平贝母鳞茎腐烂病病原菌鉴定和药剂筛选

为明确平贝母Fritillaria ussuriensis鳞茎腐烂病的病原菌及其防治, 对病原菌进行分离?致病性测定, 通过形态学特征?ITS rDNA?β-tubulin及EF-1α基因序列分析确定其病原为尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum和芳香镰刀菌F.redolens?通过菌丝生长速率法, 对病原菌进行了室内药剂筛选, 表明8种药剂中25%多菌灵可湿性粉剂和43%戊唑醇悬浮剂对病原菌有更好的抑制作用, 处理第6天, EC50均不超过0.7 mg/L?对两种病原菌防效最好的药剂是戊唑醇, EC50分别为0.107?0.169 mg/L?这两种药剂可以选择应用于平贝母生产来防治茎腐病?     

杏采后病害病原菌鉴定及室内药剂筛选

［目的］ 确定引起杏采后病害的主要病原菌及筛选有效防治药剂,以延长杏果贮藏期,降低损失。［方法］ 对引起甘肃省兰州市杏采后病害的病原菌进行分离鉴定、致病性测定及回接试验,并针对主要病原菌进行室内药剂筛选。［结果］ 引起杏采后果实腐烂病的致病菌有粉红聚端孢霉（Trichothecium roseum Lk. ex Fr.）、链格孢［Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl.］、黑根霉［Rhizopus nigricans (Ehrenb.)］、青霉（Penicillium frequentans）、灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)和核果褐腐菌［Monilinia laxa (Aderh. &; Ruhl.) Honey］等6种真菌。其中链格孢、黑根霉和粉红聚端孢霉为主要致病菌,其分离频率分别为28.5%、48.9%和9.4%。链格孢、黑根霉有伤无伤接种发病率均为100%,粉红聚端孢霉为83%。药剂筛选结果表明,在PDA培养基上,50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂和50%异菌脲悬浮剂对3种主要致病菌抑菌效果最好,抑菌率达94%以上。杏果实采后主要病害防治试验结果表明,50%咯菌腈可湿性粉剂 9000倍液和50%异菌脲悬浮剂 1000倍液常温浸果处理3 min,第7天和第13天,咯菌腈对粉红聚端孢霉、链格孢和黑根霉的防效分别为78.3%和65%、79%和67.5%以及80.3%和69.6%。异菌脲防效分别为76%和64.3%、78.3%和64.4%以及78.6%和66.4%。［结论］ 本文研究结果可以指导杏采后病害的防治。     

魔芋病害发生规律及药剂筛选研究初报

魔芋病害发生规律及药剂筛选研究初报朱云学唐洪国魏世斌四川省北川县植保植检站,６２２７５０）何松四川省绵阳市植保植检站,６２１０００）魔芋（ＡｍｏｒｐｈｏｐｈａｌｕｓＲａｎｊａｃ）是一种集食品、医药、工业多种用途的经济作物,也是北川农民脱贫致富奔小康的...     

马蹄金草坪主要病虫草害的防治

马蹄金(Dichondra repens Forst．)属旋花科马蹄金属多年生蔓性常绿草本。广州市于1980年率先从国外引进,其寿命长、绿期久、形态美、易繁殖、易管理、成坪速度快,而且抗寒、耐热、耐酸、耐水渍、耐隐蔽,适应性很强,环境效益好,因此有很大的推广应用价值,现已被广泛应用于我国大部分地区的园林绿化,是一种较理想的草坪地被植物。但是栽培实践表明,马蹄金草坪病虫草害发生较多,经常导致草坪地被局部乃至整片枯萎、死亡,严重影响绿地的美观并加速了草坪地被的老化。     

藏红花球茎腐烂病病原鉴定及防治药剂室内筛选

球茎腐烂病是严重影响藏红花球茎品质和柱头产量的病害。为鉴定引起藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌及筛选防治该病害的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、rDNA-ITS和TEF-1α序列分析,对青海省藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌进行了鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了10种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑菌作用。结果发现,引起藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum和木贼镰刀菌F. equiseti,其中尖孢镰刀菌为优势病原菌。室内药剂试验表明70%甲基硫菌灵WP、 50%咯菌腈WP、 50%苯醚甲环唑SC和25%硅唑·咪鲜胺EW对两种镰刀菌均具有较好的抑制作用,EC50在0.574 0~1.808 6 mg/L之间,64%噁霜·锰锌WP、 30%噁霉灵AS和45%石硫合剂WP对2种镰刀菌的抑菌作用较差,EC50在2.134 4~7.915 3 mg/L之间。试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治藏红花球茎腐烂病提供了科学依据。     

树仔菜枯萎病的病原鉴定及防治药剂筛选

枯萎病是特色蔬菜树仔菜上的毁灭性病害,为研究其病原与防治方法,采用组织分离法从海南省树仔菜发病组织上分离病菌,对其进行形态特征观察、致病性验证、多基因序列分析及系统发育树构建,最终明确树仔菜枯萎病的病原为木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)。采用菌丝生长速率法测定5种药剂对病原菌的抑制作用,发现戊唑醇抑菌效果最好,相应的EC₅₀为0.62 mg/L。田间防治试验结果表明,25%戊唑醇水乳剂和25%代锰·戊唑醇可湿性粉剂的防病效果分别为82.48%和81.04%,可作为防治由木贼镰刀菌引起的树仔菜枯萎病的首选药剂。     

宁夏草坪草病害调查及防治

对宁夏回族自治区草坪草病害进行了初步调查和防治,已经鉴定出10 种病害,均为宁夏草坪草病害新记录种,其中2 种为国内新记录。采用种衣剂和25 % 三唑酮可湿性粉剂防治草坪草病害,3 种不同施药方法的防治效果分别为95.68 % 、88.63 % 和79.98 % 。     

罗汉果新病害斑枯病的病原鉴定及防治药剂室内筛选

为明确罗汉果新病害斑枯病的病原菌种类并筛选出有效的防治药剂,采用组织分离法分离病原菌并通过柯赫氏法则验证其致病性,根据菌落特征、菌株形态及ITS序列分析进行病原菌的鉴定;采用生长速率法测定了12种杀菌剂对病原菌的室内抑制活性。结果表明,罗汉果新病害的病原菌为Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum;供试的药剂中,60%咪鲜胺锰盐WP(0.5g/L)、80%戊唑醇WP(0.25 g/L)、45%甲霜?恶霉灵WP(1 g/L)、60%唑醚?代森联WP(0.5g/L)室内对该菌菌丝的抑制率均达100%,可进一步进行大田药效试验,将药效好的药剂推荐田间使用。     

贵州高尔夫球场草坪蛴螬种类调查及药剂防治试验

采用随机挖土取样法对贵州高尔夫球场草坪地下害虫蛴螬种类进行调查.结果查到2科5属6种.其中铜绿丽金龟、大黑霉鳃金龟、匀脊鳃金龟为优势种群.用灌注法测定了6种杀虫剂对铜绿丽金龟3龄幼虫的毒力.结果表明,40%甲基异柳磷EC对蛴螬毒力较高,LC50为13.41 mg/L.田间试验结果显示,也是40%甲基异柳磷EC对蛴螬防效好,药后15 d防效达100%,其余5种药剂也具有优良的效果,药后30 d防效均达90%以上.     

黄瓜靶斑病原菌鉴定及室内药剂筛选试验

采用生长速率法测定了34种常见杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,不同杀菌剂对棒孢病菌的菌丝生长抑制作用不同。二甲酰亚胺类杀菌剂中腐霉利、异菌脲对棒孢病菌的抑菌率较高,分别为94.69%和84.42%;有机硫类保护性杀菌剂福美双、丙森锌和代森锰锌抑菌率次之,分别为68.14%、66.37%和64.96%;咪唑类杀菌剂中咪鲜胺对棒孢病菌也表现较好的抑菌作用,为61.07%;三唑类与嘧啶类杀菌剂抑菌率一般,抑菌率大部分在50%左右,防治卵菌纲药剂氰霜唑和双炔酰菌胺抑菌率最低,为30%左右。     

The UK Turfgrass Market: An Overview of Customer Needs and Market Opportunities—an Agronomist's Perception

This paper discusses the experience of turfgrass advisory agronomists and research workers at the Sports Turf Research Institute—a long-established and independent organisation devoted purely to research and advice pertaining to turfgrasses and their culture. In the assessment of customer needs and market opportunities, strenuous efforts have been made to establish recent and current trends relating to pesticide sales, either from manufacturers and/or distributors. Because manufacturers were reluctant to divulge information about products, and distributors apparently had no access to such information, the only available data on pesticide use and sales are in the British Agrochemicals Association via their 1995 Annual Review and Handbook.     

沙漠腹地人工种植草坪耗水变化的初步研究

利用田间水量平衡方程,本文对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工草坪水分蒸散进行了初步研究。蒸散总量数据显示,部分覆盖(60％)>全裸地>全覆盖(100％)。从日变化数据来看,植物蒸腾由于能消耗更深层次的水分,其强度的减弱要迟于土壤蒸发。由于特殊的自然条件与灌溉方式,本区草坪的蒸散具有自己的特点,部分覆盖草坪的蒸散量最大。水量平衡分析的数据则表明,渗漏水占灌溉水量中相当大的部分,这说明,提高土壤表层的持水能力,可以有效地提高水分利用效率。     

几种生物农药对青海蚕豆主要病虫害的防治效果

为建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术,以推动青海有机蚕豆生产,本研究以9种生物农药为供试药剂,针对苜蓿蚜、蚕豆赤斑病及枯萎病,开展了较为系统的室内生物活性测定和田间药效试验。室内生测试验表明,0.3%苦参碱水剂等4种生物农药均对苜蓿蚜有良好的毒杀作用,其中0.3%苦参碱水剂的毒力最强,其24h和48h的LC₅₀分别为7.33mg/L和5.66mg/L;田间防效试验表明,0.3%苦参碱水剂和0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂对苜蓿蚜的防效显著,500倍药液药后7d防效达76.00%～83.00%;10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂和枯草芽胞杆菌（1000亿芽胞/g）可湿性粉剂混用对蚕豆赤斑病的防效有增效作用,制剂用量为500.0g/hm²时,药后14d防效为73.98%～77.79%;多粘类芽胞杆菌（10亿CFU/g）可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉（≥2亿活孢子/g）可湿性粉剂对蚕豆枯萎病的防效高于另两种生物农药,药后14d防效分别为74.23%和71.01%。综上所述,0.3%苦参碱水剂、0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂、10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂、枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂、多粘类芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉可湿性粉剂对蚕豆3种主要病虫害防效优良,据此可进一步建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术用于青海蚕豆的有机绿色安全生产。     

Whole-Cell Fatty Acid Composition to Characterize and Differentiate Isolates of Rhizoctonia Species Associated with Turfgrass Diseases in Japan

Cellular fatty acids were analyzed to characterize and differentiate 34 isolates of Rhizoctonia species representing binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-D (I), AG-D (II), R. solani AG 2-2 IIIB, AG 2-2 LP, R. circinata var. circinata and var. oryzae associated with turfgrass diseases in Japan. Myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were consistently present in varying quantities in all isolates. Heptadecanoic and 9-heptadecenoic acids were present in isolates of Rhizoctonia AG-D (I), AG-D (II), R. solani AG 2-2 IIIB and AG 2-2 LP but not in isolates of R. circinata var. circinata and var. oryzae. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids found, constituting 88.30-98.37% of the whole-cell fatty acid content. The remaining fatty acids were present in smaller amounts. Isolates within a single group were closely clustered, whereas isolates from different groups were clearly distinguishable based on average linkage cluster analysis of cellular fatty acids. Principal component analysis, based on all fatty acids detected, confirmed the distinct separation of isolates representing the six groups of Rhizoctonia species obtained from turfgrasses. These results suggested that fatty acid analysis is useful for the characterization and differentiation of isolates of Rhizoctonia species associated with turfgrass diseases. Received 21 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 28 September 2001     

50％多·锰锌可湿性粉剂防治苹果主要病害的应用技术研究

50%多·锰锌可湿性粉剂500、600、700倍液室内对苹果轮纹病、炭疽病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制效果均为100% ,对斑点落叶病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制效果在70.21%以上优于单剂代森锰锌、多菌灵的效果 ;其对上述3种病菌的抑制中量 (EC50)小于单剂 ,共毒系数均>200,增效显著。田间对斑点落叶病和褐斑病的防效在81.12%以上 ,显著优于单剂 ,对轮纹病、炭疽病生长期及贮藏期的防治效果分别为97%～99.2%、70.9%～87.6%和87.1%～95.5%、50.5%～86.2% ,优于单剂代森锰锌的效果 ,优于或相当于多菌灵的效果。     

4种常用有机溶剂对杀菌剂生物测定的影响

采用生长速率法测定了4种常用有机溶剂(丙酮、乙醇、二甲基亚砜、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)对6种病原真菌菌丝生长的影响程度,同时研究了烯酰吗啉和霜脲氰在3种不同溶剂中对番茄晚疫病菌(Phytophthorainfestans)的毒力。结果表明,当溶剂浓度为0.5～1μL/mL时,丙酮对所测病原菌的菌丝生长没有影响,乙醇、二甲基亚砜及二甲基甲酰胺对大多数病原菌的生长都没影响。烯酰吗啉在3种溶剂中的毒力,其丙酮中对致病疫霉的毒力最小,而霜脲氰在3种溶剂中的毒力相当。     

Snow cover has variable effects on persistence of fungicides and their suppression of microdochium patch on amenity turfgrass

Fungicides applied to turfgrass in temperate climates prior to snowfall are expected to suppress fungal diseases such as microdochium patch (Microdochium nivale) until infection conditions become unfavourable the following spring. However, mild winters with inconsistent snow cover may alter fungicide persistence and render the turf more susceptible to fungal infection. This study was conducted to determine the effect of snow cover on the persistence of the fungicides chlorothalonil and iprodione applied to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), maintained as a golf course fairway. The fungicides were applied 1 day prior to the first accumulating snowfall in Madison, Wisconsin, for four consecutive winters, beginning in 2009/10. Fungicide treatments were kept under continuous snow cover or maintained free of snow cover the entire winter to determine the effect of snow cover on fungicide persistence (2010/11 to 2012/13) and microdochium patch development in a controlled environment chamber (2009/10 to 2012/13). Iprodione concentration was not impacted by snow cover in 2010/11 but was reduced under snow cover relative to bare turf in 2011/12 and 2012/13. Chlorothalonil concentration was not impacted by snow cover in 2011/12 but was greater under snow cover in 2012/13. Microdochium patch severity in the controlled environment chamber was not impacted by snow cover with either fungicide in 2009/10 or 2011/12 but was slightly reduced under snow cover with both fungicides during 2010/11 and 2012/13. The majority of fungicide depletion occurred shortly after rainfall or snowmelt events, except in 2010/11 when both fungicides rapidly depleted during a warming trend without rainfall.     

3种药剂防治水稻纹枯病、稻曲病和稻瘟病田间药效试验

采用田间药效试验方法,比较3种药剂对水稻纹枯病、稻曲病、稻瘟病的防治效果。结果表明:3种药剂对水稻纹枯病、稻曲病、稻瘟病都有一定防效。其中75%肟菌戊唑醇水分散粒剂225 g/hm2对水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病防效最好,防效分别为85.74%、85.19%;43%戊唑醇悬浮剂225 mL/hm2对稻曲病的防治效果最好,防效为88.25%。综合防治效果表明,75%肟菌戊唑醇水分散粒剂150～225 g/hm2对水稻纹枯病、稻曲病、稻瘟病的防效最好,43%戊唑醇悬浮剂225 mL/hm2对稻曲病和纹枯病防治效果较好,在实际生产上可广泛应用。     

Differentiation of Rhizoctonia AG-D Isolates from Turfgrass into Subgroups I and II Based on rDNA and RAPD Analyses

Binucleate Rhizoctonia anastomosis group (AG) D is the cause of rhizoctonia-patch and elephant-footprint diseases of zoysiagrass, and winter-patch disease of bentgrass. Rhizoctonia AG-D is also known as the causal pathogen of other diseases such as sharp-eye-spot of cereals, foot-rot of cereals and winter-stem-rot of mat rush. Isolates of AG-D have been divided into the two subgroups AG-D (I) and AG-D (II), based on the results of cultural characteristics and pathogenicity tests. Isolates obtained from zoysiagrass exhibiting symptoms of rhizoctonia-patch disease, from bentgrass with winter-patch disease, from wheat with foot-rot disease, and from mat rush with winter-stem-rot disease were reported to belong to subgroup AG-D (I). On the other hand, isolates obtained from zoysiagrass with elephant-footprint disease were assigned to subgroup AG-D (II). To confirm the existence of these two subgroups in AG-D, the genetic structure of AG-D isolates from turfgrass and other crops was compared. RFLP analysis of the ITS region from rDNA after digestion with the restriction enzymes EcoRI, HaeIII, HhaI, HinfI, and MboI separated AG-D isolates into two groups corresponding to AG-D (I) and AG-D (II). Furthermore, other AGs except AG-Q (AGs-A, Ba, Bb, C, E, F, G, I, K, L, O, P, and R. solani AG1-IC) did not have the same patterns that were seen for the two AG-D subgroups. AG-Q isolates from bentgrass showed the same patterns as AG-D (I). The results of the RAPD analysis also revealed the existence of two groups that corresponded to AG-D (I) and AG-D (II). These analyses revealed that Rhizoctonia AG-D isolates from turfgrass could be divided into two subgroups consistent with those based on cultural characteristics and pathogenicity. In addition, isolates of foot-rot disease of wheat and isolates of winter-stem-rot disease of mat rush whose cultural characteristics were the same as those of AG-D (I) also showed similar RFLP and RAPD patterns to those of AG-D (I) isolates from turfgrass.