱼在南方养殖生长速度快、个体大、养殖成本低、不相互残杀、免疫力强、不易得病。而且，南方养殖的鳆鱼味道鲜美、金黄体色亮丽吉祥，比鲻鱼更受养殖户和消费者欢迎，也因此得到了“黄尾鲻”的俗称。     

渤海小黄鱼生长特征的变化

根据1960年、1982年、1993年和2003年各年春季对渤海进行的底拖网调查获得的小黄鱼（Pseudosciaena polyactis Bleeker）生物学数据，对4个不同年代间渤海小黄鱼的群体组成、生长状况等生物学特征的年代间变化进行分析，结果表明，渤海小黄鱼的生物学特征在这4个年代间发生了明显变化。自1982年以来，渤海小黄鱼群体结构呈现个体小型化、低龄化、生长加快、渐近体长和渐近体质量减小、体质量生长拐点提前等现象。小黄鱼生物学特征因子的年代间变化，可能与渔业资源不断衰退以及小黄鱼自身对外界环境因素变化的适应有关。     

东海北部和黄海南部鲐鱼年龄和生长的研究

本研究采用2002年11月～2003年8月在东海北部和黄海南部海域(30°～34°N、126°E以西)所获取的鲐鱼渔获样品,合计采集777ind,通过对鲐鱼耳石生长轮的观察和基础生物学测定,研究了鲐鱼的年龄和生长。结果表明叉长与体重的关系雌雄间没有显著性差异;所鉴定鲐鱼年龄组成为1～3龄鱼,共3个年龄序列,并补充20世纪80年代4～5龄鱼对鲐鱼的生长规律进行研究,采用Walford方法拟合,其生长参数K、L∞、t0分别为0.31993、451.3514和-1.20307;鲐鱼的生长拐点年龄为2.7yr,拐点体重为450g,拐点叉长为320mm。比较分析东海群系鲐鱼的渔业生物学历史状况,在目前所能观察得到的鲐鱼年龄段内(1～3龄),东海区鲐鱼个体平均叉长比20世纪80年代的都要小;与闽南、粤东近海地方群系的相比,东海群系的平均叉长在鲐鱼的整个生长阶段都明显的大。     

东海带鱼年龄与生长的研究

本文利用2002年12月～2004年8月在东海中北部(27°～34°N、126°E以西)所获取的带鱼渔获样品,共采集788ind,每月对带鱼矢耳石生长轮计测和带鱼样品基础生物学测定,研究带鱼年龄与生长之间的关系。结果表明,目前东海群系带鱼呈现出较以往任何时期低龄化和生长加快的渔业生物学特征;体重与肛长的关系性别间无明显差异;该群系的生长其性别间无显著差异,雌雄合并估算的vonBertalanffy生长参数L∞=493.3mm,K=0.346/yr,t0=-0.387yr。     

黄海增殖日本对虾的生长特性

对黄海增殖日本对虾群体的生长特性进行研究，并初步确定了该群体的合理开捕期。     

Aspects of the distribution and growth of bluemouth (Helicolenus dactylopterus, Delaroche 1809) since its invasion of the northern North Sea in 1991

Recent trends in the abundance, distribution and growth of bluemouth in Scottish waters are described. The observations are all based on an ecologically important time‐series database of trawl surveys conducted annually between 1925 and 2004 by Fisheries Research Services, Aberdeen. We examine the period 1985–2004 in detail. Bluemouth abundance has increased over the last decade both along the continental shelf west of Scotland and in the North Sea. In 1991 bluemouth appeared in the northern North Sea as a distinct cohort, with total lengths ranging between 6 and 8 cm. 1991 was a year of exceptional Atlantic inflow into the North Sea, and it is likely that the bluemouth used this water mass as a highway, entering from the north and west as small individuals. The fish from 1991 grew steadily and formed a distinct length mode that we track here until its disappearance in 2002. In the first few years following this influx, bluemouth were recorded all around the northern North Sea, but since 1997 numbers have declined and its distribution has shrunk into one of two International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) statistical rectangles (39F1 and 40F2) which are positioned in the central part of the North Sea. Since 1991 only one subsequent and relatively minor immigration of bluemouth into the North Sea has taken place, in 1998. The composition of the North Sea bluemouth population as a single cohort allows its spatial distribution, expansion and growth rate to be charted, discussed and described.     

The effects of environmental factors on survival,growth and biochemical composition of transplanted oysters (Ostreaedulis Linnaeus, 1758) from Aegean Sea to southern Black Sea

This study examined survival, growth rate and biochemical composition of oysters (Ostrea edulis) when transplanted from Aegean Sea to southern Black Sea (Sinop) and maintained offshore in a submerged long‐line from December 2008 to December 2009. In December 2009, the mean length and live weight were 92.52 ± 1.40 mm and 109.60 ± 2.41 g respectively. Mean specific growth rate (SGR) was found as 1.29 ± 0.16%. Meat yield ranged from 7.90 to 11.47%. Mean moisture and ash were 81.40 ± 0.52% and 9.50 ± 0.55% respectively. Protein content was between 36.57% and 61.31% with a mean of 50.17 ± 2.13%, while lipid content was between 4.83% and 10.86% with a mean of 7.74 ± 0.49%. Carbohydrate content was between 20.88% and 46.89% with a mean of 32.59 ± 2.38%. The study demonstrated that protein, lipid and carbohydrate were used for different metabolic needs of oysters. Mortality was dependent on physiological stress related to the gonadal activity, temperature and inorganic matter in seawater. Consequently, the low salinity rate has a negative impact on growth rate of oyster. However, there was not a serious adaptation problem in transplanted oysters from Aegean Sea to Black Sea.     

Interannual variability in growth of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, in the central Bering Sea

Interannual variability in growth of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, was examined. Adult walleye pollock were collected from the central Bering Sea (Aleutian Basin) from 1978 to 1999. Average fork lengths were found to be approximately 47 cm during the 1970–80s, this increased to 56 cm in the late 1990s. Age was determined for 4805 individuals using the otolith break and burn method. Ages ranged from 5–23 years and the year classes of 1978 and 1989 were dominant in the 1980s and the 1990s, respectively. Fish had significantly larger length-at-age in the 1990s compared to the 1970–80s, and interannual variability in age–length relationship was clearly observed. Taking into consideration a recent decrease of the walleye pollock biomass in the central Bering Sea, density-dependent growth was supported as one possibility of the growth variability. At the same time, we could not rule out the possibility that oceanographic variability affected the growth of walleye pollock in the area.     

Bio-physical modelling of the early life stages of haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, in the North Sea

An individual-based modelling approach was developed to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns in the recruitment processes of North Sea haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus . The approach was based on the realization that the survivors to recruitment of an annual cohort are most probably not drawn at random from the initial population of eggs, but represent the fastest-growing individuals. Individual growth rates reflect the unique exposure of each larva to the environment along its drift trajectory. In this context, the environment refers to a wide range of factors affecting growth such as food, turbulence and temperature. A combination of a model of egg production by the adult stock, a particle-tracking scheme, and a model of larval growth and mortality rate was used to simulate the dispersal trajectories, and the survival of haddock larvae spawned at different times and locations on the continental shelf. The particle tracking was driven by flowfields from a climatological implementation of the Hamburg Shelf–Ocean Model (HAMSOM) for the North Sea and NE Atlantic. The system was able to resolve spatial and temporal patterns in the recruitment process and indicated that the surviving population of larvae was drawn from a restricted part of the spawning distribution. The results have the potential to guide the development of future conservation measures in fisheries management.     

Long-term stock assessment and growth changes of the Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the Sea of Japan and East China Sea from 1953 to 2006

We estimated the stock size of Japanese sardine ( Sardinops melanostictus ) in the Sea of Japan and East China Sea since 1953 using cohort analysis based on the changes of growth patterns. Growth of Japanese sardine, estimated by using annual rings on archived scales since 1961, showed that body lengths were extremely stunted in the 1980–1987 year-classes. The body length at age 3 from February to April in the 1980–1987 year-classes, a period when the stock size exceeded 4 million tons, was 180.0 ± 2.6 mm (mean ± SD), and in the other year-classes was 195.1 ± 7.6 mm. The body length at age 3 and wet weight of zooplankton in August in the offshore area of the Sea of Japan had a significantly positive correlation. We assumed three scenarios for maturation ratios, and estimated Ricker's spawner–recruitment relationships. We analyzed the correlations between logarithmic recruitment residuals (LNRR) and environmental factors in winter, represented by the North Pacific index (NPI), Aleutian low pressure index (ALPI), Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), monsoon index (MOI), Arctic oscillation (AO) and Southern oscillation index (SOI). Significant correlations were observed between MOI and LNRR and between AO and LNRR. A combination of strong MOI and weak AO would increase the biomass of phytoplankton and zooplankton and subsequently increase the recruitment of Japanese sardine.     

Growth and biometric relationships of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) on transplanting from the Gulf of Mannar to the Arabian Sea

Comparative studies were made on the growth and biometric relationships of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) Tuticorin stock at (Tuticorin (TST) – parent stock) transplanted from the Tuticorin Bay (8.7°N; 78.2°E) in the Gulf of Mannar along the Indian southeast coast to Kollam Bay (8.8°N; 76.5°E) in the Arabian Sea along the Indian southwest coast (Tuticorin stock at Kollam (TSK) – transplanted stock). At the time of transplantation, Kollam Bay did not have a native stock, however, within a year, the transplanted stock spawned and oyster spats were collected from within the farm (Kollam stock (KS) – progeny stock). The growth in dorso‐ventral measurement and total weight in Kollam Bay was 1.4–1.6 times and 3.1 to 6.8 times respectively greater than that observed at Tuticorin. Furthermore, at Kollam Bay, the thickness observed at the end of first year was similar to that obtained at the end of second year in Tuticorin. Both the TSK and KS had significantly higher instantaneous growth rates (IGR) than TST. All the stocks displayed significantly different biometric relationships. The increased growth in Kollam Bay is attributed to the almost double productivity in the Arabian Sea compared with the Bay of Bengal. It is concluded that in the case of P. fucata, the site and its interaction with environment are important determinants of growth and shell dimensions. The present study clearly indicates that the environmental conditions prevailing along the southeast Arabian Sea are congenial for the growth, gametogenesis, spawning and settlement of P. fucata larvae. In spite of strong monsoonal influences in the hydrology of Kollam Bay, the growth and reproduction of P. fucata stocks indicates its relative hardiness and ability to adapt to a changed environment.