杏采后病害病原菌鉴定及室内药剂筛选

［目的］ 确定引起杏采后病害的主要病原菌及筛选有效防治药剂,以延长杏果贮藏期,降低损失。［方法］ 对引起甘肃省兰州市杏采后病害的病原菌进行分离鉴定、致病性测定及回接试验,并针对主要病原菌进行室内药剂筛选。［结果］ 引起杏采后果实腐烂病的致病菌有粉红聚端孢霉（Trichothecium roseum Lk. ex Fr.）、链格孢［Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.］、黑根霉［Rhizopus nigricans (Ehrenb.)］、青霉（Penicillium frequentans）、灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)和核果褐腐菌［Monilinia laxa (Aderh. &; Ruhl.) Honey］等6种真菌。其中链格孢、黑根霉和粉红聚端孢霉为主要致病菌,其分离频率分别为28.5%、48.9%和9.4%。链格孢、黑根霉有伤无伤接种发病率均为100%,粉红聚端孢霉为83%。药剂筛选结果表明,在PDA培养基上,50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂和50%异菌脲悬浮剂对3种主要致病菌抑菌效果最好,抑菌率达94%以上。杏果实采后主要病害防治试验结果表明,50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂 9000倍液和50%异菌脲悬浮剂 1000倍液常温浸果处理3 min,第7天和第13天,咯菌腈对粉红聚端孢霉、链格孢和黑根霉的防效分别为78.3%和65%、79%和67.5%以及80.3%和69.6%。异菌脲防效分别为76%和64.3%、78.3%和64.4%以及78.6%和66.4%。［结论］ 本文研究结果可以指导杏采后病害的防治。     

平贝母鳞茎腐烂病病原菌鉴定和药剂筛选

为明确平贝母Fritillaria ussuriensis鳞茎腐烂病的病原菌及其防治,对病原菌进行分离、致病性测定,通过形态学特征、ITS rDNA、β-tubulin及EF-1α基因序列分析确定其病原为尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum和芳香镰刀菌F.redolens。通过菌丝生长速率法,对病原菌进行了室内药剂筛选,表明8种药剂中25%多菌灵可湿性粉剂和43%戊唑醇悬浮剂对病原菌有更好的抑制作用,处理第6天,EC₅₀均不超过0.7 mg/L。对两种病原菌防效最好的药剂是戊唑醇,EC₅₀分别为0.107、0.169 mg/L。这两种药剂可以选择应用于平贝母生产来防治茎腐病。     

魔芋病害发生规律及药剂筛选研究初报

魔芋病害发生规律及药剂筛选研究初报朱云学唐洪国魏世斌四川省北川县植保植检站,６２２７５０）何松四川省绵阳市植保植检站,６２１０００）魔芋（ＡｍｏｒｐｈｏｐｈａｌｕｓＲａｎｊａｃ）是一种集食品、医药、工业多种用途的经济作物,也是北川农民脱贫致富奔小康的...     

马蹄金草坪主要病虫草害的防治

马蹄金(Dichondra repens Forst．)属旋花科马蹄金属多年生蔓性常绿草本。广州市于1980年率先从国外引进,其寿命长、绿期久、形态美、易繁殖、易管理、成坪速度快,而且抗寒、耐热、耐酸、耐水渍、耐隐蔽,适应性很强,环境效益好,因此有很大的推广应用价值,现已被广泛应用于我国大部分地区的园林绿化,是一种较理想的草坪地被植物。但是栽培实践表明,马蹄金草坪病虫草害发生较多,经常导致草坪地被局部乃至整片枯萎、死亡,严重影响绿地的美观并加速了草坪地被的老化。     

藏红花球茎腐烂病病原鉴定及防治药剂室内筛选

球茎腐烂病是严重影响藏红花球茎品质和柱头产量的病害。为鉴定引起藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌及筛选防治该病害的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、rDNA-ITS和TEF-1α序列分析,对青海省藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌进行了鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了10种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑菌作用。结果发现,引起藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum和木贼镰刀菌F. equiseti,其中尖孢镰刀菌为优势病原菌。室内药剂试验表明70%甲基硫菌灵WP、 50%咯菌腈WP、 50%苯醚甲环唑SC和25%硅唑·咪鲜胺EW对两种镰刀菌均具有较好的抑制作用,EC50在0.574 0~1.808 6 mg/L之间,64%噁霜·锰锌WP、 30%噁霉灵AS和45%石硫合剂WP对2种镰刀菌的抑菌作用较差,EC50在2.134 4~7.915 3 mg/L之间。试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治藏红花球茎腐烂病提供了科学依据。     

树仔菜枯萎病的病原鉴定及防治药剂筛选

枯萎病是特色蔬菜树仔菜上的毁灭性病害,为研究其病原与防治方法,采用组织分离法从海南省树仔菜发病组织上分离病菌,对其进行形态特征观察、致病性验证、多基因序列分析及系统发育树构建,最终明确树仔菜枯萎病的病原为木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)。采用菌丝生长速率法测定5种药剂对病原菌的抑制作用,发现戊唑醇抑菌效果最好,相应的EC₅₀为0.62 mg/L。田间防治试验结果表明,25%戊唑醇水乳剂和25%代锰·戊唑醇可湿性粉剂的防病效果分别为82.48%和81.04%,可作为防治由木贼镰刀菌引起的树仔菜枯萎病的首选药剂。     

宁夏草坪草病害调查及防治

对宁夏回族自治区草坪草病害进行了初步调查和防治,已经鉴定出10 种病害,均为宁夏草坪草病害新记录种,其中2 种为国内新记录。采用种衣剂和25 % 三唑酮可湿性粉剂防治草坪草病害,3 种不同施药方法的防治效果分别为95.68 % 、88.63 % 和79.98 % 。     

罗汉果新病害斑枯病的病原鉴定及防治药剂室内筛选

为明确罗汉果新病害斑枯病的病原菌种类并筛选出有效的防治药剂,采用组织分离法分离病原菌并通过柯赫氏法则验证其致病性,根据菌落特征、菌株形态及ITS序列分析进行病原菌的鉴定;采用生长速率法测定了12种杀菌剂对病原菌的室内抑制活性。结果表明,罗汉果新病害的病原菌为Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum;供试的药剂中,60%咪鲜胺锰盐WP(0.5g/L)、80%戊唑醇WP(0.25 g/L)、45%甲霜?恶霉灵WP(1 g/L)、60%唑醚?代森联WP(0.5g/L)室内对该菌菌丝的抑制率均达100%,可进一步进行大田药效试验,将药效好的药剂推荐田间使用。     

贵州高尔夫球场草坪蛴螬种类调查及药剂防治试验

采用随机挖土取样法对贵州高尔夫球场草坪地下害虫蛴螬种类进行调查.结果查到2科5属6种.其中铜绿丽金龟、大黑霉鳃金龟、匀脊鳃金龟为优势种群.用灌注法测定了6种杀虫剂对铜绿丽金龟3龄幼虫的毒力.结果表明,40%甲基异柳磷EC对蛴螬毒力较高,LC50为13.41 mg/L.田间试验结果显示,也是40%甲基异柳磷EC对蛴螬防效好,药后15 d防效达100%,其余5种药剂也具有优良的效果,药后30 d防效均达90%以上.     

烟草茎腐病防治药剂筛选试验

本试验通过抑菌法、盆栽及苗床防治试验测定了10%苯醚甲环唑EC、12.5%腈菌唑EC、98%恶霉灵原药、58%甲霜灵锰锌WP共4种杀菌剂对烟草茎腐病的防治效果。结果表明,4种供试药剂中,12.5%腈菌唑EC对烟草茎腐病具有良好的防治效果,毒力室内测定EC₅₀为7.3μg/mL,盆栽相对防效达93.3%,苗床防治效果为78.7%,在烟草生产中具有较好的推广应用价值。     

The UK Turfgrass Market: An Overview of Customer Needs and Market Opportunities—an Agronomist's Perception

This paper discusses the experience of turfgrass advisory agronomists and research workers at the Sports Turf Research Institute—a long-established and independent organisation devoted purely to research and advice pertaining to turfgrasses and their culture. In the assessment of customer needs and market opportunities, strenuous efforts have been made to establish recent and current trends relating to pesticide sales, either from manufacturers and/or distributors. Because manufacturers were reluctant to divulge information about products, and distributors apparently had no access to such information, the only available data on pesticide use and sales are in the British Agrochemicals Association via their 1995 Annual Review and Handbook.     

50％多·锰锌可湿性粉剂防治苹果主要病害的应用技术研究

50%多·锰锌可湿性粉剂500、600、700倍液室内对苹果轮纹病、炭疽病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制效果均为100% ,对斑点落叶病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制效果在70.21%以上优于单剂代森锰锌、多菌灵的效果 ;其对上述3种病菌的抑制中量 (EC50)小于单剂 ,共毒系数均>200,增效显著。田间对斑点落叶病和褐斑病的防效在81.12%以上 ,显著优于单剂 ,对轮纹病、炭疽病生长期及贮藏期的防治效果分别为97%～99.2%、70.9%～87.6%和87.1%～95.5%、50.5%～86.2% ,优于单剂代森锰锌的效果 ,优于或相当于多菌灵的效果。     

Whole-Cell Fatty Acid Composition to Characterize and Differentiate Isolates of Rhizoctonia Species Associated with Turfgrass Diseases in Japan

Cellular fatty acids were analyzed to characterize and differentiate 34 isolates of Rhizoctonia species representing binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-D (I), AG-D (II), R. solani AG 2-2 IIIB, AG 2-2 LP, R. circinata var. circinata and var. oryzae associated with turfgrass diseases in Japan. Myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were consistently present in varying quantities in all isolates. Heptadecanoic and 9-heptadecenoic acids were present in isolates of Rhizoctonia AG-D (I), AG-D (II), R. solani AG 2-2 IIIB and AG 2-2 LP but not in isolates of R. circinata var. circinata and var. oryzae. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids found, constituting 88.30-98.37% of the whole-cell fatty acid content. The remaining fatty acids were present in smaller amounts. Isolates within a single group were closely clustered, whereas isolates from different groups were clearly distinguishable based on average linkage cluster analysis of cellular fatty acids. Principal component analysis, based on all fatty acids detected, confirmed the distinct separation of isolates representing the six groups of Rhizoctonia species obtained from turfgrasses. These results suggested that fatty acid analysis is useful for the characterization and differentiation of isolates of Rhizoctonia species associated with turfgrass diseases. Received 21 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 28 September 2001     

Snow cover has variable effects on persistence of fungicides and their suppression of microdochium patch on amenity turfgrass

Fungicides applied to turfgrass in temperate climates prior to snowfall are expected to suppress fungal diseases such as microdochium patch (Microdochium nivale) until infection conditions become unfavourable the following spring. However, mild winters with inconsistent snow cover may alter fungicide persistence and render the turf more susceptible to fungal infection. This study was conducted to determine the effect of snow cover on the persistence of the fungicides chlorothalonil and iprodione applied to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), maintained as a golf course fairway. The fungicides were applied 1 day prior to the first accumulating snowfall in Madison, Wisconsin, for four consecutive winters, beginning in 2009/10. Fungicide treatments were kept under continuous snow cover or maintained free of snow cover the entire winter to determine the effect of snow cover on fungicide persistence (2010/11 to 2012/13) and microdochium patch development in a controlled environment chamber (2009/10 to 2012/13). Iprodione concentration was not impacted by snow cover in 2010/11 but was reduced under snow cover relative to bare turf in 2011/12 and 2012/13. Chlorothalonil concentration was not impacted by snow cover in 2011/12 but was greater under snow cover in 2012/13. Microdochium patch severity in the controlled environment chamber was not impacted by snow cover with either fungicide in 2009/10 or 2011/12 but was slightly reduced under snow cover with both fungicides during 2010/11 and 2012/13. The majority of fungicide depletion occurred shortly after rainfall or snowmelt events, except in 2010/11 when both fungicides rapidly depleted during a warming trend without rainfall.     

3种药剂防治水稻纹枯病、稻曲病和稻瘟病田间药效试验

采用田间药效试验方法,比较3种药剂对水稻纹枯病、稻曲病、稻瘟病的防治效果。结果表明:3种药剂对水稻纹枯病、稻曲病、稻瘟病都有一定防效。其中75%肟菌戊唑醇水分散粒剂225 g/hm2对水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病防效最好,防效分别为85.74%、85.19%;43%戊唑醇悬浮剂225 mL/hm2对稻曲病的防治效果最好,防效为88.25%。综合防治效果表明,75%肟菌戊唑醇水分散粒剂150～225 g/hm2对水稻纹枯病、稻曲病、稻瘟病的防效最好,43%戊唑醇悬浮剂225 mL/hm2对稻曲病和纹枯病防治效果较好,在实际生产上可广泛应用。     

Differentiation of Rhizoctonia AG-D Isolates from Turfgrass into Subgroups I and II Based on rDNA and RAPD Analyses

Binucleate Rhizoctonia anastomosis group (AG) D is the cause of rhizoctonia-patch and elephant-footprint diseases of zoysiagrass, and winter-patch disease of bentgrass. Rhizoctonia AG-D is also known as the causal pathogen of other diseases such as sharp-eye-spot of cereals, foot-rot of cereals and winter-stem-rot of mat rush. Isolates of AG-D have been divided into the two subgroups AG-D (I) and AG-D (II), based on the results of cultural characteristics and pathogenicity tests. Isolates obtained from zoysiagrass exhibiting symptoms of rhizoctonia-patch disease, from bentgrass with winter-patch disease, from wheat with foot-rot disease, and from mat rush with winter-stem-rot disease were reported to belong to subgroup AG-D (I). On the other hand, isolates obtained from zoysiagrass with elephant-footprint disease were assigned to subgroup AG-D (II). To confirm the existence of these two subgroups in AG-D, the genetic structure of AG-D isolates from turfgrass and other crops was compared. RFLP analysis of the ITS region from rDNA after digestion with the restriction enzymes EcoRI, HaeIII, HhaI, HinfI, and MboI separated AG-D isolates into two groups corresponding to AG-D (I) and AG-D (II). Furthermore, other AGs except AG-Q (AGs-A, Ba, Bb, C, E, F, G, I, K, L, O, P, and R. solani AG1-IC) did not have the same patterns that were seen for the two AG-D subgroups. AG-Q isolates from bentgrass showed the same patterns as AG-D (I). The results of the RAPD analysis also revealed the existence of two groups that corresponded to AG-D (I) and AG-D (II). These analyses revealed that Rhizoctonia AG-D isolates from turfgrass could be divided into two subgroups consistent with those based on cultural characteristics and pathogenicity. In addition, isolates of foot-rot disease of wheat and isolates of winter-stem-rot disease of mat rush whose cultural characteristics were the same as those of AG-D (I) also showed similar RFLP and RAPD patterns to those of AG-D (I) isolates from turfgrass.     

红富士套袋苹果主要病害病原菌鉴定及化学防治技术研究

2000—2002年研究明确了红富士套袋果主要果实病害症状为黑点病、褐斑和红晕褐斑病及红点病,分别由粉红单端孢霉(Trichothecium roseum)、顶孢头孢霉(Cephalosporium acremonium)和格链孢霉(Alternariamali)侵染所致。筛选出了50％新灵WP、50％多锰锌WP、53％丙森多WP、80％大生M-45WP、50％大敌WP等五种防效优良的药剂,套前交替喷施上述药剂800倍液4次,药效达85％以上。     

生物源杀菌剂与化学杀菌剂协调防控黄瓜病害

本文研究枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis BAB-1水剂、解淀粉芽孢杆菌B.amylololiquefaciens SAB-1水剂、大花旋覆花内酯乳油与化学杀菌剂交替或混合使用对温室黄瓜病害发展的影响.寿光试验包括以下处理:交替或混合喷施50%啶酰菌胺WG、68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威SC的桶混液、60%唑醚·代森联WG、40%嘧霉胺SC、50%烯酰吗啉WP、10%苯醚甲环唑WG、69%烯酰·锰锌WP、68.75%噁唑·锰锌WG、52.5%噁唑·霜脲氰WG等不同作用机理和防治谱的化学杀菌剂;混施生防菌剂BAB-1水剂、SAB-1水剂及68.75%氟吡菌胺·霜霉威SC、50%烯酰吗啉WP、25%双炔酰菌胺SC、25%吡唑醚菌酯EC等对霜霉病特效化学杀菌剂;将不同化学杀菌剂桶混液与BAB-1水剂、SAB-1水剂和化学杀菌剂桶混液交替喷施.其对黄瓜霜霉病的防效分别为94.5%、92.3%和93.6%,对黄瓜白粉病分别为90.7%、89.9%和90.4%,对灰霉病的防效分别为69.3%、85.6%和85.7%,每种病害的病害发展曲线下面积(AUDPC)相当.在定州试验中,化学杀菌剂与SAB-1混施对白粉病的防效(84%)明显高于其与BAB-1混施的防效(72.8%),对灰霉病的防效(61.3%)明显低于后者的防效(95.1%),与SAB-1、BAB-1混施后对白粉病、灰霉病及霜霉病防效分别为90.2%、89.3%和92.6%.在保定郊区试验中,将大花旋覆花内酯乳油与化学杀菌剂及BAB-1水剂、SAB-1水剂交替喷施显著降低霜霉病、白粉病及灰霉病的严重度及AUDPC,对其防效分别为83.5%、87.4%和88.5%,AUDPC分别为219、352和249,延缓了3种黄瓜病害的发展.     

山东苹果主要病虫害化学防治技术

山东省苹果园害虫优势种群是蚜虫、桃小食心虫、苹小卷、金纹细蛾、害螨等 ;病害主要是斑点落叶病、轮纹病。根据不同病虫害的发生发展规律和烟台农科院多年来的化学防治试验研究 ,明确了不同苹果品种上适用的有效药剂和不同药剂的杀虫 (菌 )谱、用药适期、施药方法 ,制定了相应的防治策略 ,提出了合理用药、交替施药和安全喷药等诸多注意事项     

20世纪80年代以来世界杀菌剂新品种开发进展及发展趋势

综述了近20年来世界杀菌剂新品种的开发进展,并介绍了杀菌剂工业发展的一些新特点。