预处理刀豆的薄层干燥试验及其干燥模型

本文通过带人工气候箱的热风干燥试验台对预处理刀豆在不同干燥过程参量(烘温、相对湿度、初始水分和热风风速)变化下进行了单因子试验,得出其干燥曲线;同时对不同烘温下的干燥曲线进行了模型比较,得出了其最适宜的模型为 MP=exp(-K_dt),K_d=a_0exp(-b_0/T),并求得其模型系数为a_0=1.11,b_0=-127.01。     

南瓜丝平衡含水率的研究

应用静态法测定南瓜丝在10-50℃和全相对湿度范围内的吸湿、解吸平衡含水率，以此分析相对湿度、温度对南瓜公平衡含水率的影响，对Henderson修正方程等四个模型进行比较，确定描述南瓜丝吸湿、解吸平衡含水率模型。     

玉米秸秆AFEX预处理纤维素酶解特性研究

为了探究氨纤维膨胀(Ammonia fiber expansion,AFEX)预处理产生的酚类物质和木质素暴露程度的变化对酶解的影响,对玉米秸秆(CK)进行了高、低两个温度水平的AFEX预处理(L-AFEX:90℃、5 min;H-AFEX:140℃、15 min,载氨量和含水率分别为1 g/g和60％),对预处理后玉...     

香菜的平衡含水率测定试验研究

利用DL104型电热鼓风干燥箱试验装置,采用静态法分别测得香菜在温度为25℃和35℃、相对湿度为1 0%~9 5%范围内的解吸和吸湿平衡含水率数据,绘制了相应的香菜解吸和吸湿等温线,分析了温度和环境相对湿度对香菜平衡含水率的影响,确定了香菜干制品的安全贮藏条件。结果表明:香菜的平衡含水率存在吸湿"滞后"现象;环境相对湿度比温度对香菜平衡含水率的影响更大;当香菜样品干基含水率大于50%时,出现霉变现象;当环境相对湿度大于60%时,霉变现象严重。     

智能氮肥在干湿交替灌溉下对水稻产量与水分利用率的影响

为探究智能氮肥(pH响应性控释氮肥)在干湿交替灌溉模式下的适宜性,设置3种程度的干湿交替灌溉W1(灌水下限100％饱和含水率)、W2(灌水下限90％饱和含水率)、W3(灌水下限70％饱和含水率),3种施肥形式智能氮肥(SF)、普通无机氮肥(MF)以及不施氮肥(NF)的桶栽试验,分析其对水稻产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果...     

液氨预处理工艺对五节芒酶解糖化效果的影响

为提高五节芒可发酵单糖的产量,采用液氨对其进行预处理。选用预处理温度T、五节芒含水率M、驻留时间t和液氨用量比k为变量因素,在试验范围内T(70~170℃)、M(20%~200%)、t(5~30 min)、k(0.5~5.0)通过对各因素的不同取值,分析上述因素对五节芒酶解效果的影响。结果表明:在T=130℃、M=80%、t=10 min、k=2.0的条件下预处理,五节芒72 h的葡聚糖和木聚糖酶解率分别为72.1%和82.5%,即100 g干基原材料可获得可发酵单糖55.8 g,是未经预处理样品酶解率的3.65倍。因此,液氨预处理能够有效促进五节芒的酶解单糖转化率。     

不同含水率刀豆的挤压特性及对细胞结构的影响

进行了不同含水率刀豆的挤在试验,得出了其组织在挤压时的力-变形曲线、松弛曲线及其流变学模型。讨论了不同含水率下挤压对其细胞结构的影响以及对于制品复水速率的影响。     

链板式茶叶烘干机叶温—含水率模型

应用传质传热理论,建立了绿茶揉捻叶烘干机干燥工序的叶温-含水率模型。对6CH-20A型茶叶烘干机在不同干燥条件(进叶厚3～4cm,进风温91～116℃,转速2.0～5.1r/min)下出叶含水率的模型预测值与实测值之间的差异均值为2.43％(w.b.)。     

水热预处理对提高牛粪厌氧产甲烷性能的研究

为了研究水热预处理对牛粪厌氧产甲烷性能的影响,文章采用不同的温度(50℃,70℃,90℃,100℃,150℃和200℃)分别对牛粪进行预处理(5 min～3 d),再进行中温批式厌氧消化实验。结果表明:最优的预处理条件是70℃预处理3 d,牛粪的甲烷产量最高,达到176.36 m L·g~(-1)VS,比未经处理的提高了21.00%;VS去除率为39.64%,比未经处理的提高了6.34%。此外,牛粪经不同水热预处理后的VS水解率达到2.78%～16.25%。部分预处理组的还原糖和VFAs浓度分别达到66.20～118.51 mg·L~(-1)和8230.14～12135.72 mg·L~(-1),分别比对照组提高了7.31%～92.11%和8.03%～59.29%。所以水热温度和时间是预处理过程中的重要影响因素,并且在较低温度下预处理效果最好。     

牛粪与超声预处理污泥中温混合厌氧消化效果

文章以牛粪和超声预处理污泥为发酵原料,在恒温35℃±1℃及底物浓度为15 gVS·L~(-1)的条件下,采用正常运行的大型沼气池沼液作为接种物,研究不同配比(VS_(污泥)∶VS_(牛粪)分别为1∶0,2∶1,1∶1,1∶2,0∶1)对混合厌氧消化效果的影响。研究表明,在35℃±1℃条件下,超声预处理污泥与牛粪的比例为1∶2时累积产气量高于其他4种比例,VS产气率达到了470.33 mL·g~(-1),甲烷产量在发酵稳定后达到了58.68%。发酵过程中pH值,NH_4~+-N,COD的变化表明了混合厌氧消化能够平衡营养物质,稀释有毒物质,具有协同作用,发酵过程中未出现酸抑制以及氨抑制。进一步研究得出,将超声预处理污泥与牛粪按一定比例混合发酵可以将产气高峰提前,并出现"双峰",提升产气速率,大幅提升了原料的产气潜力。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。