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栖息于动物肠道中的微生物群与宿主形成稳定的共生关系。肠道菌群的定植状态、繁殖能力和营养需求受到宿主生理稳态的影响,同时,肠道菌群的组成和多样性随宿主外部和内部环境的改变而发生波动。此外,肠道菌群通过肠道神经系统和外周循环系统直接或间接参与并调控宿主的信号传递、物质代谢、免疫形成和器官功能。骨骼肌的生长、发育和代谢很大程度上决定了动物的能量稳态和整体生长性能,是决定动物产肉性状和肉品生产的根本因素。当前,大量研究表明动物肠道微生物在促进肌肉生长和维持肌肉机能方面发挥重要作用,一些学者提出了"肠-肌轴"的双向信息交流机制。本文综述了近年来国内外关于消化道微生物参与调控人和动物的肌肉生长和发育、肌肉疾病形成、物质与能量代谢等方面的研究进展,加深和完善关于肠道微生物调控肌肉生长和发育的认识。 相似文献
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温度是一个重要的非生物环境变量,能够驱动动物谱系的适应轨迹和动物群落的组成。环境温度作为影响动物肠道微生物菌群变化的众多因素之一,能够影响肠道微生物菌群的组成及丰度,进而调控宿主生长、发育、繁殖、免疫等生物学过程及功能。动物肠道核心菌群的组成及其代谢产物在不同温度下存在显著差异,在单胃动物、反刍动物等中都有相应的报道。极端温度主要通过诱导肠道微生物菌群产生结构和功能上的差异,进而对宿主表型产生影响。目前,对于温度如何影响动物肠道菌群的了解仍非常有限。本文针对不同环境温度条件下,肠道微生物菌群结构和功能的差异及相关研究进行了总结及综述。探讨由环境温度引起的肠道微生物菌群与宿主适应机制之间的关系,包括对宿主产热机制、消化系统和免疫系统等其他方面的影响并开展研究,将为肠道微生物对宿主健康的调节提供参考和思路。 相似文献
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反刍动物消化道菌群对其生长发育起着至关重要的作用,高效稳定的瘤胃微生物区系可保障宿主机体的营养物质消化率、免疫功能等。人们对反刍动物瘤胃微生物调控做了大量研究。瘤胃微生物移植作为瘤胃微生物调控手段之一,是将健康动物的瘤胃微生物及其代谢物移植至受体动物,以达到提高受体动物生产性能和健康状况等目的。本文从瘤胃微生物移植的方式和应用效果及目前发展状况出发,综述了瘤胃微生物移植对反刍动物生长发育和生产性能的影响,并分析了其可能的作用机制和影响因素,旨在为进一步研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
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动物胃肠道栖息着大量的微生物,这些微生物是与宿主长期共同进化的结果,参与机体代谢、营养和免疫等重要生理过程,尤其是免疫系统的发育和成熟。近年来研究发现肠道微生物与免疫系统间存在密切的交流和互作机制,它对MUC2蛋白和抗菌蛋白RegⅢγ的分泌以及免疫球蛋白(IgA)和调节性T细胞的诱导分化起重要作用。同时,大量的研究证明调控肠道微生物是一种高效治疗和控制肠道疾病的方法,如果这些机制能被人们清晰的认识,就可以通过调控宿主肠道微生物来达到预防和治疗疾病的目的。因此,本文综述了肠道微生物菌群与宿主免疫功能之间的关系。 相似文献
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胃肠道微生物不仅参与营养物质的消化吸收,还对宿主代谢和免疫调控起到重要作用。了解畜禽肠道微生物的组成结构与功能,对动物健康养殖和畜牧业发展意义重大。基于此,文章就畜禽消化道稳定的微生物区系及其影响因素进行综述,着重论述了畜禽消化道的区室化特点及其构成,并通过定义非健康的肠道微生物区系及其影响因素,定义了畜禽健康稳定的微生物区系特点及其发展规律。文章以肉鸡为例,运用Meta分析方法评估消化道关键微生物与胃肠道形态结构、宿主饲料利用效率和免疫反应的相关性,在此基础上论述了肠道微生物参与宿主消化吸收代谢、免疫及肠道完整性调控的潜在机制,为保障机体消化道健康和提高动物生产性能提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒R株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离MG,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离MG。结果表明,人工感染48小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,96小时气囊已被感染,120小时输卵管已能分离到MG,卵巢始终分离不到MG。人工感染鸡自144小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出MG。药物治疗能在72小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需24天后逐渐降低蛋内MG分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内MG,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献