玉米果穗剥皮装置影响剥皮性能的试验分析

利用自制玉米果穗剥皮装置试验台,通过单因素试验,分析了压送器叶轮轴间距对剥净率、落粒率和籽粒破损率的影响规律.通过正交试验,得出了压送器转速、剥皮辊转速、剥皮辊倾角、剥皮辊长度和压送器叶片距剥皮辊距离等参数的最优组合,从而为玉米剥皮装置的优化设计提供了依据.     

五因素玉米剥皮试验装置与试验设计研究

以黄淮海地区为代表的一年两熟制地区,由于玉米可生长期短、收获时间紧,收获时果穗含水率较高,摘穗时易产生断茎,且苞叶与果穗贴合紧密,剥皮作业质量效果较难保证,剥净率与啃穗率、脱落籽粒破损之间矛盾突出。目前,对高含水率(≥40%)果穗剥皮装置的系统理论与试验研究均较少,因而本文设计了5因素玉米剥皮试验装置,可以进行槽型布置和平面布置两种剥皮装置的室内试验。通过调整压送器与剥皮辊距离、剥皮辊倾角、剥皮辊转速、压送轮转速及剥皮辊组合形式等关键因素水平,以苞叶剥净率、啃穗落粒率和籽粒破损率为评价指标,进行多因素多水平正交试验,确定剥皮装置的最佳参数组合,为玉米联合收获机剥皮装置选型和参数设计提供依据。     

玉米通用剥皮机构设计与试验

针对玉米联合收获机的重要部件——玉米剥皮装置通用性差等问题,设计了可更换不同辊型、调节转速以及调节两辊相对位置角的玉米通用剥皮机构。以先玉335为试验材料,进行了剥皮辊配置形式、转速和两辊相对位置角的3因素3水平正交试验,分析了各参数对剥皮性能：玉米苞叶剥净率、籽粒破碎率、籽粒损失率的影响,确定了最优组合方案：剥皮辊配置形式为螺旋橡胶辊与凸棱螺旋橡胶辊交替排列;剥皮辊转速为350r/min;两辊相对位置角为30°。     

高低辊组合式鲜食玉米柔性剥皮装置设计与试验

针对我国鲜食玉米收获过程中剥皮装备机械工作效率低、剥皮损坏率高等问题,在现有剥皮装置结构的基础上,设计了一种“柔性分段辊型+螺旋调节架”组合式和橡胶频率振动板相匹配的柔性剥皮装置。根据鲜食玉米物理特性,对鲜食玉米剥皮过程进行力学与运动学分析,确定了影响剥皮性能的主要因素,并对该剥皮装置进行了结构设计及参数分析。运用ANSYS Workbench/LS-DYDA模块对鲜食玉米果穗剥皮过程进行仿真,根据理论分析和仿真结果设计了剥皮样机,开展了剥皮试验。为获得样机最佳试验物料,以果穗长度、果穗直径、果穗含水率作为试验因素进行单因素试验,确定长度为260～280 mm、直径为64～66 mm、含水率为66.5%～69%的果穗作为剥皮机正交试验物料的样品。利用Design-Expert软件设计三因素三水平正交试验,以剥皮辊转速、剥皮辊倾角和振动板振动频率作为试验因素,以苞叶剥净率、籽粒破损率作为试验指标。结果表明：对苞叶剥净率和籽粒破损率影响由大到小均为剥皮辊转速、剥皮辊倾角、振动板振动频率;最优参数组合为：剥皮辊转速478.72 r/min、剥皮辊倾角8.05°、振动板振动频率259.20次/...     

丘陵山区玉米果穗剥皮装置设计与试验

针对现有丘陵山区小型玉米收获机在复杂田间环境收获果穗时,存在适应性差、剥皮装置籽粒损伤率高、剥净率低等问题,设计了具有双液压姿态调整的剥皮装置,其剥皮辊采用鱼鳞+双螺旋式橡胶辊组合,在提高剥净率的同时,减小了籽粒损失率。对玉米果穗剥皮装置进行了性能分析和参数优化,以便达到降低籽粒损失率、提高果穗剥净率的目的。采用二次回归正交组合试验方案,以剥皮辊转速、作业行驶速度、剥皮装置与水平面倾角以及压送装置转速为试验因素,以籽粒损失率和果穗剥净率为试验指标进行试验,建立参数优化数学模型。利用Design-Expert中Optimization模块进行优化,结果表明:当剥皮辊转速为853.081r/min、行驶速度为0.799 955m/s、倾角为16°、压送装置为500r/min时,籽粒损失率为0.204 945%,剥净率为98.1179%。为方便样机的加工与制作,对优化参数进行圆整处理,即剥皮辊转速为850r/min,行驶速度为0.8m/s,倾角为16°,压送装置为500r/min,并进行样机试验,结果表明:优化参数满足山地丘陵地区玉米果穗收获相关技术要求。     

基于离散元法的种子玉米剥皮过程籽粒损失分析与试验

种子玉米在剥皮过程中存在大量的籽粒破碎、脱落等损失问题,严重影响种子玉米的单产与经济效益。因此,本研究采用理论分析、离散元仿真与正交试验相结合的方法,探究种子玉米果穗与剥皮机构的互作机理,确定剥皮机构的最优工作参数组合以优化种子玉米剥皮过程。首先,对种子玉米果穗在剥皮机构中的受力及运动进行了理论分析,探究了在剥皮过程中剥皮机构-种子玉米的相互作用关系,并确定了影响剥皮性能的主要因素。其次,基于DEM建立种子玉米果穗-剥皮机构相互作用仿真模型,通过对玉米果穗籽粒损伤及脱落分析,确定了剥皮辊转速、剥皮辊倾角和摆杆摆幅的较优工作范围。最后,根据Box-Behnken设计方法,设计了三因素三水平的正交试验,通过方差分析和响应面分析,筛选出种子玉米剥皮机构的最佳工作参数组合：剥皮辊转速为300r/min,剥皮辊倾角为10°,摆杆摆动幅度为5°,此时苞叶剥离率为94.13%,籽粒脱落率为1.564%,籽粒破碎率为1.292%。试验获得的剥皮装置的最优工作参数组合,明显提高了种子玉米的剥皮效果。     

玉米剥皮机的研究设计

为推进玉米生产全程机械化进程及提高玉米剥皮效率,辽宁省农业机械化研究所研制了玉米剥皮机.该机剥皮机构由压送器和剥皮辊组成.试验表明:剥皮部件宜选用铸铁辊和橡胶辊组合且槽型排列的剥皮辊;剥皮效果与高度差H值的大小有关,H的取值范围应在使玉米穗重心处在两剥皮辊水平中心距的中点附近,以提高剥净率;剥皮辊的最佳工作参数为直径D=72 mm、长度Lb=1075mm、转速n=320 r/min、速度v=1.21 m/s、倾角θ=10°;选用可调弹簧压板式压送器,其弹簧压紧力为15～25 Pa;该机剥净率为80%～95%、破碎率低于1%、损失率低于2%,具有生产效率高、能量消耗低、结构合理简单、维护和操作方便等优点,能够较好地满足玉米剥皮的技术要求.     

玉米剥皮机的研究设计

为推进玉米生产全程机械化进程及提高玉米剥皮效率,辽宁省农业机械化研究所研制了玉米剥皮机。该机剥皮机构由压送器和剥皮辊组成。试验表明：剥皮部件宜选用铸铁辊和橡胶辊组合且槽型排列的剥皮辊;剥皮效果与高度差H值的大小有关,H的取值范嗣应在使玉米穗重心处在两剥皮辊水平中心距的中点附近,以提高剥净率;剥皮辊的最佳工作参数为直径D=72mm、长度,Lb=1075mm、转速n=320r／min、速度v=1.21m／s、倾角θ=10°;选用可调弹簧压板式压送器,其弹簧压紧力为15－25Pa;该机剥净率为80％－95％、破碎率低于1％、损失率低于2％,具有生产效率高、能量消耗低、结构合理简单、维护和操作方便等优点,能够较好地满足玉米剥皮的技术要求。     

制种玉米与剥皮机构互作过程仿真与试验

针对制种玉米利用大田玉米剥皮机作业籽粒损失大等现象,本文对剥皮过程中制种玉米果穗与剥皮机构间的碰撞和摩擦进行理论分析,得到了影响剥皮效果的主要因素,建立了玉米果穗-剥皮机构系统的离散元与多体动力学柔性模型,利用DEM-MBD联合仿真技术对制种玉米与剥皮机构互作过程进行模拟研究,采用Box-Behnken试验设计原理,以压送器与剥皮辊间距、剥皮辊转速和剥皮辊间隙为试验因素,以果穗平均前进速度和最大受力为试验指标,进行三因素三水平试验,最后进行台架试验和田间试验。理论分析结果表明：玉米果穗沿剥皮辊轴线方向的前进速度和剥皮过程中所受的作用力能够分别表征苞叶剥净率与籽粒损失率;试验结果表明,制种玉米剥皮机构最佳工作参数组合：压送器与剥皮辊间距为32mm、剥皮辊转速为430r/min、剥皮辊间隙为-0.3mm,此时玉米果穗苞叶剥净率为93.33%,籽粒脱落率为1.802%,籽粒破损率为1.203%,机具田间试验与台架试验结果误差小于3%。试验所用剥皮辊满足制种玉米剥皮的性能要求,所用方法能够为制种玉米剥皮机构的改进提供参考。     

刀削结合滚动摩擦进料竹笋剥皮机设计与试验

针对目前我国竹笋剥皮机械化程度低的问题,设计一种刀削结合滚动摩擦进料竹笋剥皮机。根据竹笋物理特性参数和人工剥笋原理,对竹笋剥皮过程进行力学与运动学分析,确定了影响剥皮效率、损伤率和剥净率的主要因素为刀片安装倾角、剥皮辊转速以及滚筒与剥皮辊轴心高度差,在此基础上,给出了竹笋剥皮机关键部件的设计依据。为获得样机最佳试验物料,以竹笋长度、基部直径作为试验因素进行单因素试验,确定长度为300～320mm、基部直径为29～32mm的竹笋作为剥皮机正交试验物料样本。利用Design-Expert软件设计三因素三水平正交试验,并结合实际工作情况确定最优参数组合,结果表明：当刀片安装倾角为30.12°、剥皮辊转速为229.18r/min、滚筒与剥皮辊轴心高度差为15.43mm时,笋肉损伤率为6.81%,笋皮剥净率为94.59%。在该条件下开展验证试验,得到损伤率、剥净率分别为7.10%、93.22%,与优化参数基本一致,满足剥笋要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。