雅鲁藏布江流域潜在蒸散发的气候敏感性及其变化的主导因子分析

潜在蒸散发敏感性分析是研究水资源对气候变化响应的基础内容之一。基于气象站点的观测资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式计算雅鲁藏布江流域1961—2012年逐日的潜在蒸散发,并分析其时空分布特征;在此基础上,分析潜在蒸散发对4个气象因子(平均气温、风速、太阳辐射、相对湿度)的敏感程度及各气象因子的贡献率,识别出雅鲁藏布江流域潜在蒸散发的敏感因子和主导因子。结果表明:(1) 1961—2012年,雅鲁藏布江流域的潜在蒸散发呈现显著增加趋势,增幅为8.81 mm/10 a;年潜在蒸散发空间分布表现为中游河谷地区高于其他地区;(2)对于雅鲁藏布江流域大部分区域,潜在蒸散发量对气候因子的敏感性排序为:太阳辐射平均气温相对湿度风速,各气象因子的贡献率从高到低为:平均气温风速相对湿度太阳辐射。总体而言,雅鲁藏布江流域潜在蒸散发对太阳辐射最为敏感,而平均气温是1961—2012年间潜在蒸散发变化的主导因子。     

1960-2011年河西走廊地表干湿状况的时空变化及影响因素

[目的]为了探讨河西走廊地区地表干湿状况对气候变化的响应。[方法]利用河西走廊地区14个气象站1960—2011年逐日气象数据,基于FAO推荐的Penman—Monteith模型计算河西走廊各气象站的参考蒸散量和湿润指数,采用Sen’s斜率和Mann—Kendall趋势检验方法,分析河西地区地表干湿的时空变化特征,探讨影响湿润指数变化的主导因子。[结果]河西走廊地表多年平均干湿指数为0.00~0.56,且52a来河西走廊湿润指数整体呈增加趋势;湿润指数的变化具有明显地域性差异。各季节湿润指数亦整体呈增加趋势,以冬季增幅最大,秋、春次之,而夏季变化最小。[结论]河西走廊地区气候属于干旱,52a来湿润指数略有增大,其主要原因是降水的增加和风速的减小。     

黄河上游参考作物蒸散量变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

研究参考作物蒸散量对气候变化的响应对于辨析气候要素对蒸散发的影响具有重要意义。该文在验证FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith(P-M)方法在黄河上游地区适用性的基础上,分析了10个气象站点近50a来参考作物蒸散量的变化特征,计算了参考作物蒸散量对4种气候要素的敏感系数及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:FAOP-M方法在研究区域具有较强的适用性;参考作物蒸散量随海拔升高而减少,主要集中在生长季的3-10月。高海拔站点参考作物蒸散量年值多呈显著增加趋势,低海拔则明显减少,且变化过程不同。气温和风速敏感系数的年内变化分别呈显著的波峰型和波谷型,日照时数的变化不明显,相对湿度的敏感性呈生长季略有增加趋势;年际变化方面,气温的敏感系数呈显著增加趋势,低海拔地区相对湿度的敏感系数呈显著增加趋势。气温、日照时数的增加和相对湿度的降低导致了高海拔站点参考作物蒸散量的增加,高海拔地区的蒸散发主要受气温、日照时数等能量制约;低海拔站点参考作物蒸散量的减少主要受日照时数和风速减小、相对湿度提高的影响,水分条件的限制更显著。该研究对于结合未来气候变化趋势开展黄河上游地区生态管理,促进生态系统的良性发展,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。     

泾河上游流域实际蒸散发变化趋势及成因分析

利用泾河上游流域1973—2012年的径流和蒸发皿观测资料,验证了该区域蒸散发量存在互补关系;在此基础上,利用区域内1966—2012年的气象资料,采用蒸散发互补关系模型估算区域实际蒸散发量,并进一步分析实际蒸散发的变化趋势及成因。结果表明,泾河上游流域蒸散发互补关系显著,平流—干旱模型计算该区域1966—2012年多年平均实际蒸散发量为529.4mm,总体呈减少趋势,变化率为-4.64mm/(10a)。季节变化上,春、夏、秋季的实际蒸散发量均呈下降趋势,其中夏季实际蒸散发量下降趋势显著,冬季蒸散发略有上升。通过分析实际蒸散发与气象因子的相关关系以及各气象因子变化趋势可知,研究区实际蒸散发的变化与降水、相对湿度和日照时数呈正相关关系,而与风速的变化呈负相关,该区域年实际蒸散发减少的主要原因可能是由于日照时数减少导致太阳辐射能量下降及降水量减少使可供蒸发的水量减少。     

海河流域不同地貌气候变化时空分析

近百年来,全球气候变暖显著,潜在改变了区域水循环。过去50 a,海河流域气温增温明显,水分亏缺严重,影响了社会、经济的发展。为了探究海河流域气候时空变化特征,考虑了流域地貌差异性,将海河流域划分为山区、丘陵、平原3个区域进行研究。选用1958—2011年34个站点的8种气象要素资料,采用线性趋势法分析要素年际趋势;用M-K进行趋势显著性检验;用P-M公式计算流域潜在蒸散发并用Spearman法分析气象要素与潜在蒸散发之间的相关性,以探求海河流域子区域的时空变化规律和改变区域水循环的主要驱动力。分析结果显示,海河流域气候变化明显,气象要素时空变化具有显著的地带性、季节性和年际性特征。气温先下降后上升,山区升温速度较丘陵、平原快;流域降水呈整体下降,平原地区降水量降幅较山区、丘陵大;平均风速、日照时数、相对湿度均呈明显下降趋势;海河流域潜在蒸散发与相对湿度呈负相关,与日较差呈正相关。     

重庆市参考作物蒸散量及湿润指数变化研究

利用1960—2008年重庆市34个气象站点的逐日降水、气温、气压、空气相对湿度、日照时数等气象要素资料,采用FAO推荐的彭曼—孟蒂斯公式,以日为单位,计算出各站点近49 a的参考作物蒸散量和湿润指数;采用线性趋势法、ArcGIS反距离权重空间插值法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法和相关分析法等方法,分析了1960—2008年重庆市的参考作物蒸散量和湿润指数的时空分布和变化趋势。结果表明:（1）重庆市年均参考作物蒸散量的空间分布差异显著,表现为由渝东南地区向渝东北地区和渝中西部地区增加的趋势。时间上,1960—2008年总体呈现下降趋势,但有阶段性的差异;（2）年均湿润指数空间分布差异较大,以渝东南的酉阳湿润指数最高,并由渝东南地区向渝东北地区和渝中西部地区递减。年均湿润指数时间分布总体呈现上升趋势,但阶段性有差异,突变年为1979年;（3）重庆市地表湿润指数与降水量、相对湿度呈现显著的正相关关系,与平均气温、最高气温、平均风速、日照时数以及参考作物蒸散量呈负相关。     

柴达木盆地地表湿润特征及气候因子影响分析

基于Penman-Monteith模型计算出的潜在蒸散量得出柴达木盆地各站点的湿润指数,运用Sen趋势,Mann-Kendall检验,EOF模型分析了34 a湿润指数的时空变化趋势,运用偏相关分析方法讨论了影响地表湿润程度变化的气候因子。结果表明:从时间变化来看,34 a间柴达木盆地地表湿润指数表现为增加趋势,倾向率为0.00097 a^-1,并在1987年前后发生突变。从空间变化来看,主要表现为由东向西逐渐递减。异常空间分布模态主要分为“东西空间差异”和“南北反向差异”两个类型,且这两种分布型呈上升趋势。湿润指数与降水量、相对湿度、日照时数呈正偏相关,与平均气温、平均风速呈显著负偏相关。降水量和相对湿度是影响湿润指数上升最显著的因素。     

1964-2017年山西省潜在蒸发量时空变化及其影响因素分析

采用Penman-Monteith模型计算出山西省潜在蒸发量,运用小波分析、Mann-Kendall非参数检验和地统计等方法分析了山西省潜在蒸发量的时空分布特征,并且利用主成分分析法分析了其影响因素。结果表明:（1）山西省多年平均潜在蒸发量为1 148.6 mm,存在以27 a为主周期和9 a,45 a左右为次周期的周期变化;（2）山西省多年平均潜在蒸发量空间分布特征表现为由中部向南北两边递减,北部地区潜在蒸发量低于南部地区,地势低的地方潜在蒸发量较高;（3）山西省潜在蒸发量西北部和东南部呈现下降趋势,东北部及西南部呈增加趋势,东北部增加趋势尤为显著;（4）平均水气压和相对湿度是影响山西省潜在蒸发量的主导因素,潜在蒸发量与平均水气压、相对湿度和海拔高度呈负相关,与温度、风速、日照时数及纬度呈正相关。     

基于MODIS16的新疆干湿气候时空变化及影响因素

为研究新疆地区的蒸散发及湿润指数分布与变化情况,采用新疆52个气象站点2000—2013年逐日地面观测资料和MOD16产品数据,从蒸散发、湿润指数两个方面利用一元线性回归、倾斜率、变异系数、Hurst指数、湿润指数等方法,综合分析了新疆地区近14年干湿状况的变化特征。结果表明:（1）全疆年均蒸散发值空间分布大多处于40～830 mm,ET高值区大多分布在伊犁河谷及额尔齐斯河谷附近,全疆各站点ET平均值变化范围为178.29～214.87 mm,年均ET为197.49 mm,PET平均值变化范围为1 297.12～1 447.48 mm,年均PET为1 374.39 mm;（2）全疆ET倾斜率分布主要呈轻微减少趋势;（3）整体来看近14年新疆气候趋于湿润的变化趋势,各气象因子中,降水和相对湿度与湿润指数呈显著正相关,气温与湿润指数呈显著负相关。     

疏勒河流域潜在蒸散发时空演变及驱动因素量化分析

为了探明潜在蒸散发(ET₀)时空演变规律及其与气象因素间的复杂交互作用关系,揭示水循环过程对气候变化响应机制,基于疏勒河流域10个气象站点1984—2019年逐日资料,采用聚类分析、灰色关联度分析、通径分析、敏感系数法等多种定性定量分析方法,确定主导驱动因素以及ET₀变化对主导因子敏感程度及贡献大小。结果表明:ET₀年际变化上升趋势显著,空间上由东南向西北逐渐增加。ET₀季节排序为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,四季空间分布由东南向西北逐渐递增。聚类分析及灰色关联度分析显示T(日平均温度)、RH(平均相对湿度)、P(降水量)、n(日照时间)、u(风速)为5个关键因素,通径分析表明T是最主要因素,P作用最小。对ET₀变化,T,n,u起正向促进作用,RH起反向抑制作用,贡献率分别为7.96%,0.29%,3.14%,2.29%。ET₀呈现增大趋势,是由于RH多年减少和T升高、n增加、u增大等共同作用结果,T升高是造成ET₀增加的主要原因。探究疏勒河流域ET₀变化机理为河西干旱内陆河地区ET₀研究的方法理论及水资源合理、高效利用提供科学参考依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.