A METHOD OF PROLONGING THE ACTION OF PENICILLIN

(1) Single injections of penicillin in beeswax-peanut oil mixture will produce and maintain levels of penicillin in the blood for 7 or more hours. (2) These mixtures have maintained their potency at room, incubator and refrigerator temperatures for 30 to 62 days and show no signs of deterioration to date. (3) Eleven of twelve patients with gonorrhoea have been cured by a single injection of penicillin beeswaxpeanut oil mixture.     

高钴负荷对肉仔鸡血液粘度的影响及其与肉鸡腹水综合征发生发展的关系

300只AA肉仔鸡平均分成两组,一组为对照组,另一组为高钴负荷组（从5日龄起饮含钴80mg／L的水）。于5,30和45日龄每组随机抽取20只鸡,分别检测红细胞压积（PCV）、红细胞计数（RBC）、血红蛋白浓度（HB）、全血比粘度（BRV）和腹水心脏指数（AHI）;45日龄时扑杀所有试验鸡,观察腹水综合征发生情况。结果为：（1）高钴负荷鸡在30和45日龄时其PCV,RBC和HB显著高于对照鸡（P＜0．05）;（2）30和45日龄时高钴负荷鸡的BRV极显著高于对照鸡（P＜0．01）;（3）30和45日龄时高钴负荷鸡的AHI显著大于对照鸡（P＜0．05）,45日龄时高钴负荷鸡的腹水检出率倍增于对照鸡。本试验表明高钴负荷可诱发肉仔鸡红细胞增生,进而使血液粘度升高,最终导致右心肥大－腹水综合征。     

Penicillin blood-level determinations with a Streptococcus dysgalactiae resistant to normal blood inhibitors

A strain of Str. dysgalactiae was found to be an effective test organism for penicillin blood-level determinations. This organism, although inhibited by penicillin in concentrations of 0.006-0.008 unit/ml., is resistant to the natural inhibiting substances of blood sera. The latter characteristic is very significant, since the test organisms (Str. pyogenes C-203 and B. subtilis) that are now employed for penicillin assay of body fluids are inhibited by a large percentage of human sera. The method described can detect penicillin blood levels in concentration of 0.016 unit/ml. of blood sera. Since blood levels above 0.03 unit/ml. are considered to be therapeutically effective, this method of assay is adequately sensitive for routine clinical application.     

不同饲喂水平对20~35 kg多胎萨福克羊母羊消化代谢及血清指标的影响

【目的】 研究不同饲喂水平对20~35 kg多胎萨福克羊母羊消化代谢及血清指标的影响,为肉羊科学养殖提供数据参考。【方法】 选取断奶后3月龄健康纯种多胎萨福克羊母羊15只(18.68±1.42)kg,随机分配成3个组,分别为AL组、IR70组、IR40组,每组5只羊,当试验羊AL组体重分别达到28和35 kg时,进行两期消化代谢试验。日粮参照《NY/T816-2004肉羊饲养标准》日增质量300 g/d的营养需要配制,采用饲养与消化代谢试验结合的方法,研究不同饲喂水平对20~35 kg多胎萨福克羊母羊消化代谢及血清指标的影响。【结果】 (1)饲喂水平对多胎萨福克羊母羊DM、NDF、ADF采食量有显著影响(P<0.05),DM、NDF、ADF采食量规律一致,均为AL组>IR70组>IR40组的规律,且3组之间差异显著(P<0.05);试验羊1期的DM、NDF、ADF表观消化率在3组之间差异显著(P<0.05);饲喂水平对试验羊2期DM、NDF、ADF表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05);(2)随着饲喂水平的升高,试验羊氮采食量、粪氮、尿氮、消化氮显著升高(P<0.05);氮表观消化率IR40组与其它两组差异显著(P<0.05);不同饲喂水平组对试验羊1期沉积氮/食入氮、沉积氮/消化氮有显著影响(P<0.05),试验羊2期不同饲喂水平组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);(3)ALT、AST、GLU、TC及TG在不同饲喂水平组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),除了ALT均为IR70组最低外,其他指标均为IR40组最低;GLU血糖随饲喂水平的升高而升高。【结论】 (1)随着饲喂水平的增加,20~35 kg多胎萨福克羊母羊的DM、NDF、ADF采食量显著增加;在自由采食的状态下,多胎萨福克羊母羊体重达35 kg时,DM采食量可达到1 947.35 g/d。(2)随着饲喂水平的升高,显著提高了20~35 kg多胎萨福克羊母羊氮采食量,限饲对氮的表观消化率有显著影响,但对生长后期35 kg多胎萨福克羊母羊沉积氮/食入氮、沉积氮/消化氮无显著影响。(3)不同的饲喂水平对20~35 kg多胎萨福克羊母羊血清指标有不同程度的影响。限饲会降低血糖浓度。     

2型糖尿病患者膳食现状调查及营养治疗研究

为了解2型糖尿病患者膳食摄入现况,评价其膳食质量;同时对2型糖尿病患者进行营养治疗,观察治疗效果。应用3天膳食回顾法对在首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院住院的86例2型糖尿病患者进行膳食现况调查,对调查结果进行营养学分析评价;由营养师根据患者的具体情况提供个性化的糖尿病饮食,并且分别测定营养治疗前后患者的相关血糖指标。结果表明,2型糖尿病患者水果类和鱼虾类摄入量偏低,奶类、蔬菜类、禽畜肉类、蛋类、油脂类摄入量偏高,能量来源分配比例不合理,脂肪摄入过高,碳水化合物摄入过低;采用营养治疗措施以后,患者空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖比干预前有所降低,且饮食结构趋于合理。由此可见,目前2型糖尿病患者膳食结构不合理,经过营养治疗可以更好的控制患者住院期间的血糖,显著减少不良临床结局显的出现;建议对2型糖尿病患者加强营养教育,促进营养干预。     

HEAVY GLASSWARE IN THE LABORATORY

(1) Estimations of the phosphorus content of diets reported to produce caries in rats indicate that rations containing 0.4802 grams of phosphorus per 100 grams of diet, or less than 0.4802 grams of phosphorus per 100 grams of diet, tend to induce dental caries in rats if Ca intake is 0.3424 per cent. (2) Estimations of the phosphorus content of diets reported to produce rats immune to dental caries indicate that such diets contain 0.5282 or more grams of phosphorus per 100 grams of diet and 0.4012 or less grams of calcium per 100 grams of diet. (3) Experimental evidence is presented which indicates that the level of phosphorus in the diet is an important factor in producing caries-susceptibility and caries-immunity in rats. (4) We have also found that a relation exists between blood composition (phosphorus) and the incidence of dental caries in rats. Caries arises in rats whose blood phosphorus falls below a critical level (about 10.5 +/- .5 mg(6) of phosphorus per 100 grams of serum), while those rats whose blood phosphorus concentration is 10.5 +/- .5 or above are immune from dental caries. (5) It is indicated that this blood figure is dependent upon the level of phosphorus, calcium and vitamin ingested in the diet. In a forthcoming paper we shall present the results of an extensive review of the recorded observations of our own and other laboratories on the relation between diet and susceptibility to dental caries in the rat and our conclusions from examining these data in the light of the working hypothesis (blood phosphorus critical level) here presented.     

生长促进素对吮乳仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验共选择15窝吮乳长白仔猪,观察高铜(250ppm)、复合抗菌素ISP(四环素110ppm、磺胺二甲嘧啶110ppm、青霉素55ppm)单独或配合使用,以及高铜与高钙、磷(Sa1.2％、P1.00％)配合使用对吮乳仔猪(15—60日龄)生产性能、血清各蛋白组分(α—、β—、r—球蛋白,清蛋白)和血清尿素N的影响。试验表明,高铜、高铜与高钙磷配合使用没有促生长作用;TSP组较对照提高9.0％(P>0.05);TSP与高铜合用获得了进一步的生长反应,日增重较对照组提高33.2％(P<0.01),腹泻显著地低于对照组(P<0.05);生长促进剂有降低血清球蛋白和尿素N的趋势。     

MAINTENANCE OF THE BLOOD LEVEL OF PENICILLIN AFTER INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION

Blood concentrations of penicillin were maintained at measurable levels for as long as seven or eight hours following single intramuscular injections of penicillin in the dog and in patients by means of vehicles containing 6 per cent. to 20 per cent. ossein gelatin and a long-acting vasoconstrictor drug. Intramuscular administration of penicillin can thus be carried on with three instead of eight injections per day with less variation in the extremes of penicillin blood levels.     

真菌酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

在仔猪同基础日粮中试验组分别为０．３％、０．５％和０．８％真菌酶制剂,进行饲喂试验。结果表明：真菌酶制剂添加水平在０．０％～０．５％范围内明显提高了仔猪采食量（ＦⅠ）、蛋白质摄入量（ＰⅠ）、日增重（ＡＤＧ）和饲料转化率,且以０．５％的添加水平效果最佳。将真菌酶制剂、真菌酶制剂与麦饭石合剂及基础饲料饲喂断奶仔猪,测定其生产性能和血液生化指标。结果表明,试验前期血液总蛋白、球蛋白、血红蛋白、碱性磷酸酶     

A STANDARD PENICILLINASE PREPARATION

(1) Standardization of penicillinase has been made possible by the method for its assay. (2) A purified, dried and sterile penicillinase has been found to be a penicillin-inactivator superior to Clarase for the penicillin sterility test. (3) Preliminary studies show this penicillinase preparation may be used for inactivating penicillin in exudates of body fluids.     

青霉素菌渣残留降解物的蓄积毒性研究

[目的]初步研究青霉素菌渣残留降解物的蓄积毒性,进而探讨其是否具备作为蛋白饲料投入养殖业开发利用的条件。[方法]通过小鼠亚急性毒性试验,饲喂小鼠不同剂量的青霉素菌渣降解物（3%和6%）连续观察15周,记录每周小白鼠的体重和死亡情况;试验结束后抽样处死,取血测动物肝、肾功能,取心、肝、脾、肾称重,并在光镜下对肝、肾组织做病理学观察。[结果]试验组小白鼠体重、死亡率及肝、肾功能在15周内和对照组差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。低剂量组可见肝细胞、肾小管上皮细胞核有碎裂,少数肝、肾细胞有轻度水肿;高剂量组可见小白鼠肝组织中细胞核碎裂并有脂肪滴,多数肝细胞水肿,只有少数肝细胞无明显改变;肾脏可见门管区炎性细胞浸润,肾小管上皮细胞水肿、坏死。[结论]该实验条件下青霉素菌渣降解物对小鼠器官的实质细胞有轻度的毒性作用。     

ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PENICILLIN IN CORN OIL AND LANOLIN

Oral administration of penicillin suspended in equal parts of corn oil and lanolin extends the maintenance of the penicillin level in the system (as determined by urine bio-assay). Measurable quantities were found 24 to 42 hours after ingestion. Recovery of the penicillin is about five times higher than under administration in saline solution. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to the various members of our staff who volunteered as subjects for these experiments.     

青霉素喷施防治柑橘黄龙病试验初报

柑橘黄龙病是世界性分布的柑橘毁灭性病害,严重制约着柑橘产业的发展．为探究青霉素对柑橘黄龙病的防治效果,本试验采用喷施的方式对柑橘黄龙病病树进行处理,同时结合实时荧光定量ＰＣＲ技术对病树内黄龙病菌量进行动态监测,确定青霉素对柑橘黄龙病的相对防效．结果表明连续喷施４次青霉素３个月和７个月后病树中黄龙病菌含量均出现不同程度的上调,相对防效分别为－１７０.１６％和－６３.９６％．以上结果表明喷施的方式进行青霉素处理黄龙病病树对柑橘黄龙病并不能取到防治效果．     

ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PENICILLIN

A convenient, practical and effective procedure of administering penicillin by mouth consists of mixing the drug with one tablespoonful of aluminum hydroxide. Substantially higher blood levels are obtained following a 50,000 and a 100,000 unit dose of penicillin with this method than after administration of the drug dissolved in water, either with or without previous ingestion of a mild antacid, such as aluminum hydroxide. Adsorption of penicillin on aluminum hydroxide appears to exert a local protective effect against that portion of gastric acid with which it comes into contact.     

CONTROL AND EVALUATION OF BLOOD SERUM ASSAYS FOR PENICILLIN

A method for adequate control and evaluation of blood serum assays for penicillin is given and the effectiveness of the method for controlling the several types of penicillin is shown.     

添加王草对鹅生长性能和血液指标的影响

为探讨王草对鹅生长性能及血液生理生化指标的影响,选用28日龄体重相近、健康的海南本地杂交鹅240只,随机分成4组即对照组饲喂基础日粮,3个王草处理组分别饲喂7.5%、10%和12.5%王草替代基础日粮的饲料,每个组3个重复,每个重复20只鹅,进行2个月的饲养试验。结果表明,添加王草处理显著提高体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量(P0.05),添加10%王草处理组料重比最低(P0.05);添加王草对鹅血液生理指标无显著影响;添加王草处理显著降低了谷丙转氨酶、总蛋白、甘油三酯含量(P0.05),改善了生化指标。综上,鹅日粮中添加王草不会影响鹅的健康,王草粉添加量为10%时效果较好。     

几种外源物质对杂交水稻种子发芽率的影响

本文研究了用不同浓度的Ce( NO3)3、La( NO3)3、KNO3、KH2PO4、青霉素、IAA、NAA浸种对水稻种子Q优6号发芽的影响,结果表明除NAA外,其他几种外源物质对提高种子的发芽率均有一定的效果.经IAA、KNO3浸种处理能极显著提高种子的发芽率,经Ce( NO3)3、KH2 PO4浸种处理能显著提高种子的发芽率,经La(NO3)3、青霉素浸种处理对种子的发芽率提高不显著,而经NAA浸种处理对种子的发芽有一定的副作用.     

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE INACTIVATION OF ANTIBIOTICS

Enhanced production of penicillin is made possible by addition of Cellophane to fluid media. With Cellophane bags of suitable surface, the growth of the submerged and surface penicillin producing strains of Penicillium notatum is significantly faster and more abundant; penicillin makes its appearance earlier and reaches higher concentration in larger total volumes than in control cultures without Cellophane. Thus the gain with the method described is both in the rate of production as well as in the total yield of penicillin. The enhancement also occurs under conditions unfavorable for development of penicillin, namely, (a) with degenerated cultures of the mold; and (b) when the surface penicillin producing strain is grown in cultures with an unfavorably small [See Equation In PDF file] ratio (0.0315). There is also noted a markedly stabilizing effect of Cellophane upon the H-ion concentration of abundantly growing cultures during active production of penicillin. The stabilization is of significance, since the sharp rise in pH usually occurring in Penicillium cultures tends to destroy rapidly the penicillin.     

New Approaches to Evaluation of Digestive Function in Chickens

The activity of digestive enzymes in the blood of chickens has been studied using the current biochemical methods. The digestive enzyme activity level in blood is proven to be associated with intestinal function. Typsin is the most volatile digestive enzyme since its activity significantly increases 1 h after the feed intake. The calculation of the blood digestive enzyme index as the ratio of the total lipase and amylase activities to the trypsin activity has been proposed to evaluate the physiological condition and health of the digestive system in the animals.     

饲粮尿素添加水平对生长育肥牛生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

【目的】利用肉牛饲养试验研究饲粮尿素添加水平对生长育肥牛生长性能和血液生化指标的影响,为肉牛生产中合理添加尿素提供理论依据。【方法】选择60头利木赞×复洲杂交的F1公牛,随机分为6组,每组10头,分别接受1个尿素添加水平的饲粮处理。设置6个粗蛋白和代谢能值相近（14% CP,11.3 MJ•kg-1,DM基础）的饲粮处理,其中尿素添加量分别为0%（对照）、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%。试验期14周,其中预饲期1周,正试期13周。【结果】随尿素添加水平的提高,干物质摄入量（dry matter intake,DMI）无显著变化（P＞0.1）,但日增重呈线性规律显著下降（L,P＜0.05）,饲料转化效率（DMI/ADG（average daily gain））呈现线性规律显著上升（L,P＜0.05）。其中,尿素添加水平在0.8%以内未见日增重和饲料转化效率（DMI/ADG）有显著变化。提高饲粮尿素添加水平,血氨浓度线性上升（L,P＜0.001）;而血浆总蛋白和血浆尿素氮（plasma urea-N,PUN）浓度呈二次曲线规律升高（Q,P＜0.001）,其中血浆总蛋白和PUN浓度分别在1.50%和0.64%（%DM）尿素添加水平下出现拐点。提高饲粮尿素添加水平对谷丙转氨酶活性没有显著影响（P＞0.1）,但会导致谷草转氨酶活性呈线性升高（L,P＜0.001）。在反映肉牛应激状况的激素指标中,除肾上腺素外,肌酸激酶活性、去甲肾上腺素、皮质醇、皮质酮和醛固酮浓度等均呈显著的二次曲线规律上升或下降（Q,P＜0.05）;其中,上升或下降趋势的变化出现在0.8%-1.2%尿素添加水平。【结论】生长育肥牛饲粮中尿素添加水平在0.8%以内,或尿素氮占总氮比例在16%以内,可认为是适宜的安全添加水平。