两种除草剂混配在燕麦田的应用效果研究

为了筛选安全高效的燕麦田除草剂,选用50%二氯喹啉酸可湿性粉剂和40%二甲·辛酰溴乳油两种除草剂,以不同浓度混配后施于燕麦田,研究其对燕麦田杂草的防除效果以及对燕麦安全性和产量的影响。结果表明:不同处理对杂草的防效差异显著(P0.05),混配处理的防效平均在75%,高于各单剂处理。药后15d40%二甲·辛酰溴乳油和50%二氯喹啉酸可湿性粉剂混配处理(1 400mL/hm2+225g/hm2)的株防效最高,为86.23%。药后30d的防效同样以40%二甲·辛酰溴乳油和50%二氯喹啉酸可湿性粉剂混配处理(1 400mL/hm2+225g/hm2)的最高,其鲜重防效可达到98.81%。40%二甲·辛酰溴乳油和50%二氯喹啉酸可湿性粉剂混配处理(1 400mL/hm2+225g/hm2)还能显著提高燕麦干草产量,与对照相比可增产16.4%,达到10 404kg/hm2。籽粒产量以40%二甲·辛酰溴乳油和50%二氯喹啉酸可湿性粉剂(700mL/hm2+225g/hm2)处理最高,为2 564.27kg/hm2,相比对照增产37.4%。     

马尼拉草坪阔叶类杂草的防治试验

在马尼拉草坪中,用L9(34)正交表设计方案对56%二甲四氯钠、14%水花生净及巨星3种除草剂混用的最佳配比防除马尼拉草坪阔叶类杂草,可扩大杂草谱,增强药效.在3种除草剂中,14%水花生净20ml/667m2防除马尼扭草坪阔叶杂草效果较好.8种混剂中,14%水花生净20 ml/667m2 75%巨星2 g/667m2 56%二甲四氯钠100g/667m2、14%水花生净20 ml/667m2 75%巨星1g/667 m2时阔叶类杂草有良好的防效.     

浅谈不同杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果

用清水作对照,采用1.8%阿维菌素乳油450g/hm2、40%毒死蜱乳油1800g/hm2、20%三唑磷乳油1800g/hm2和40%辛硫磷乳油1500g/hm2进行防治水稻稻纵卷叶螟的对比试验。施药15天后,1.8%阿维菌素乳450g/hm2和40%毒死蜱乳油1800g/hm2的防治效果分别为85.58%和86.80%,卷叶内有虫率均为0;40%辛硫磷乳油1500g/hm2的防治效果为79.60%,卷叶内有虫率为4.35%;20%三唑磷乳油1800g/hm2的防治效果最低,为72.45%。这4种药剂均对稻纵卷叶螟有一定防治效果,且以1.8%阿维菌素乳油450g/hm2和40%毒死蜱乳油1800g/hm2的防治效果最为明显。     

扁穗牛鞭草人工草地中空心莲子草杂草防除效果研究

利用水花生净除莠剂可有效地防除扁穗牛鞭草人工草地中的杂草空心莲子草,平均株防效达26.7%～99.8%,并且在较高防效下药剂对扁穗牛鞭草较为安全。在空心莲子草杂草生长盛期,14%的水花生净乳油以浓度为675ml/hm2～900ml/hm2、各处理对水600ml的防除效果最佳,可达到100%。综合考虑,以525ml/hm2～675ml/hm2的浓度为宜。     

红原天然草地有毒植物的化学防除

为有效防除草地有毒植物,维护草原生态平衡和实现畜牧业可持续发展,试验采用2,4-滴丁酯乳油和猪秧净(有效成分为20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油)2种不同的化学除草剂对红原天然草地进行有毒植物的化学防除。结果表明:1)施药4 d左右,各种有毒植物均出现不同程度的茎叶扭曲,15 d后部分有毒植物的地上部分出现不同程度的死亡;2)2种除草剂对缘毛卷耳(Cerastium furcatum)、花锚(Halenia corniculata)和遏蓝菜(Thlaspi arvense)的防除效果显著,均达到100.00%,对二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)的防除效果均不显著,猪秧净对蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)、老鹳草(Geranium wilfordii)和西伯利亚蓼(Polygo-num sibiricum)的防除效果显著高于2,4-滴丁酯乳油;3)有毒植物的总体防除效果均表现出高剂量水平显著优于低剂量水平的特点,即:2,4-滴丁酯乳油(1 350 g/hm2)、猪秧净(1 012.5 mL/hm2)防除效果优于2,4-滴丁酯乳油(900 g/hm2)、猪秧净(675 mL/hm2)。     

辽宁省草原蝗虫防治药剂筛选试验

利用3种农药在辽西地区天然草原进行了蝗虫防治药剂筛选试验。结果表明,噻虫啉微囊悬浮剂防治效果最好。烟碱·苦参碱乳油900 ml/hm2、阿维·苏云菌可湿性粉剂525 g/hm2和噻虫啉微囊悬浮剂375 g/hm2为三种农药经济使用浓度。从防效和经济角度分析,辽西草原区大面积开展蝗虫防治时可优先考虑烟碱·苦参碱乳油。     

48%盖灌能乳油和75%龙拳可溶性粒剂防除草原棘豆试验简报

48%盖灌能乳油有效量960 mL/hm2以上,于棘豆Oxytrop花蕾期施药,防除效果达80%以上.75%龙拳可溶性粒剂有效量200 g/hm2以上,于棘豆花蕾期施药,防除效果达90%左右.两药剂对牧草安全.     

甲磺隆与阔叶净混配液防除狼毒的效果观察

在青海省海北州天然草地使用甲磺隆与阔叶净混配剂进行防除狼毒试验,结果表明,混配浓度越大对狼毒的防除效果越好,但防除狼毒的同时也会对草场中的其他优良牧草造成巨大伤害,特别是对阔叶牧草造成的伤害最大;综合分析认为400 g/hm2甲磺隆+200 g/hm2阔叶净和400 g/hm2甲磺隆+400g/hm2阔叶净,两种浓度的混配剂不仅对狼毒防除效果较好而且对禾本科牧草产量和阔叶牧草产量影响最小,优于1 125 ml/hm2 2,4-D丁酯(72%乳油)对狼毒的防除效果.认为这两种浓度的混配液在生产中有一定推广价值.     

2种化学除草剂对沟渠空心莲子草防除效果

采用2种不同的化学除草剂[质量分数为10%草甘膦水剂（AS）和质量分数为20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油（EC）],设6个药剂水平（10%草甘膦AS稀释50倍750 kg/hm2、10%草甘膦AS稀释50倍1 500 kg/hm2、10%草甘膦AS稀释75倍750 kg/hm2、10%草甘膦AS稀释100倍750 kg/hm2、10%草甘膦AS稀释150倍750 kg/hm2和20%氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 1 000倍750 kg/hm2）对空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides进行防除。试验结果表明：10%草甘膦AS和20%氯氟吡氧乙酸EC对沟渠空心莲子草的防除效果较好,杀草速度快,可在实际生产中应用。     

甲磺隆与阔叶净混配液防除狼毒的效果观察

在青海省海北州天然草地使用甲磺隆与阔叶净混配剂进行防除狼毒试验,结果表明,混配浓度越大对狼毒的防除效果越好,但防除狼毒的同时也会对草场中的其他优良牧草造成巨大伤害,特别是对阔叶牧草造成的伤害最大;综合分析认为:400g/hm2甲磺隆+200g/hm2阔叶净和400g/hm2甲磺隆+400g/hm2阔叶净,两种浓度的混配剂不仅对狼毒防除效果较好而且对禾本科牧草产量和阔叶牧草产量影响最小,优于1125ml/hm22,4-D丁酯(72%乳油)对狼毒的防除效果。认为这两种浓度的混配液在生产中有一定推广价值。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.