氮素水平对茶树新梢叶片代谢谱及其昼夜变化的影响

茶树叶片中含有丰富的代谢产物,氨基酸、茶多酚和咖啡碱是决定茶叶品质的重要成分。本文结合基于1H-核磁共振(1H-NMR)的代谢组学非靶标分析与通过高效液相色谱法进行的定量靶标分析两种方法,比较白天和夜晚所取不同施氮水平的茶树新梢第2叶的代谢产物差异,探讨了基于1H-NMR的代谢组学研究方法应用于茶叶品质成分形成机理研究的可行性。结果表明,白天和夜晚所取茶树新梢第2叶代谢组差异较大,可以显著分离,区分两个样本的主要组分为茶氨酸、葡萄糖和蔗糖,而不同施氮水平下茶树新梢第2叶代谢组没有显著差异。高效液相色谱定量分析的结果表明,施氮水平对主要游离氨基酸组分和儿茶素组分均有影响,且存在昼夜差别。     

6个高氨基酸茶树品种(系)主要生化成分分析

为了解6个高氨基酸茶树品种(系)白叶1号、中黄1号、黄金茶1号、苏茶早、E1和20-2-1的主要生化成分,以湖北茶区主栽品种鄂茶1号为对照,分析了6个品种(系)春季新梢(一芽二叶)中主要生化成分并对其进行聚类分析.结果表明,6个高氨基酸茶树品种(系)中天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、茶氨酸及氨基酸总量均显著高于对照,水浸出物、茶多酚、酚氨比、EGCG、GCG及儿茶素总量均显著低于对照,其它组分变化规律不明显.基于主要生化成分含量聚类分析显示,白叶l号、苏茶早、黄金茶1号、中黄1号、E1等5个品种(系)聚为一类,该类具有氨基酸含量高、茶多酚和儿茶素含量低的特性;此外,高氨基酸含量、相对较高茶多酚和儿茶素含量的品系20-2-1则单独聚为一类.     

遮光对‘紫娟’二轮梢发育和品质的影响

对‘紫娟’二轮新梢萌展初期进行不遮光、遮光50%、遮光75%等三种处理,20天后测定其新梢长势、叶色,以一芽三叶鲜叶为原料加工成烘青后进行生化成分分析、感官品质审评。结果表明,随着遮光程度增加,紫化新梢返绿程度增加,花青素、茶多酚含量减少,非酯型儿茶素向酯型儿茶素转化,绿茶滋味趋向甘鲜;50%遮光率有利于茶树新梢生长。     

不同施肥模式对茶树新梢氟含量及其品质成分的影响

为明确不同施肥模式对茶叶氟含量和品质的影响，探究适合茶园降氟和改善茶叶品质的方法，以福鼎大白茶为试验材料，通过田间施肥、施用土壤调理剂、喷施微生物菌剂的不同组合试验，考察不同施肥处理土壤理化性质，以及7月、8月茶树一芽三叶和一芽五叶的氟含量，并对其品质成分进行对比。结果表明，4种施肥模式以降低土壤水溶态氟含量及提高茶树新梢持嫩度的方式有效降低茶树新梢氟含量，但降氟的程度不同；其中T4处理（每667 m2施茶树专用肥160 kg+土壤调理剂60 kg+3次叶面喷施微生物菌剂）对茶树新梢降氟效果最好，7月、8月一芽五叶的氟含量相对于CK分别降低了85.76 mg/kg、173.66 mg/kg；此外，T4处理整体上（除8月31日一芽五叶）可以促进水浸出物、茶多酚等茶叶品质成分的积累。综合考虑茶树新梢的氟含量以及茶叶品质，T4处理表现最优。     

海拔高度对庐山云雾茶品质的影响

对庐山不同海拔高度共49个茶园的春茶一芽二叶新梢茶多酚、儿茶素、氨基酸、咖啡碱和酚氨比进行了测定,并分析了这些品质成分与海拔高度的关系。结果表明,茶多酚含量平均为17.60%,氨基酸3.28%,咖啡碱3.07%,酚氨比5.59;随着海拔高度的增加,氨基酸呈线性关系显著提高,茶多酚和酚氨比则呈指数关系显著降低,而咖啡碱含量则变化不大。儿茶素组分随海拔高度变化表现不同,EGCG、ECG和EC随海拔增高而降低,而EGC和GCG则有所提高,导致儿茶素总量变化不大。     

日本百项茶叶科研成果(续)

85.不同采摘时间、遮光处理和叶位的茶树新芽在化学成分上的差异 在茶叶不同采摘时间和其品质成分的关系上,研究表明,头茶的品质成分含量明显高于二、三茶,特别是精氨酸和茶氨酸的含量较高.茶芽中的全氮、茶多酚、氨基酸和咖啡碱含量均有随着芽梢成熟度的增加而减少的趋势.但蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖等游离糖含量和水溶性盐及可溶性果胶的含量则随着茶梢成熟度的增加而增加.维生素C含量则从采摘中期起逐渐增加,然后又减少.茶叶中的酯型儿茶素含量则随着茶芽成熟度的增加而逐渐减少,但(-)-EGC的含量呈增加趋势.无机成分中,磷酸和钾的含量随茶梢成熟度的增加而减少,但钙、锰、铝的含量呈增加趋势.铜和锌的含量随茶树芽叶的成熟而逐渐减少.     

茶树体内硫的分布特征及施硫对茶叶产量和品质影响研究

采用田间试验和调查,对茶树体内硫的分布特征及施硫对茶叶产量和品质的影响进行了研究。结果表明,茶树体内以吸收根和新梢等生命活动旺盛的部位硫含量较高,成熟叶片次之,主干和主根硫含量最低;施硫后茶树吸收根和新梢硫含量显著提高,而主根和主干变化不大。新梢一芽二叶硫含量(Y)与土壤有效硫含量(X)呈极显著正相关(Y=5.6043X+1903.6,P0.001)。幼龄茶树施硫后树高、树幅、主干直径、分枝数、百芽重等均有显著增加。成龄茶园施硫后增产幅度在-2.1%~25.0%之间,平均10.8%;茶叶品质成分氨基酸、茶多酚和水浸出物含量有不同程度提高,其中氨基酸提高明显,酚氨比降低。从施硫增产幅度与施硫前土壤有效硫含量的函数关系式得出茶园土壤缺硫临界值为27.4 mg·kg~(-1)。使用硫磺粉能明显提高表层土壤有效硫含量,但土壤pH降低,且随施硫量的增加,pH降幅增大。因此,科学合理施硫对于促进茶叶生产的持续健康发展十分必要。     

锌与茶树生长代谢的关系及田间喷锌效果

溶液培养二年生龙井43和碧云扦插苗的锌试验表明:随着培养液锌浓度的增加,新梢萌发率、新梢产量提高;新梢的异柠檬酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的活性被促进;茶树光合作用的初级产物可溶性糖及其;次生代谢的主要终产物茶多酚增加。说明锌影响茶树的光合作用,促进茶树正常的生长发育及次生物质代谢的进行。茶园在采摘前2星期喷施0.2—0.4％硫酸锌溶液,有明显提高茶叶产量和鲜叶茶多酚、氨基酸和可溶性糖的效果。     

茶树体内的碳氮平衡及其调节

新梢的生长离不开营养物质,而营养物质在茶树体内的代谢平衡总是处在动态之中,因此,伴随着新梢的生长其内含成分也是不断改变的。如果以多酚类物质含量的变化代表碳代谢,氨基酸总量的变化代表氮代谢,那么,新梢碳、氮代谢的平衡就受诸如季节、茶树生理年龄、环境因子、栽培措施等的影响而变动。一般每类茶的品质都要求有一定的碳、氮含量     

不同灭菌处理对绿茶茶汤生化成分的影响

研究了不同灭菌温度以及添加L-抗坏血酸对绿茶茶汤主要品质成分的影响。结果表明,与不经高温灭菌处理相比,茶汤经高温灭菌后,茶多酚总量显著下降、氨基酸含量增加、咖啡因含量没有显著性变化;不同温度灭菌处理中表型儿茶素EGC、EC、EGCG、ECG含量随灭菌温度的升高而下降,非表型儿茶素GC、C、GCG、CG含量则上升;灭菌前添加L-抗坏血酸可以抑制高温处理过程中表型儿茶素向非表型儿茶素转化。     

茶树品种对生物量累积与养分分配的影响

为明确不同品种茶树的物质、养分积累及分配特性,本研究以10龄的龙井43、薮北和奥绿茶树为研究对象,考察了3个品种茶树的生物量以及养分量在地上部留存、新梢采摘、修剪和凋落物中的分配。结果表明,地上部留存的生物量以及新梢产量均为龙井43>薮北>奥绿;而修剪物的生物量则呈相反的趋势;凋落物的生物量未在品种间表现出明显差异。5种主要养分元素在3个品种间均表现为叶片含量高于树茎;但在新梢、修剪物和凋落物中的分配则与品种相关。地上部留存部分的养分累积量为龙井43>薮北>奥绿,而通过采摘、修剪与凋落物形式移出的养分总量表现为奥绿>龙井43>薮北;其中龙井43新梢养分累积量占地上部移出总量的比例最高（63.7%~85.0%）,薮北为37.4%~60.2%;修剪是奥绿转移物质和养分的主要形式,其养分累积量占地上部总移出量的66.6%~91.2%。本研究结果有利于根据品种优势和茶园生产模式制定针对性的养分管理措施,为优化茶园施肥、提高养分利用效率提供依据。     

采摘标准与施氮水平对茶树春茶产量、品质及氮素利用的影响

为探讨田间不同生产方式对茶园产量、茶叶品质及茶树对氮肥吸收利用的影响,采用微区¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了不同采摘标准（一芽一叶和一芽三叶）和氮肥施用水平（200、450 kg·hm^-2）下茶树春季新梢产量、品质成分和¹⁵N氮素吸收利用等变化。结果表明,新梢产量主要受采摘标准影响,一芽三叶的产量是一芽一叶的1.8~2.1倍,氮肥用量对春季新梢产量影响不显著;采摘标准对氨基酸含量特别是对茶氨酸等品质成分的影响大于施氮水平,以N2水平（N 450 kg·hm^-2）下采摘一芽一叶的含量最高;成熟叶含氮量从初冬到春茶结束呈下降趋势,说明叶片内氮素在春茶期间发生再利用,但其肥料氮占全氮的比例（Ndff）在增加,可能是氮素吸收和再利用的共同结果;供氮水平对新梢Ndff的影响大于采摘标准,而新梢采摘的氮携带量主要受产量影响,低氮条件下新梢¹⁵N回收率最高。本研究表明,采摘标准和施氮量对茶园产量、茶叶品质及茶树对¹⁵N氮素的吸收分配产生影响,但两个氮肥水平都能基本满足不同采摘标准下茶树对氮素的需求。     

比久、多效唑、根太阳对金叶假连翘株型的控制效应

为减少金叶假连翘绿篱株型控制的修剪成本,特以6年生金叶假连翘为试材,采用L9(34)正交表设计,研究不同药剂种类、浓度水平、施药频率对其嫩枝长度、嫩枝数目以及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,3种药剂的作用效果为B9GTYPP333;随着浓度的增大药效增强;施药频率以2、3次为佳。综合3个指标,以喷施3500mg/LB92次的处理效果最佳。这为用植物生长延缓剂控制金叶假连翘的株型提供了科学依据。     

茶树对铬、镉的吸收积累特性研究

通过水培实验,研究了茶树(3个品种)受铬(Cr3+)、镉(Cd2+)毒害的表观症状以及铬、镉在茶树体内的分布、积累特性。结果表明:铬(20~100mg/L)、镉(1~5mg/L)胁迫下,茶树出现的毒害症状和对新梢生长的抑制效应因胁迫浓度、时间和品种而异。茶树各器官的铬、镉含量总体随铬、镉胁迫浓度的增加而增加,并且与胁迫浓度呈极显著或显著正相关。铬在茶树体内由高到低的分布次序是:吸收根>主根>主茎>枝条>老叶>新梢(一芽二叶);镉则为:吸收根>主根>主茎>新梢(一芽二叶)>枝条>老叶。根部吸收的铬、镉元素大部分被吸收根所固定,向地上部运输的比例较低,但镉在茶树体内的活性和迁移能力强于铬,运输到地上部的镉极易迁移到新梢中。新梢不同叶位镉含量的高低顺序为:第一叶>第二叶>第三叶>第四叶,新梢中的镉有明显向上富集的趋势。不同品种的茶树对铬、镉的吸收、积累和迁移能力有一定差异。     

The effects of phosphorus and form of nitrogen supply on leaf cell size and nutrient content in Trifolium repens and Lotus uliginosus

White clover (Grasslands Huia) and lotus (Grasslands Maku) were grown in pots of soil at a range of phosphorus supply, and reliant on symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SN plants) or entirely on mineral nitrogen (MN plants). Shoots increased in weight with phosphorus supply. White clover MN shoots were bigger than those of SN plants except at the lowest level of phosphorus supply; lotus MN shoots were only bigger than SN shoots at the highest level of phosphorus supply. Leaf growth rate and size increased with phosphorus supply but were not significantly affected by the nitrogen treatments.
Estimates of cell size were made by determining DNA concentration, by digestion of tissue followed by counting and by taking vinyl impressions of epidermal cell surfaces. Lotus cells are bigger than those of white clover. 'Digested' cell sizes were not significantly affected by changes in phosphorus supply. Epidermal cell size increased with phosphorus supply, but the relationship was weaker in SN than in MN plants. Methods which give values for 'average' cell size are capable of detecting large-scale differences, but methods able to resolve cell heterogeneity are necessary for an accurate picture of the relationship between leaf growth and cellular nutrition.
Average concentrations of total and inorganic phosphorus on a DNA basis did not differ between the species, contrary to concentrations on a dry weight basis, indicating that differences in phosphorus efficiency can be partly explained on the basis of average differences in cell size. Differences in inorganic phosphorous on a DNA basis at higher levels of supply suggested an additional intrinsic difference in cellular accumulation of inorganic phosphorus between the two species.     

不同品种茶树新梢响应"倒春寒"的转录组分析

为探究“倒春寒”冻害对不同品种茶树新梢转录水平的影响,本研究以茶园“倒春寒”发生时受冻害和未受冻害的龙井43和中茶126新梢为研究材料,对两组样品进行转录组分析,分别鉴定到1 012个和1 079个差异基因,以及284个共同差异基因。从中选取18个差异基因进行实时荧光定量PCR验证,结果与转录组测序结果基本一致,证明转录组数据可靠。利用GO和KEGG数据库,对差异基因进行代谢通路富集分析,发现两个品种的差异基因主要集中在光合作用、碳代谢和细胞色素P450等代谢进程,说明“倒春寒”对新梢生长发育相关的基础代谢造成了严重损伤,抑制了相关基因的正常表达;随后对284个共同差异基因进行表达聚类分析,结果表明,其中99个差异基因在两个茶树品种中的表达模式完全相反,涉及的生物过程包括MAPK信号通路、谷胱甘肽和苯丙烷代谢等,推测这些差异基因与龙井43和中茶126在受到低温胁迫后产生的不同信号传导模式有关。     

Effects of different organic additives on in vitro shoot regeneration of Celosia sp

Nowadays, many researches were conducted in minimizing tissue culture technology due to the overhead of cost needed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using five kinds of organic additives at four level concentrations responsive to the number of shoots produced for eight weeks in culture. Stem segment explants of Celosia sp. were cultured on MS medium that have been supplemented with different kinds of extract juice that serve as organic additives which are mature coconut, young coconut, papaya, banana and tomato at 20, 30, 50 and 70 ml L-1. The numbers of shoot on each explant were recorded and the mean of ten replicates explants were calculated. Among the media used, young coconut water at 70 ml L1- induced the highest shoot regeneration (14.21+/-8.26), followed by mature coconut water at 50 ml L-1 (13.14+/-10.33). Banana and tomato juice promote highest shoot regeneration of stem segments at 50 ml L-1 that produced 9.57+/-4.68 and 9.28+/-5.82 shoots per explants, respectively. While the lowest concentration which at 20 ml L-1 of papaya juice showed highest shoot regeneration (10.50+/-3.45) produced among the three other concentration tested. Statistical results showed that there were significant differences interactions effects (p<0.05) in terms of number of shoot regenerated between the types of extracts juices determined by ANOVA test. Comparing number of shoots regenerated that were cultured in control media, it showed higher than all of experimental medium composition. There were no big different in cost required in preparation of control media and the experimental media. Applications of five kinds of local fruit in tissue culture media should be considered since it responsive in shoot regeneration.     

3种辣木中氮、磷、钾、钙和镁元素含量的比较

对西双版纳不同树龄的多油辣木、狭瓣辣木和‘PKM1’辣木,在不同采收时期采收部位中的氮、磷、钾、钙和镁元素含量进行分析比较。结果表明:3种辣木氮、磷、钾、钙和镁元素的含量总体呈现出氮钾钙磷和镁的趋势;叶中氮、磷、钙和镁含量高于茎,钾含量低于茎。氮和磷含量夏季低于冬季,镁含量夏季高于冬季;多油辣木和‘PKM1’辣木中钾和钙含量夏季高于冬季,狭瓣辣木钙含量夏季低于冬季;嫩梢中氮和镁含量低于老梢(除狭瓣辣木外),但磷、钾和钙含量高于老梢(除多油辣木外);1年生树龄嫩梢氮、磷、钾和镁含量为狭瓣辣木多油辣木和‘PKM1’辣木,12年生树龄氮含量为狭瓣辣木多油辣木和‘PKM1’辣木;氮、磷和钙含量为1年生树龄12年生树龄,钾和镁含量为1年生树龄12年生树龄。     

Efficient shoot regeneration from direct apical meristem tissue to produce virus-free purple passion fruit plants

Purple passion fruit is an important fresh table fruit. At present, the production of passion fruit is decreasing because of the spread of viral diseases throughout the planting area. The aim of this research was to propagate virus-free plants using a tissue culture technique involving the apical meristem of purple passion fruit. Shoot tips were excised to a length of 2 mm and the shoots were regenerated by culturing on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg/l) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l). Root formation was promoted using different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.2 mg/l). A greater number of shoots were produced with BA concentrations of 1.0 and 1.5 mg/l than with any other BA concentrations tested (less than 1.0 mg/l or greater than 1.5 mg/l). However, when NAA at any concentration was included in the medium, no shoots were produced in culture. The cultures including 1.0 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l BA were then subcultured four times every two weeks. Initially, the tissue cultured in the 1.5 mg/l BA medium grew faster than that cultured in the 1.0 mg/l BA medium. The tissue cultured with 1.5 mg/l BA generated many short shoots, whereas the tissue cultured with 1.0 mg/l BA, generated long shoots that could be subcultured into individual plants. These regenerated shoots were assayed for the presence of the passion fruit woodiness virus using ELISA or a test strip kit; only virus-free shoots were used for further propagation. Root formation was very good in IBA concentrations of 0.4 and 0.6 mg/l. Thus, virus-free plants could be successfully regenerated directly from the apical meristem.     

叶绿素仪(SPAD)在茶树氮素营养诊断中的适用性研究

测定叶片氮素含量是诊断茶树氮素状况的一项重要方法。本文利用盆栽试验,通过不同的供氮水平,研究了利用叶绿素仪(SPAD-502)进行茶树氮素营养快速诊断的适用性。结果表明,茶树新梢产量与氮素用量、成熟叶氮素含量之间呈线性加平台的反应关系,成熟叶的SPAD值与其全氮含量呈显著线性正相关,并与茶树产量存在着比较明显的关系拐点,初步显示SPAD可以较好地表征茶树的氮素营养状况,有可能作为快速诊断方法用于指导茶树施肥,但是还需要通过大田试验进行进一步验证。本文还探讨了测定位点、叶位、天气状况、田间原位或离体测定方式、表面清洗以及样本量等因素对SPAD测试精度的影响。