从活化料中连续真空回收氯化锌的研究

氯化锌法活性炭生产中,从活化料(活性炭和氯化锌、氧化锌的混合物)中把活化剂——氯化锌浸提出来的过程称为氯化锌的回收.这一过程要求最大银度的回收高浓度的氯化锌.目前国内普遍采用单桶浸泡回收法,此法虽然能较充生的回收氯化锌,回收的氯化锌浓度也能达到要求.但是此法是间歇回收,操作繁琐,劳动强度大,氯化锌回收率低.全国各厂都探求一种连续回收设备代替间歇回收,以提高劳动生产力,降低劳动强度、提高氯化锌的回收率.     

氯化锌法活性炭干燥炭化工艺试验

氯化锌法活性炭生产,无论是土法平板炉、双层炉还是回转炉等传统的生产方法都不同程度地存在着废气污柒、操作环境恶劣、锌耗、成本高等问题.为改变氯化锌法活性炭生产现状,提高产品质量,降低生产成本以及改善操作环境,减少废气污染,本试验采用了干燥炭化新工艺,针对干燥炭化温度,锌屑含水率对物料的粘结状态以及废气情况等有关因素进行了观察,并对活化产品进行了分析检测.     

年处理万吨级FXS废旧线路板成套设备

国家重点高新技术浙江丰利粉碎设备有限公司研发的国家专利产品、省级新产品，列入2005年浙江省重点技术创新项目计划。该设备采用先进的物理法回收工艺；废旧线路板→强力破碎→磁选→中碎→精细粉碎→超微分级→高压静电分离→成品；所研制的强力破碎机、中碎机、精细粉碎机、超微分级机、高压静电分离等设备创新性强，其资源化的处理工艺路线先进合理。该设备能对各类废旧印刷线路板及加工废料、废旧电器等进行机械粉碎回收处理，其金属回收率高，回收金属的纯度高达97％。[第一段]     

氯化锌法新型活化炉的研制

目前,我国活性炭的生产,大多数采用氯化锌法,水蒸汽和闷烧法.气体活化法虽然没有公害,是发展方向,但缺少理想的炉型,未能得到迅速的发展.用氯化锌法生产活性炭,虽然氯化锌耗量较大,有一定的公害,但由于本法生产简单,产品脱色性能优良,质量比较稳定,得率高,所以氯化锌法活性炭的产量仍占全国总产量的53.13%.如何降低锌耗,消除公害就成为当前国内氯化锌法活性炭生产中迫切需要解决的问题.为此,我们于1977年     

氯化锌溶液波美度与温度的关系式

用氯化锌法生产活性炭,氯化锌溶液的浓度,决定锌木屑中氯化锌的含量,从而影响活性炭孔径分布和孔隙度.在生产中,氯化锌溶液浓度常用波美计测定,但其波美度受温度影响较大,要在某一温度下配制出达到工艺要求的氯化锌溶液的波美值,以往凭经验配制很不准确.本文根据多次实验数据,应用回归分析法找出温度与波美度的数学关系,以解决上述问题.     

氯化锌法活性炭生产废水处理及回收利用的研究——Ⅰ.污染散发源及废水处理

氯化锌法木质活性炭生产过程中,有两个主要污染散发源。1,大气污染源;2,废水污染源。在实验室条件下,从废气中损失的氯化锌约为氯化锌损失总量的1/3,废水中为2/3。研究表明,废水主要污染物质由残存的盐酸、氯化锌、氯化亚铁、二氯化铁、氯化镁、氯化钙以及Al~(3 )、K~ 、Mn~(2 )等所组成。而有机污染物质含量甚微。这样的废水,在适当条件下(pH值及石灰添加量等),采用中和絮凝的方法能得到有效的处理;添加适当高分子絮凝剂能改善絮凝体的沉降速率和过滤速率。研究结果也表明,污泥的回收利用以及处理过的废水循环回用至关重要。     

土瓦窑糖用废活性炭与砖瓦混烧再活化试验

前言我国随着葡萄糖、食品、饮料、味精、药品等生产和环境保护、外贸事业的迅速发展,对活性炭的需求量不断增长,但因活性炭生产耗煤量大(生产1吨活性炭,焖烧法耗煤9吨,氯化锌法耗煤6吨),废气废水污染严重(氯化锌法生产1吨活性炭耗盐酸1吨     

工业有机废气回收及利用

有机废气回收装置,可广泛用于从印刷、烘烤房、涂布等工艺产生的废气中回收有机溶剂,该装置的技术经济指标如下:1)处理后废气中有机溶剂可达到排放标准;2)废气中有机溶剂的回收率大于90%;3)分子筛使用寿命在3年以上。     

微波氯化锌法马占相思木材剩余物制备活性炭

以马占相思木材剩余物为原料,研究用微波辐射氯化锌法制备活性炭的可行性.探讨了微波辐射氯化锌法在微波功率900W、氯化锌溶液质量分数50%的条件下锌屑比、氯化锌溶液的pH值及微波辐射时间对产品得率、亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响.得到了微波辐射氯化锌法制备活性炭的最佳工艺:锌屑比2.5∶1、氯化锌溶液pH值为1、微波辐射时间6min,用此工艺制得的活性炭得率为47.5%,产品的亚甲基蓝吸附值达12.9mL/0.1g,是国家一级品标准(GB/T13803.2-1999)的1.43倍,该产品对Cr6 的吸附量为9.974mg(以1g活性炭计,Cr6 溶液pH值4.0,质量浓度50mg/L).     

氯化锌法颗粒活性炭试验研究

以木屑为原料，采用氯化锌法在ＦＳ－Ⅲ型隧道活化炉中生产颗粒活性炭的工艺过程，并就生产中锌屑比、粘结剂、填充剂等的配比和活化温度、时间等对产品的吸附性能、强度及锌耗量的影响进行了试验探讨。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.