奶牛瘤胃中反刍兽月形单胞菌的分离鉴定

采用厌氧分离技术从奶牛瘤胃中分离出1株细菌,通过对其形态、培养特性、生理生化特性、16SrRNA基因序列测定与同源性分析等研究,确定分离菌株为反刍兽月形单胞菌（Selenomonas ruminantium）,为进一步研究其对瘤胃发酵的影响奠定了基础。     

不同酵母培养物对绵羊瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响

为验证不同类型及比例的酵母培养物(YC)对绵羊瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响。采用全因子试验设计,在发酵底物条件下分别添加不同类型及比例的YC,一个对照组、4个试验组,测定体外发酵参数浓度;发现YC-3能极显著降低培养液pH和丙酸浓度,显著增加异丁酸浓度和乙丙比。在体外条件下添加1%、2%YC均能显著增加培养液中乙酸浓度,添加4%YC能极显著降低异戊酸的浓度。YC不同来源和不同水平影响绵羊瘤胃体外发酵pH、丙酸及乙丙比等发酵参数,用于指导畜牧生产实际。     

酿洒酵母对反刍月形单胞菌利用乳酸的影响

试验所选用的瘤胃菌为反刍月形单胞菌，它是革兰阴性乳酸发酵菌。是瘤胃内的一种优势菌，在瘤胃菌群中可达到51％以上。是参与瘤胃发酵的重要瘤胃微生物之一，并对反刍动物生糖先质丙酸的生成起到重要作用。研究目的是评定YEA—SACC对反刍月形单胞菌在乳酸中的生长及其对乳酸吸收的影响。     

高精料条件下酵母培养物对混合瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响

采用山羊瘤胃液的体外批次培养研究了酵母培养物对混合瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响。发酵底物精粗比为7:3,酵母培养物添加量为0、0.75 g/L1、.5 g/L2、.25 g/L。结果表明,发酵各时间点,各处理组的pH值较对照组均显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,发酵24 h、36 h4、8 h时,各处理组氨氮浓度显著降低(P<0.05),2.25 g/L处理组的TVFA浓度显著升高(P<0.05)。各时间点,三个处理组的乙酸浓度与对照组相比差异均不显著,而发酵24 h4、8 h时,三个处理组的丙酸浓度均高于对照组(P<0.05)。发酵24 h、48 h时,1.50 g/L处理组的乙丙比较对照组显著降低(P<0.05)。在整个发酵期内,1.50 g/L、2.25 g/L处理组的累积产气量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各组干物质消失率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果显示,酵母培养物能够显著提高瘤胃VFA浓度,降低乙酸/丙酸比例,改变瘤胃发酵类型。     

高精料条件下酵母培养物对混合瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响

采用山羊瘤胃液的体外批次培养研究了酵母培养物对混合瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响。发酵底物精粗比为7：3,酵母培养物添加量为0、0．75g／L、1．5g／L、2．25g／L。结果表明,发酵各时间点,各处理组的pH值较对照组均显著降低（P〈0．05）。与对照组相比,发酵24h、36h、48h时,各处理组氨氮浓度显著降低（P〈0．05）,2．25g／L处理组的TVFA浓度显著升高（P〈0．05）。各时间点,三个处理组的乙酸浓度与对照组相比差异均不显著,而发酵24h、48h时,三个处理组的丙酸浓度均高于对照组（P〈0．05）。发酵24h、48h时,1．50g／L处理组的乙丙比较对照组显著降低（P〈0．05）。在整个发酵期内,1．50g／L、2．25g／L处理组的累积产气量均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,各组干物质消失率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结果显示,酵母培养物能够显著提高瘤胃VFA浓度,降低乙酸／丙酸比例,改变瘤胃发酵类型。     

用体内,体外法研究纤维酶,酵母培养物对瘤胃发酵的影响

用２个试验研究添加酵母培养物（ＹＣ）商品用纤维素酶（ＣＥ）对稻草型日粮在瘤胃内发酵的影响,试验１采用人工瘤胃模拟装置,基础日粮相同,试验组分别添加ＹＣ１ｇ／ｄＣＥ１．４ｇ／ｄ,ＹＣ,ＣＥ能增加发酵程度,使ｐＨ值有所下降（Ｐ〉０．０５）,ＹＣ使发酵体系中ＮＨ３－Ｎ的平均含量提高５４．３１％（Ｐ〈０．０１）,使总Ｎ平均含量提高２３．７０％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;ＹＣ,ＣＥ对发酵系统中微生物蛋白（ＭＣＰ）日粮     

酵母培养物对绒山羊体外瘤胃发酵的影响

选择3只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊羯羊作为瘤胃液供体,通过体外批次培养技术进行酵母培养物添加量的筛选试验。分别以0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%和3.0%水平在以玉米-豆粕-青干草型日粮为底物的培养液中添加酵母培养物,在6、9、12、15、18、21h和24h7个培养时间点测定培养液产气量、pH值、NH3-N浓度、挥发性脂肪酸和菌体蛋白浓度,并应用多项指标综合指数(MFAEI)进行评定。结果表明:在日粮精粗比为2∶8的底物中添加2.0%的酵母培养物比较适宜。     

高精料日粮条件下酵母培养物对瘤胃细菌体外发酵的影响

本试验研究添加不同活性和不同浓度的酵母培养物在高精料日粮的发酵体系中对混合瘤胃细菌发酵的影响.采用二因子设计,进行体外厌氧发酵,发酵结束采集样品,测定乳酸、挥发性脂肪酸及酶活浓度.结果表明,发酵24 h后各处理pH均随着酵母培养物添加量的增加而升高.活性组各处理乳酸浓度均显著低于灭活组(P<0.05),灭活组与活性组中各处理之间淀粉酶酶活均差异显著(P<0.05),且各处理均随着酵母培养物添加量的增加而逐渐降低.活性组中各处理乙丙比均显著低于灭活组,而TVFA浓度均显著高于灭活组(P<0.05),发酵系统中NH3-N浓度均随着酵母培养物添加量的增加而逐渐降低.结果提示,在高精料日粮条件下添加酵母培养物可改善瘤胃环境,改变瘤胃发酵类型.     

反刍兽瘤胃臌气及其防治

瘤胃臌气是反刍类家畜临床上常见的一种病,它是牛（羊）吃了大量容易发酵的饲草料,在瘤胃内发酵,迅速产生并积聚大量气体,致使瘤胃内容积急剧增大,胃壁发生急性扩张,病畜呈现反刍和暖气困难的表现。     

反刍兽异嗜癖与瘤胃内环境的关系

反刍兽异嗜癖 ,是牛、羊、鹿等动物常发的一种现象 ,一般人们不认为是一种独立的疾病 ,但这种现象在牛、鹿发生非常普遍 ,尤其在豫西丘陵山区 ,牛的发生率可达 30 %以上 ,局部地区可达 80 %。鹿的异嗜发生率可达 90 %以上 ,有些鹿场可达 1 0 0 % ,严重影响着草食动物的发展。但     

Effect of supplementation of rice bran and fumarate alone or in combination on in vitro rumen fermentation,methanogenesis and methanogens

This study investigated the effect of fumarate (FUM) and rice bran (RB), alone and together, on in vitro rumen fermentation, methanogenesis and methanogens. In vitro incubation was performed with six media that were either unsupplemented (control) or supplemented with 10% RB, 5 mmol/L FUM, 10% RB + 5 mmol/L FUM, 10 mmol/L FUM, or 10% RB + 10 mmol/L FUM. Methane (CH₄) production, dry matter digestibility, CH₄ per digested dry matter, total short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, proportion of SCFA, acetate : proprionate ratio, production of NH₃‐N, and population density of rumen microbes were determined. Supplementation with 10% RB + 10 mmol/L FUM yielded a 36% decrease in CH₄ production compared to the control. Supplementation of FUM, in the presence or absence of RB, provided increases in total SCFA production and propionate proportion up to 61% and 31%, respectively. Total bacteria, methanogens and protozoa populations were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with the 10% RB + 10 mmol/L FUM supplementation. The effect of anti‐methanogenesis of FUM was enhanced by the addition of RB. Notably, the CH₄ production attenuation was achieved by 10% RB + 10 mmol/L FUM without reduction of digestibility or of ruminal fermentation.     

瘤/胃/反/刍/月/形/单/胞/菌/的/分/离/鉴/定

反刍月形单胞菌（Selenomonas ruminantium）是瘤胃内一种主要的乳酸发酵菌，约占瘤胃细菌总数的50％以上，研究表明，在反刍兽饲喂大量粗饲料时，主要通过该菌作用经琥珀酸脱羧途径生成丙酸嘲。反刍动物体内90％的葡萄糖是经肝糖异生供给的，其中生糖先质丙酸经肝糖异生生成的葡萄糖约占50％～60％。运用微生态理论，调控瘤胃微生物发酵产生丙酸的比例，可缓解和纠正围产期奶牛的能量负平衡，防治酮病、脂肪肝等能量代谢性疾病的发生。     

Synergistic fibrolysis in the rumen by cellulolytic Ruminococcus flavefaciens and non-cellulolytic Selenomonas ruminantium: Evidence in defined cultures

To investigate the rumen bacterial interaction between cellulolytic Ruminococcus flavefaciens and non‐cellulolytic Selenomonas ruminantium, fiber digestibility and fermentation products were determined in defined cultures consisting of these two species. Avicel, orchardgrass hay, rice straw and alfalfa hay were used as substrates for 72 h incubation to monitor digestibility, volatile fatty acids, succinate, lactate and bacterial number. In monoculture, R. flavefaciens digested the fiber sources at 21–32%, while S. ruminantium strains did not. When R. flavefaciens was cocultured with one of three different strains (GA192, S137 and S150) of S. ruminantium, fiber digestion exceeded the value recorded by R. flavefaciens alone. In particular, cocultures with S. ruminantium S137 showed significantly higher digestibility for all the fiber sources than R. flavefaciens alone (P < 0.05). Propionate production and growth of S. ruminantium was notable in all cocultures but not in monocultures. Succinate was accumulated in monoculture of R. flavefaciens, while the accumulation was not observed in cocultures. These results indicate that R. flavefaciens provides fiber hydrolysis products to S. ruminantium as growth substrates. In addition, S. ruminantium could activate R. flavefaciens by rapidly consuming the products. Such cross‐feeding between cellulolytic and non‐cellulolytic bacteria could enhance fiber digestion, although the extent of the enhancement may depend on strain combinations.     

Number of nitrate- and nitrite-reducing Selenomonas ruminantium in the rumen, and possible factors affecting its growth

The cell number of Selenomonas ruminantium (S. ruminantium) that reduces nitrate and nitrite in the rumen was usually 8–10% of the total number of S. ruminantium (an order of 10⁶/mL). The percentage was not affected by the roughage/concentrate ratio or nitrate content of the diet in 2 weeks. However, feeding a high‐nitrate diet for 12 weeks increased the percentage. The percentage of lactate‐using S. ruminantium, such as the ssp. lactilytica, was less than 1% of the total number of S. ruminantium. No S. ruminantium was found that used formate as an electron donor for nitrate and nitrite reduction. Lactate and H₂ appeared to be important for nitrate and nitrite reduction by S. ruminantium. Nitrate reduction by S. ruminantium was enhanced by the coexistence of amylolytic bacteria in a medium containing starch, and as a result, nitrite accumulation increased. Coexistence of cellulolytic bacteria facilitated the growth of S. ruminantium in a medium containing cellulose, and consequently increased nitrite reduction. In order to suppress nitrite accumulation in the rumen, it may be important to enhance fiber digestion.     

Localization of bacterial antigens in calves inoculated orally with ruminal Bacteroides succinogenes and Selenomonas ruminantium

Localization of bacteria and bacterial materials was investigated in calves inoculated orally with live organisms of both Bacteroides succinogenes and Selenomonas ruminantium by a immunohistological method using rabbit antiserum against the outer membrane of those organisms and by a scanning electron microscope. The intact organisms of both inoculated bacterial species were detected on the rumen wall and in the lamina propria of the forestomach, and S. ruminantium also in the lymph nodes associated with the rumen. The bacterial materials were observed inside of macrophage-like cells in the lamina propria of the forestomach and of lymphoid cells in the lymph nodes. Number of the cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes was smaller than that of the forestomach associated lymph nodes. The results suggest that the orally inoculated bacteria may act as antigenical stimulant in the mucosa of the forestomach and associated lymph nodes of calves.     

Effects of Quillaja saponaria extract alone or in combination with Yucca schidigera extract on ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis in vitro

The objective of the study was to evaluate effects of Quillaja saponaria (QS) with or without Yucca schidigera extract (YS) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis. The culture media consisted of 400 mL of strained rumen fluid collected from two non‐lactating Holstein cows and 400 mL of artificial saliva. The culture media was anaerobically incubated with 10 g of a mixture of concentrate and oat hay (1:1, w/w) at 39°C for 24 h. The treatments were arranged as 2 × 3 factorial design experiment consisting of three levels of QS (0, 2 or 4 mL/L) and two levels of YS (0 or 2 mL/L). Treatment interactions between QS and YS were observed for pH and ammonia N concentration. CH₄ production was not modified by addition of QS but decreased (P < 0.05) when added with YS. Addition of QS with YS increased (P < 0.05) propionate concentrations. Protozoa numbers were decreased (P < 0.05) by QS addition alone or with YS. Results show that QS and YS exhibited strong antiprotozoal effects and combinations of both plant extracts may have potential as safe manipulators of ruminal fermentation.     

Effect of ginkgo extract supplementation on in vitro rumen fermentation and bacterial profiles under different dietary conditions

Ginkgo extract was applied to a batch culture study and evaluated for its potential as a feed additive for ruminant animals under different forage‐to‐concentrate (F:C) ratios (1:9, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3 and 9:1). Rumen fluid was mixed with respective diet and incubated at 39°C for 24 h with and without ginkgo extract (1.6% fruit equivalent in culture). Methane production was significantly decreased by ginkgo extract, with the greatest reductions found in the 5:5 (41.9%) followed by the 7:3 ratios (36.7%). Total short chain fatty acid and ammonia levels were not affected by ginkgo extract supplementation in any of the five different diets. However, ginkgo extract increased propionate proportion and decreased acetate proportion in all dietary conditions tested. The levels of total bacteria, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus albus and Fibrobacter succinogenes were decreased by ginkgo extract. The levels of Selenomonas ruminantium, Anaerovibrio lipolytica, Ruminobacter amylophilus, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens and Megasphaera elsdenii were increased by ginkgo extract supplementation, possibly contributing to the higher propionate production. These results suggest that rumen modulation by ginkgo extract can be achieved at a wide range of F:C ratios with no adverse impact on feed digestion. Moreover, F:C ratios of 5:5 and 7:3 may be optimal when methane mitigation is expected.     

Effect of plant oils and aspartate on rumen fermentation in vitro

The effect of plant oils and aspartate (ASP) on rumen fermentation in vitro. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plant oils (rapeseed - RO, sunflower - SO; linseed - LO; 10% wt/wt) and 8 mmol sodium aspartate on rumen fermentation of a diet (250 mg) consisting of hay, barley and sugar beet molasses (60 : 30 : 10). Rumen fluid was collected from two Slovak Merino sheep fed the same diet twice daily. Mixed ruminal micro-organisms were incubated in fermentation fluid (40 ml) containing rumen fluid and McDougall's buffer (1 : 4). Incubations were carried out in batch cultures for 72 h at 39 degrees C two times in a 3-week intervals. When compared to the control, all supplemented diets (RO, SO, LO, ASP) significantly increased the pH, the mol% of propionate (LO + 8.7%; SO + 10.12%; RO + 8.65%; ASP + 5.86%) and the acetate : propionate ratio and numerically decreased methane production (SO -32.8%; LO, RO -30.08%; ASP -21.56%). Lactate production was also significantly decreased. Addition of plant oils to aspartate-treated incubations partly inhibited the decrease of n-butyrate, lactate and the increase of pH and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) caused by ASP treatment. The effect of combined additives (RO + ASP, SO + ASP, LO + ASP) on methane production SO + ASP (-19.23%) and mol% propionate SO + ASP (+2.66%), LO + ASP (+4.28%) was less effective. All combined additives caused a significant decrease in digestibility of the given feeds. No effect of plant oils and ASP could be observed on the parameters of rumen fermentation (mainly methane and propionate).     

2种酵母培养物对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响

选用9只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的1周岁小尾寒羊半同胞公羊,按试验要求随机分为3组,每组3个重复,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ组投喂1.5%酵母培养物(YC1),Ⅲ组投喂2%益康XP。结果表明:Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组比较均能显著提高pH值(P0.05),而Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组pH值无显著性差异;Ⅱ组NH_3-N质量浓度显著低与Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组NH_3-N质量浓度极显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.01),显著低于Ⅱ组(P0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均有提高菌体蛋白(BCP)质量浓度的趋势(P0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均能极显著提高总酸、乙酸、丙酸浓度(P0.01)。结果提示:酵母培养物能够稳定采食后瘤胃pH值,降低瘤胃NH_3-N质量浓度,提高瘤胃TVFA浓度,有提高瘤胃BCP质量浓度的趋势。     

酵母培养物对绵羊瘤胃发酵及生产性能的影响

本研究用酵母(JM)菌种,采取菌种液体培养-固体发酵的方法制备酵母培养物,活菌数达到3×109个/g.进行了酵母培养物对放牧补饲绵羊瘤胃发酵及生产性能影响的对比试验,按10g/d*只添加,连续饲喂30 d,提高日增重11.1%(P＞0.05).显著降低饲喂后瘤胃内氨态氮的含量(P<0.05).促进挥发性脂肪酸的生成,提高总挥发性脂肪酸量和乙酸/丙酸比值.提高饲喂后原虫数.稳定瘤胃pH.