近35年中国耕地集约度时空变化特征分析

为对比分析全国各地区耕地集约利用时空变化特征,探索耕地集约度变化关键节点,利用1985—2016年省际面板数据,构建包含17项指标的耕地集约利用评价指标体系。基于主成分分析法综合评价各研究区域耕地集约利用水平,运用动态变化模型分析耕地集约度变化差异。结果表明:(1)在国家尺度上,耕地集约度总体表现为"缓慢上升—迅速增加"的趋势;(2)在区域尺度上,耕地集约利用水平具有明显的分异特征,东部地区耕地集约度最高,中部地区次之,东北、西南和西北地区集约利用水平有待提升;(3)在省域尺度上,耕地集约度受自然地理条件和经济发展状况影响较大,区域差异明显;(4)随着耕地集约度增速变缓、生产要素集约度降低和国家政策调整,"产量—生态"平衡下的可持续集约化将是耕地利用的发展方向。因此,未来应关注耕地集约利用的生态环境效益及风险,更好地促进耕地可持续集约利用。     

湖北省耕地利用效率的区域差异及提升对策

[目的]分析湖北省各县耕地利用效率的区域差异并探寻各研究单元(DMU)的优化空间,提出区域差别化的耕地利用效率提升对策。[方法]使用湖北省78个县域研究单元1987—2012年的耕地投入产出面板数据,构建CCR模型和超效率数据包络分析(DEA)模型。[结果]至2012年,湖北省县域单元耕地利用效率逐年下降,存在投入要素的冗余。(1)该省95%的单元化肥投入存在0%~87%的冗余率;(2)鄂西山区和鄂东南丘陵地区劳动力冗余率分别达到42%和52%;(3)农业机械投入同样在江汉平原与鄂西山区、鄂东南丘陵地区出现显著冗余,分别达到37%,45%和54%。[结论](1)该区域需减少化肥施用量;(2)鄂西山区和鄂东南丘陵地区应着力采取推动劳动力转移的政策以释放剩余农业劳动力;(3)鄂西山区和鄂东南丘陵地区应适当控制农业机械的投入,而适宜推广规模化种植的江汉平原可通过提高管理效率以提升农用机械利用效率,减少冗余。     

基于能值理论的中国耕地利用集约度时空变化分析

为揭示1990-2011年中国耕地利用集约度的时空变化特征,采用能值理论的研究方法,将耕地利用集约度分解为生产要素集约度和复种指数2个指标的乘积,剖析了中国农业机械、化肥、农药、农膜、劳动力等五大生产要素集约度和复种指数的时空变化规律。结果表明:1990-2011年,包括农业机械、化肥、农药和农膜4种生产要素的工业辅助能集约度呈线性增长趋势,而劳动集约度则呈现显著的线性下降趋势,1996年工业辅助能集约度在生产要素集约度中所占比例首次超过50%,表明20世纪90年代中期中国开始进入现代农业发展阶段;期间复种指数增长率为0.1794,其对于耕地利用集约度的提高起到了关键性作用;1996年劳动集约度高的主要是处于传统农业生产阶段中的西部农业省份,而工业辅助能集约度高的大都是初步或基本进入现代农业发展阶段的经济发展水平高或工业基础好的省份;1996-2008年,沿海经济发达区、西部地区和部分粮食主产区劳动集约度下降幅度较大而工业辅助能集约度上升幅度大;1996-2008年,复种指数下降是导致南方水稻主产区耕地利用集约度下降的主要原因,而绝大多数北方地区耕地利用集约度增长也主要是由于复种指数的增长。     

粮食主产区耕地集约利用及障碍因素诊断

耕地是土地的精华,其集约利用关系着国家粮食安全及经济社会的可持续发展。以河南省为研究对象,从投入强度、利用程度、产出效果和持续状态等方面构建耕地集约利用评价指标体系。采用突变级数模型和熵权系数法定量分析1996—2008年河南省耕地集约利用状况,并诊断耕地集约利用的障碍因素。研究表明:(1)1996—2008年河南省耕地集约利用度总体呈上升趋势,但受自然灾害影响,2002—2004年出现小幅波动;(2)1996—2008年河南省耕地的投入强度、利用强度、产出效果、持续状态等均总体呈增加态势;(3)河南省耕地集约利用的主要障碍因素是地均农电投入、地均农机动力、地均利润、城镇化水平等,因而政府应继续加大农业基础设施投入力度,提高农民积极性,增强农业抗灾能力。     

大渡河上游河谷与半山区耕地利用集约度及影响因素的对比分析

集约度变化是土地利用变化研究的核心问题,而目前对西部地区耕地利用集约度特征及原因解释的研究较少。该文采取参与式农村评估法（participatory rural appraisal,PRA）,以大渡河上游典型河谷与半山区为例,共调查农户357户,通过Tobit和OLS估计方法,定量对比分析了河谷与半山区耕地利用集约度及其影响因素。研究表明：河谷区和半山区在耕地利用集约度上存在显著差异。无论是资本集约度还是劳动集约度,河谷区均高于半山区。影响河谷与半山区耕地利用集约度差异的因素有承包耕地面积、人均实际耕地面积、家庭固定资产、离集镇的距离、二三产业收入、农业劳动力、年需换工数量、人情往来支出等。耕地资源禀赋和农业劳动力数量是导致集约度差异的关键因素,农业生产条件或环境和家庭收入水平对其有重要影响。     

辽宁省耕地利用可持续集约化水平及其影响因素

  目的  耕地利用可持续集约化是缓解粮食安全问题、减轻环境压力的可行模式,为明晰粮食主产区辽宁省耕地利用的可持续集约化现状和潜力,开展水平测度及影响因素的探究。  方法  创新性地采用超效率SBM模型测度2000 ~ 2019年辽宁省耕地利用可持续集约度,并运用Tobit模型探究影响因子。  结果  ① 2000 ~ 2019年,耕地利用的可持续集约度波动特征明显,整体略有增加,耕地单产和灌溉废水量对可持续集约度的影响较大。② 规模效率相较于纯技术效率对可持续集约度的影响更显著,规模效益也一直处于递增状态,增加人力、物力等要素投入会在较长时间内对可持续集约度有显著地提升作用。③ 农村劳动力高中及以上文化水平、种植结构以及农业收入占农村常住居民人均可支配收入比例对耕地利用的可持续集约度有显著正向影响,耕地受灾率有显著负向影响。  结论  科学提升耕地单位产量、有效管控灌溉用水量对于辽宁省耕地利用可持续集约化水平的提升有明显作用,增加化肥、农药、地膜等物质投入的有效利用率、建立农业应急防护体系是助推可持续集约化的有效途径。     

河南省耕地集约利用时空变化特征研究

耕地集约利用水平影响着国家粮食安全及区域的可持续发展,以河南省18个地级市为评价单元,采用最优组合赋权法、协调度评价模型、聚类分析法、GIS空间分析方法定量分析了1989—2008年间河南省耕地集约利用水平的时空变化特征。结果表明:1989—2008年间河南省耕地集约利用水平呈波动上升的趋势,其耕地投入强度和利用效益对耕地集约利用水平影响较大;省域范围内耕地集约利用水平空间差异显著,呈现4级分布,河南北部、东部、南部地区耕地集约利用水平较高,中部次之,西部相对较低;区域间投入强度、利用程度和利用效益差异明显,且出现错位发展。1989—2008年间河南省耕地集约利用水平逐步提高,平原地区的耕地集约利用水平高于山地丘陵地区,且向山地丘陵地区不断扩展,评价结果与现实情况基本一致。     

中国耕地利用强度分化特征及影响因素研究

中国耕地利用正在发生转型,呈现耕地集约化与边际化同时存在的现象,而这种双向变化会引起耕地利用强度发生分化。因此,在对耕地利用强度分化过程进行理论解释的基础上,通过修正变异系数构建区域耕地利用强度分化测度模型,测度中国2000-2014年耕地利用强度分化演变特征及区域差异影响因素。研究结果表明：全国及区域尺度耕地利用强度分化时间上基本呈扩张趋势,仅中部地区呈收缩特征,空间上呈"中部低,四周高"的分布特征;省域尺度耕地利用强度分化特征在时间上表现为大部分省份分化扩张,少部分省份收缩,而在空间上省域耕地利用分化程度弱于全国与区域尺度分化程度,省际之间耕地利用强度分化差异显著;农药化肥要素投入分化扩张特征更明显,其均衡性发展有助于区域耕地利用强度的提高;省域尺度耕地利用强度分化区域差异主要受耕地流转、劳均耕地规模等经营管理因素的影响,受耕地质量、地形起伏等自然条件影响相对较弱,同时,社会经济状况因子的作用效应较耕地经营状况和自然基础状况空间分异特征更明显。基于研究结果该文认为一方面需加强农业基础设施建设和农药化肥等生物化学投入管控,另一方面应不断完善土地市场、培育多种经营主体,整合农业生产要素,提高农民收入水平。     

武汉城市圈耕地集约利用时空分异特征

为加强对武汉城市圈耕地集约利用时空变化规律的认识,该文从投入强度、利用程度和产出效益3个方面构建了包含10项指标的耕地集约利用评价指标体系;以县级单元作为基本分析尺度,运用全局主成分分析方法,对划分的35个评价单元2002－2009年间的耕地集约利用水平进行综合评价,分析武汉城市圈耕地集约利用的时空分异特征。结果表明：2002－2009年,随着资本投入和科技投入的波动性增长,武汉城市圈耕地集约水平呈现出"稳定上升-平稳发展-阶段下降-迅速上升"的变化过程,平均分值由58.40提高至61.62,整体保持了增长态势;受区域地貌特征、耕作条件的影响,武汉城市圈各地区耕地集约利用水平差异显著,集约度较高的区域主要分布于东西沿江平原一线,南北丘陵山区耕地集约度较低,总体呈现"中间高、两翼低"的空间分异格局;但随着城市圈整体集约度的提高,各地区间耕地利用集约度的差异正在逐步缩小并趋于稳定;研究期内,各地区耕地集约度变化呈现明显的空间分异特征,多数地区耕地集约度变化呈现波动上升趋势,但城市圈中心武汉市区及其周边部分地区,由于耕地产值的大幅下降,耕地集约度有所下降。该文为武汉城市圈耕地集约利用水平的提高提供了科学依据。     

浙江省耕地利用集约度时空变化及其影响因素

以浙江省为例,利用2002-2011年浙江省及2012年各市土地利用变更数据和社会经济发展数据,从耕地投入强度、耕地产出、耕地利用程度及耕地可持续状况4个角度出发,选取12项评价因子构成耕地利用集约度评价体系,运用功效系数法对浙江省耕地利用集约状况从横向和纵向两个方面进行了综合评价,并对浙江省耕地集约利用影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,浙江省耕地利用集约度水平时序变化明显,近10 a来呈现波动性增长;耕地利用集约度区域差异性明显,呈现北高南低的态势;其中社会经济发展水平、农业发展水平及政策性因素是引起耕地利用集约度变化的主要因素。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.