大连市复州河流域2011年水质评价

复州河发源于普兰店市同益乡老帽山南麓,干流全长137 km,干流上有大型水库2座,中型水库1座,支流上有中型水库2座,瓦房店市城镇生活及工农业用水主要来自该河。通过对大连市复州河流域2011年的水质监测资料进行评价,了解复州河流域主要水功能区监测断面的水质状况,为该流域的水功能区水质达标提供了理论依据,并提出了合理建议。     

吕梁市三川河水质分析评价

采用单因子评价法和综合污染指数法,对三川河四个水质监测断面2015-2019年水质情况进行了分析.结果表明:三川河上游河段水质较好,均达到了 Ⅲ类及以上;中下游河段水质较差,水体水质多为劣V类,水体污染严重.从污染指数年际变化分析可知,水体水质总体上呈明显好转趋势.     

漕桥河小流域平原河网地区水环境污染分析

作为太湖主要入湖河流的漕桥河流域,地势平缓,河浜密布,是典型小流域平原河网地区。该文通过对流域内污染物来源和污染物特征进行了源解析,得出如下规律：化学需氧量（COD）主要来源于农村生活污染和工业污染;总氮（TN）主要来源于农业种植业和干湿沉降;NH4-N来源于干湿沉降、农业种植业、工业污染和农村生活污染;总磷（TP）主要来源于种植业和城镇生活污染。4个常规监测断面水质污染指标评价结果表明：丰水期河网地区水质可达到国标Ⅳ类水质标准,平水期、枯水期的水质为劣Ⅴ类;来自武宜运河的客水主要影响上游地区水质,来自太滆运河的客水主要影响下游地区水质。37条主要河浜的等标污染负荷排序结果为：总氮（TN）对漕桥河污染负荷最大,其次为NH4-N。该研究对于漕桥河流域河网水利整治与水环境生态修复规划有一定的指导作用,对中国南方河网地区的水利整治有一定的借鉴参考价值。     

汾河运城段河流水质评价

基于长期的水质监测数据,应用水质标识指数法,对汾河运城段2005—2009年的水质进行了评价,得出了新绛站监测断面和河津大桥监测断面的地表水环境质量级别。结果表明,该河段COD,BOD5和氨氮这3项因子超标严重,且氨氮的污染指数最大,不能满足相应的水环境功能要求,水质不能达到地表水环境质量标准。总体来看,须对汾河运城段的COD,BOD5和氨氮等污染物加以严格控制。研究结果可为运城市地表水资源规划、管理与保护提供科学依据。     

基于综合水质标识指数法的大凌河中游水体污染季节性变化特征研究

为了对大凌河中游水体污染季节性变化特征进行评价,在大凌河中游段设置10个水质监测断面。基于不同时期(丰、平、枯)氨氮、pH、电导率、总氮、总磷的水质断面监测数据,应用综合水质标识指数法,对大凌河中游水体污染季节性变化特征进行评价,并识别主要污染源。此外结合上、下断面监测数据对大凌河中游水体污染沿程变化进行分析。结果表明:丰水期,大凌河中游水体总体评价为II类水标准,轻度污染,在枯水期,水体呈现中度污染,总体达到III类水质标准,但水体pH全年可稳定在6.12~7.49,对水生生物的生长较为适宜;生活污染排放是大凌河中游主要污染源,主要污染指标为氨氮;从上游到下游监测断面,水体沿程污染指数逐步加重。     

浑太河流域水环境质量综合分析与评价

以浑太河流域为研究对象,选取流域88个监测站点,在2009,2010,2012年对河流高锰酸盐指数、总氮、氨氮、总磷等9项指标进行监测,并对河流水质的时空异质性进行了分析。选择高锰酸盐指数、总氮、氨氮和总磷作为主要评价因子,采用单因子和综合水质标识指数法对该地区主要河流水污染特征进行分析及评价。结果表明,水质因子具有明显的时空异质性。单因子评价结果表明,非汛期总氮和氨氮为主要污染物,汛期总磷和总氮为主要污染物,非汛期的水质状况较汛期好,说明非点源是造成其污染的主要原因。河流水质综合评价中,小汤河上游、太子河南支、太子河北支所有点位的水质评价结果均为最好。所有站点中,海城河的支流（五道里河、运梁河、南沙河下游）区域的水质最差,达到劣Ⅴ类水质,且出现黑臭现象。研究结果对指导浑太河流域水污染防治及水资源管理具有重要意义。     

沱江流域地表水水质的模糊综合评价

沱江是长江上游的一个重要支流,其水质安全对维持成都平原及周边地区正常的生产生活起着至关重要的作用。采用模糊综合评价的方法,对沱江流域15个地表水监测断面的水质状况进行了综合评价,结果表明：在15个监测断面中,处于清洁状态的有6个,占40%;处于未污染的有4个,约占26.7%;处于轻污染和中污染的各有1个,分别约占6.7%;处于重污染的有3个,占20%。处于清洁和未污染的断面主要位于沱江流域的中游,其水质状况较好;处于中污染和重污染的断面主要位于沱江流域的上游和下游,水质状况较差。需要加强流域综合治理尤其是对沱江上游和下游的治理,以确保沱江流域的水质安全。     

基于综合评价法的天津市主要排污河流水质评价

为了研究天津市主要排污河流的水质污染情况,利用综合评价法对天津市的5条主要排污河流：津河、南运河、海河、北运河、子牙河2009年12个月的水质监测数据进行了监测和评价。结果表明：从单项污染指数来看,海河的污染指数总磷〉氨氮〉总氮〉化学需氧量〉氟化物〉1,说明海河的富营养化比较严重;海河的综合污染指数为12.15最高,津河和南运河的综合污染指数较低分别为2.76和2.37;污染分担率方面看,海河的总氮污染分担率也较高,达到了16.62%。最终水质污染程度（P）分析表明,海河P〉0.5属于中度污染,其他4条河流P〈0.5属于轻度污染。     

巢湖典型支流柘皋河水质污染时空变化特征

通过沿河实地调查和在河流出口断面的月取样监测,探讨巢湖典型支流柘皋河水质时空变化特征及污染来源。结果表明：柘皋河上游河段水质较好,属于Ⅱ～Ⅲ类水质,但也达到了富营养化水平,营养盐主要来自附近农田;中部柘皋镇段污染严重,水质属于Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类,达到重度富营养化水平,该河段及其下游河段的水生生态系统受到极大影响,污染主要来源为柘皋镇未处理生活污水的直接排放;中下游支流及下游河段水质属于Ⅲ～Ⅴ类,富营养化比较严重,水质既受上游影响,也与下游农业、生活和河道内污染来源有关。柘皋河河口处水质有明显的季节变化特征,硝态氮冬春季高于夏季,而总磷则相反,即夏季高于冬春季。磷是水体富营养化最重要的限制性元素,在夏季普遍达到了富营养化水平。柘皋河污染来源是混合型的,且有累积性特征,应采取综合手段对其污染进行防治,才能逐渐恢复柘皋河生态和环境功能,并减少污染物向巢湖的输送。     

淮河上游水质污染特征及其综合评价

为明确淮河上游水质污染特征及其综合评价,取淮河上游流域4个监测断面(南阳、信阳、阜阳、六安)开展了2006—2016年丰水期(7月份)、平水期(10月份)、枯水期(1月份)的水质时空分析,并借助单因子水质标识指数法和多元统计分析方法识别水质污染特征,并对其进行了综合评价,为淮河上游流域管理提供一定的理论依据。结果表明:(1)淮河上游六安污染最严重,其枯水期的氨氮(NH+4-N)值和丰水期、平水期的粪大肠菌群均超出水环境功能区要求。其余各监测断面水质指标值均达到水环境功能区目标,化学耗氧量(CODCr)、生物耗氧量(BOD5)、硫化物和挥发酚污染最轻且水质指标优于水环境功能区的要求。(2)淮河上游流域水质状况在不同水期表现结果相差不明显,说明水期变化对水质指标影响较小。针对丰水期进行了污染源解析,发现主要污染物有高锰酸盐指数、粪大肠菌群、BOD5和CODCr。(3)针对不同的污染源,建议对淮河上游流域实行不同的监督管理制度,全面发展高效生态农业,调整农业产业结构,降低农业化肥、农药的使用量,有效降低农业面源对淮河水环境恶化的风险,制定严格的排污标准。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.