复方替米考星可溶性粉在鸡体内的药动学研究

本研究比较了口服复方替米考星可溶性粉与单独肌注替米考星注射液和静注磺胺二甲嘧啶钠注射液在鸡体内药物代谢动力学特征和相对生物利用度。36只健康鸡,随机分为3组,给药剂量均为20 mg/kg,翼下静脉采血,高效液相色谱法检测鸡血浆中的药物浓度。采用药动学软件Win Nonlin 6.1的非房室模型分析方法,计算出药物的动力学参数。鸡口服复方替米考星可溶性粉、肌注替米考星注射液和静注磺胺二甲嘧啶钠注射液后的药时曲线下面积(AUC)分别为:9.49±3.64、37.17±10.82、12.40±4.11、61.31±11.38μg×h/m L。复方替米考星可溶性中替米考星相对于肌肉注射的替米考星的生物利用度为75.98%,复方制剂中磺胺二甲嘧啶钠的绝对生物利用度为60.63%。复方替米考星可溶性粉和单方药物相比,药动学参数经t检验,t_(1/2)、T_(max)、C_(max)、AUC、MRT等存在显著性差异(P0.05)。结果表明复方替米考星可溶性粉单剂量口服给药吸收较慢,达峰时间显著延迟,平均驻留时间显著延长,有利于抗菌作用的发挥。     

替米考星静脉及皮下注射后在绵羊体内的药代动力学研究

健康成年杂交绵羊静脉和皮下注射替米考星注射液后,用反相高效液相色谱法测定不同时间点血清中的药物浓度。采用3p97药代动力学程序软件处理数据,替米考星两种给药途径的药 时数据均符合二室开放模型静脉注射给药(5 mg/kg bw)的主要药代动力学参数: t1/2a 为 0. 611±0. 017 h、t1/2β为 23. 215±0. 459 h、AUC为11 815±0.396(μg/mL)·h、CL(s)为 0.424±0.014 L/(kg·h)。替米考星皮下注射主要药代动力学参数: 1mg/kg bw剂量组 t1/2a 为 1 751±0 557 h、t1/2β为 22 896±2 747 h、t1/2Ka 为 0. 100±0. 025 h、AUC 为 25. 828±1 479 (μg/mL)·h、CL(s)为0.393±0.017 L/(kg·h),Tmax为0.500±0.065 h,Cmax为1.424±0.156μg/mL、F为109.28%±6.25%。30 mg/kg bw剂量组 t1/2a为1.342±0.244 h、t1/2β为 20.052±1.236 h、t1/2Ka为 0.086±0.015h、AUC为57 575±6.760 (μg/mL)·h、CL(s)为0.527±0.068 L/(kg·h)、Tmax为0.437±0.039 h、Cmax为 3.343±0 512μg/mL、F为81.22%±9.54%。结果表明,绵羊静脉和皮下注射替米考星体内分布广,消除缓慢;皮下注射后在体内吸收迅速,达峰快,生物利用度高。     

两种替米考星可溶性粉在鸡体中的药动学比较研究

将24只健康肉用商品鸡(公母各半)随机分为A、B两组,分别单剂量灌服10%替米考星可溶性粉和10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉,给药量均为12 mg/kg体重,进行药动学比较研究。给药后按预定时间采集血样,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)法测定血浆中药物含量。实测血药浓度-时间数据,采用Win Nonlin5.2.1药动学分析软件处理。结果显示,A组平均消除半衰期(T1/2β)约为33.786 h,达峰时间(Tmax)和峰值浓度(Cmax)分别为1.125 h和0.377μg/m L,平均曲线下面积(AUC)为2.322μg/m L·h,平均滞留时间(MRT)为9.345 h;B组T1/2β约为37.272 h,Tmax和Cmax分别为1.167 h和0.358μg/m L,AUC为2.444μg/m L·h,MRT为9.698 h,相对生物利用度约为105.3%。结果表明,两种替米考星饮水剂上述药动学参数无明显差异(P0.05)。     

呼替奇在鸡体内的药动学研究

本文进行了呼替奇在鸡体内的药动学和生物利用度研究.24只健康鸡,随机分为2组,分别单剂量20 mg·kg-1·bw灌胃呼替奇和肌内注射替米考星注射液.在给药前后不同时间点从翅下静脉采集血样,分离血浆,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中替米考星的浓度.结果:灌胃呼替奇与肌内注射替米考星(20 mg· kg-1·bw)后的AUC分别为(16.32±3.16)、(15.96±3.72) μg×h/ml,Cmax分别为(1.43±0.54)、(1.38±0.66)μg/ml,没有显著差异,相对生物利用度为102.26±4.72％;tmax分别为(2.08±0.85)、(1.36±0.47)h,t1/2β分别为(41.26±8.38)、(36.54±5.97)h,MRT分别为(45.70±5.08)、(38.58±6.59)h,Vd分别为(1.27±0.69)、(2.02±0.82) L/kg,差异显著.试验结果表明,单剂量口服呼替奇后,吸收较快,消除缓慢,平均驻留时间显著延长.     

替米考星长效混悬剂的研制与质量评价

[目的]利用现代缓释技术,以替米考星为原料药,研制出溶解度较高、疗效强、可减少给药次数的替米考星长效混悬剂,并对其进行质量评价,为该药的批量生产提供可靠依据。[方法]通过正交优化法选择最优处方,并对最优处方进行含量测定试验、稳定性试验和药动学试验。[结果]替米考星长效混悬剂最佳处方为:替米考星原料药2.5g/100 mL,有机溶媒(1,2-丙二醇:乙醇=9:1)占比65%,润湿剂(吐温-80)0.3%,助悬剂(羟丙甲纤维素)5%,抗氧剂(无水亚硫酸钠)0.03%;含量测定结果为合格;影响因素试验发现替米考星长效混悬剂对高温和强光照敏感,对湿度不敏感;加速试验和长期试验发现替米考星长效混悬剂稳定性良好;药动学试验发现替米考星长效混悬剂和实验室自制替米考星溶液的AUC分别为43.164 9μg·h·mL~(-1)和26.206 5μg·h·mL~(-1),替米考星长效混悬剂的相对生物利用度为164.71%。[结论]本试验制得的替米考星长效混悬剂含量合格、稳定性良好、相对生物利用度高,可以批量生产,用于大型养殖场的大规模给药。     

替米考星水溶性粉在家兔体内的药动学研究

为了考察替米考星水溶性粉在家兔体内的药动学特征,本试验分别给受试家兔灌服替米考星、替米考星肠溶微丸、替米考星水溶性粉,以12.5 mg/kg体重剂量给药,采用HPLC方法分析不同时间点受试家兔血浆中替米考星的药物浓度。试验结果显示,新研制的20%替米考星水溶性粉经口服后,药物在家兔体内可被快速吸收达到较高的血药浓度0.413±0.148μg/m L,血药浓度-时间曲线下的面积(AUC)为4.334±0.620μg/m L·h,相对生物利用度(F)达到86.99%,说明替米考星水溶性粉经口服后的生物利用度较高,有利于致病菌细菌的抑制或杀灭。     

替米考星溶液对肉仔鸡人工感染鸡败血霉形体所致慢性呼吸道病的疗效试验

肉仔鸡人工感染霉形体S6株后,用替米考星溶液(以替米考星计)50mg/L、100mg/L、200mg/L进行饮水治疗,同时设酒石酸泰乐菌素可溶性粉饮水对照组,于感染后第2天起连续用药5d。试验结果表明替米考星溶液100mg/L、200mg/L剂量组效果优于替米考星溶液50mg/L和酒石酸泰乐菌素可溶性粉500mg/L组,替米考星溶液治疗慢性呼吸道病的推荐应用剂量为100mg/L。     

阿莫西林可溶性粉在猪体内的药代动力学和绝对生物利用度研究

研究阿莫西林可溶性粉在猪体内的药代动力学特征，并评价其与市售注射用阿莫西林钠的生物等效性。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定血浆中阿莫西林浓度，通过Data Analysis System（DAS 3.0）计算药动学参数，采用非房室模型分析方法对药代动力学参数进行评价，猪经内服给药后，药物平均滞留时间MRT(0-t)为3.12±0.41h，平均达峰时间Tmax为1.63±0.35h，平均达峰浓度Cmax为4101.35±631.55μg/L，平均药-时曲线下面积AUC(0-t)为13540.33±3445.51μg/L×h，消除速率常数λz为0.36±0.14/h，半衰期t1/2z为2.48±1.73h。 猪经静脉注射给药后，平均滞留时间MRT(0-t)为1.54±0.35h，平均药-时曲线下面积AUC(0-t)为8522.56±1430.51μg/L×h，消除速率常数λz为0.23±0.12/h，半衰期t1/2z为3.84±2.03h。 结果表明：受试制剂阿莫西林可溶性粉经内服给药后，具有较快的吸收速度，吸收进血液后在体内的停留时间较短，代谢较快，平均达峰时间短，药物消除速度较快，平均绝对生物利用度为79.44%，为临床制定合理用药方案提供科学依据。     

两种氟苯尼考注射液在鸡体内比较药动学研究

为比较两种氟苯尼考注射液的药物代谢动力学,本研究选择30只健康鸡随机分为两组,分别单剂量20 mg/kg bw肌内注射受试制剂和参比制剂,于给药后0.167、0.33、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、4、6、8、12、24、48 h翼下静脉采集血样。用超高效液相色谱法（UPLC-UV）测定血浆中氟苯尼考的含量,并用WinNonlin 8.1非房室模型计算主要药代动力学参数。结果显示,受试制剂和参比制剂的t1/2分别为（3.39±2.65）和（4.47±3.14）h,Tmax分别为（0.66±0.30）和（0.77±0.30）h,Cmax分别为（7.06±2.35）和（8.24±4.54）μg/mL,AUC0→t分别为（19.05±5.79）和（21.76±6.71）（μg/mL）h,AUC0→∞分别为（20.11±6.36）和（23.04±6.91）（μg/mL）h,MRT分别为（3.25±1.25）和（3.55±0.96）h,相对生物利用度为87.55%。结果表明,虽然二者主要药动学参数无显著性差异（p＞0.05）,但受试制剂相对生物利用度较低。     

磷酸替米考星对肺炎支原体自然感染猪的治疗试验

为了评价磷酸替米考星对仔猪自然感染肺炎支原体的治疗效果,选取支原体肺炎患猪,10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉混饮给药,每日1次,连用7 d,通过检测各组受试猪死亡率、治愈率、有效率、增重效果、感染仔猪的肺部病变评分等指标对受试药物的临床治疗效果进行研究。结果显示:10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉80 mg/L剂量组治愈率最佳,与其他2个药物治疗组相比差异显著(P0.05);药物治疗有效率10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉80 mg/L剂量组最高,但3个药物治疗组之间差异不显著(P0.05);10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉60~80 mg/L能有效改善猪群相对增重率(P0.05),但仍显著低于健康猪群(P0.05);10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉60~80 mg/L剂量组、10%替米考星可溶性粉组均可明显降低病猪肺脏病变评分(P0.05)。结果表明:60~80 mg/L剂量的10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉饮水治疗猪自然感染肺炎支原体的效果显著,且治疗效果与10%替米考星可溶性粉相当。     

牛蒡子中牛蒡苷元在仔猪体内的药物动力学研究

为研究牛蒡子粉在仔猪体内的药物动力学特征,了解其在仔猪体内的吸收、分布、转化和排泄规律,为新兽药的研发和临床用药提供理论参考依据。选取健康仔猪8头(30.0±5.0kg),以1.0g/kg.bw的牛蒡子粉灌胃给药,不同时间点前腔静脉采血,采用HPLC法对猪血浆中牛蒡苷元的浓度进行分析。牛蒡子粉灌胃给药后,符合有吸收二室模型,主要药物动力学参数为：吸收半衰期(t_1/2ka)为0.274±0.102 h,分布半衰期(t_1/2α)1.435±0.725h;消除半衰期(t_1/2β)63.467±29.115 h;表观分布容积(V_d)1.680±0.402 L/kg;清除率(CL_b)0.076±0.028L/(h.kg);达峰时间(t_max)为0.853±0.211 h,峰浓度(c_max)为0.430±0.035μg /mL,药时曲线下面积(AUC)14.672±4.813μg.h/mL。试验表明：牛蒡子粉口灌后在仔猪体内吸收迅速、分布广泛、代谢消除缓慢,能够较长时间发挥药理作用。     

乳酸恩诺沙星可溶性粉在鸡体内的药动学研究

24只苏禽黄羽肉鸡随机分成2组,分别按10 mg/kg体重剂量静注和内服乳酸恩诺沙星。测定乳酸恩诺沙星在鸡体内的药动学参数和生物利用度。恩诺沙星血药浓度数据用3p87计算机软件处理。静注乳酸恩诺沙星后的血药浓度-时间数据符合二室开放模型,主要动力学参数:t1/2α(0.45±0.16)h,t1/2β(7.02±1.42)h,CL(s)(0.38±0.10)L/kg/h,AUC(23.69±5.56)(mg/L)×h。内服乳酸恩诺沙星的血药浓度时间数据,符合有吸收因素二室模型,主要动力学参数:t1/2ka(0.60±0.01)h,t1/2ke(8.25±1.73)h,tpeak(2.44±0.17)h,Cmax(1.44±0.30)mg/L,AUC(20.74±3.80)(mg/L)×h,F 87.54%。结果表明,乳酸恩诺沙星可溶性粉在鸡体内具有吸收快、分布广、消除较慢以及内服生物利用度高的药动学特征。     

牛皮下注射卡洛芬注射液的药动学试验研究

为研究卡洛芬注射液在牛体内的药动学特征,将8头健康牛随机分为两组,每组4头,给药剂量为1.4 mg/kg BW,给药后按设计的采血点采集血样,采用超高液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定血浆中卡洛芬的药物浓度,用WinNonlin8.1软件计算药动学参数。结果显示：牛单次皮下注射受试制剂卡洛芬注射液在牛体内主要药动学参数如下：平均最高血药浓度(Cmax)为(17473.30±2398.73)ng·mL^-1,平均药时曲线下面积(AUClast)为(1052647.93±143055.37)h·ng·mL^-1,平均达峰时间(Tmax)为8.00±2.62 h,平均消除半衰期(T_1/2)为55.69±3.25 h;牛单次皮下注射参比制剂卡洛芬注射液的主要药动学参数如下：平均最高血药浓度(Cmax)为(15695.98±4865.73)ng·mL^-1,平均药时曲线下面积(AUClast)为(1002858.15±297235.31)h·ng·mL^-1,平均达峰时间(Tmax...     

Pharmacokinetics of Tilmicosin (Provitil Powder and Pulmotil Liquid AC) Oral Formulations in Chickens

A bioavailability and pharmacokinetics study of powder and liquid tilmicosin formulations was carried out in 18 healthy chickens according to a single-dose, two-period, two-sequence, crossover randomized design. The two formulations were Provitil and Pulmotil AC. Both drugs were administered to each chicken after an overnight fast on two treatment days separated by a 2-week washout period. A modified rapid and sensitive HPLC method was used for determination of tilmicosin concentrations in chicken plasma. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including area under plasma concentration–time curve (AUC₀₋₇₂), maximum plasma concentration (C _max), time to peak concentration (t _max), elimination half-life (t _1/2β), elimination rate (k _el), clearance (Cl_B), mean residence time (MRT) and volume of distribution (V _d,area) were determined for both formulations. The average means of AUC₀₋₇₂ for Provitil and Pulmotil AC were very close (24.24 ± 3.86, 21.82 ± 3.14 (μg.h)/ml, respectively), with no significant differences based on ANOVA. The relative bioavailability of Provitil as compared to Pulmotil AC was 111%. In addition, there were no significant differences in the C _max (2.09 ± 0.37, 2.12 ± 0.40 μg/ml), t _max (3.99 ± 0.84, 5.82 ± 1.04 h), t _1/2β (47.4 ± 9.32, 45.0 ± 5.73 h), k _el (0.021 ± 0.0037, 0.022 ± 0.0038 h⁻¹), Cl_B (19.73 ± 3.73, 21.37 ± 4.54 ml/(min/kg)), MRT (71.20 ± 12.87, 67.15 ± 9.01 h) and V _d,area (1024.8 ± 87.5, 1009.8 ± 79.5 ml/kg) between Pulmotil AC and Provitil, respectively. In conclusion, tilmicosin was rapidly absorbed and slowly eliminated after oral administration of single dose of tilmicosin aqueous and powder formulations. Provitil and Pulmotil AC can be used as interchangeable therapeutic agents.     

阿维菌素微囊在家兔体内的药动学研究

为了考察阿维菌素微囊在家免体内的药动学行为,将10只家兔随机分为2组,皮下注射阿维菌素微囊注射液（1．0mg／kg）和普通阿维菌素注射液（0．2mg／kg）,用高效液湘色谱法测定家兔血浆中阿维菌素的浓度,3P87药动学软件处理血浆药物浓度-时间数据。研究结果表明,阿维菌素微囊注射液和普通阿维菌素注射液药-时数据都符合一级吸收二室开放模型,阿维菌素微囊注射液的主要动力学参数分别是t1/2kα=21．72h;t1/2α=56．65h;t1／2β=239．43h;tmax=63．05h;Cmax=34．30ng／mL;AUC=11573．88ng／mL·h。普通阿维菌素注射液的主要动力学参数分别是t1/2kα=7．38h;t1/2α=14．59h;t1／2β=32．84h;tmax=19．78h;Cmax=20．88ng／mL;AUC=1482．04ng／mL·h。说明阿维菌素微囊化后。与普通阿维菌素注射泣相比,吸收慢,消除慢,作用时间长．生物利用度显著提高。     

Elimination of tilmicosin in lactating ewes.

Tilmicosin was injected subcutaneously to lactating ewes once at a dose of 10 mg kg-1 b.wt. to determine its plasma, milk, urine and ruminal juice concentrations. Tilmicosin could be detected in all those fluids 30 minutes after injection. Milk and urine concentrations were higher than those of plasma and ruminal juice. The drug was detectable in milk, urine and plasma for 9, 4 and 3 days after injection, respectively. No amount of tilmicosin could be detected in ruminal juice 12 hours following administration. The mean peak concentration of tilmicosin in plasma and milk (Cmax) were 1.29 and 9.5 micrograms ml-1 and were obtained at (Tmax) 5.235 and 15.093 hours, respectively. The drug was slowly eliminated from plasma and milk as indicated by its long half-life (t1/2el) of 15.4 and 26.2 hours, respectively. The mean binding of tilmicosin to plasma and milk proteins in vitro was 16.8% and 26.8%, respectively. The drug was not bound to ruminal juice at any extent. The rate of tilmicosin renal clearance revealed that it was correspondingly increased with higher blood concentrations. While creatinine clearance showed no significant change after tilmicosin administration. The ratio (fractional clearance) between tilmicosin renal clearance to creatinine clearance was less than one indicating that the glomerular filtration is the main pathway of elimination through kidneys. The rate of ruminal gas fermentation in ewes was inhibited after subcutaneous injection of tilmicosin at a dose of 10 mg kg-1 b.wt. The tested samples taken at different time intervals from the rumen of ewes showed a subsequent reduction in the rate of fermentation as compared to control samples. The reduction was correspondingly increased with the increase of tilmicosin concentration in ruminal juice and returned to normal thereafter.     

Pharmacokinetics of Amikacin in Lactating Sheep

The pharmacokinetics of amikacin (AMK) were investigated after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of 7.5 mg/kg bw in 6 healthy lactating sheep. After i.v. AMK injection (as a bolus), the elimination half-life (t1/2beta), the volume of distribution (Vd,area), the total body clearance (ClB) and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were 1.64 +/- 0.06 h, 0.19 +/- 0.02 L/kg, 1.36 +/- 0.1 ml/min per kg and 94.09 +/- 6.95 (microg.h)/ml, respectively. The maximum milk concentration of AMK (Cmax), the area under the milk concentration-time curve (AUCmilk) and the ratio AUCmilk/AUCserum were 1.18 +/- 0.22 microg/ml, 22.45 +/- 3.21 (micro.h)/ml and 0.24 +/- 0.02, respectively. After i.m. administration of AMK the t1/2beta, Cmax, time of Cmax (tmax) and absolute bioavailability (Fabs) were 1.29 +/- 0.1 h, 16.97 +/- 1.54 microg/ml, 1.0 +/- 0 h and 64.88% +/- 6.16%, respectively. The Cmax, AUCmilk and the ratio AUCmilk/AUCserum were 0.33 microg/ml, 1.67 (microg.h)/ml and 0.036, respectively.     

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of imidocarb dipropionate in swine

A two-way crossover study was performed in eight healthy young pigs to determine the pharmacokinetics of imidocarb dipropionate (IMDP) following intravenous (2 mg/kg b.w.) and intramuscular (2 mg/kg b.w.) administrations. Each animal received one intravenous and one intramuscular injection with a 30-day washout period between the two-treatments. Plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with UV detector at regular intervals for up to 24 h post-injection. Intravenous plasma concentration profiles best fit a three-compartmental model yielding a mean system clearance (Cl((s))) of 558 mL/kg.h and a mean half-life of 13.91 h. Mean imidocarb AUC((0-infinity)) (microg.h/mL), V(c) (L/kg), V(d(area))(L/kg) and MRT((0-t)) (h) values were 3.58, 0.11, 14.36 and 1.46, respectively. Compartmental modeling of imidocarb, after intramuscular administration produced best fit for two-compartmental model yielding mean Kalpha (h(-1)), Cmax (microg/mL), tmax (h), and bioavailability (%) of 3.89, 2.02, 0.54, and 86.57 for the 2 mg/kg dose level. The present studies showed that IMDP was rapidly absorbed, widely distributed, and slowly eliminated. No adverse effects were observed in any of the pigs after i.v. and i.m. administrations of IMDP. The favorable PK behavior, such as the long half-life, acceptable bioavailability indicated that it is likely to be effective in pigs.     

Pharmacokinetics of fenbendazole in dogs

Fenbendazole was administered to dogs at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg body weight on a single occasion in gelatin capsules, on 5 consecutive days in feed, and on a single occasion as an alginate suspension. It was also administered at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg body weight on a single occasion in feed. Following single administration of 20 mg/kg fenbendazole mean maximum concentrations (Cmax) of the parent drug and its known active sulphoxide metabolite were 0.42 +/- 0.05 and 0.31 +/- 0.05 microgram/ml, respectively. Mean times until maximum concentrations were achieved (tmax) were 12.67 +/- 4.18 and 15.33 +/- 2.81 h, respectively, and areas under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) were 5.83 +/- 0.65 and 4.60 +/- 0.57 microgram.h/ml, respectively. Administration in feed increased the apparent bioavailability and administration for 5 consecutive days provided sustained plasma concentrations, generally greater than 0.2 microgram/ml. Administration as an alginate did not increase bioavailability or extend the persistence in plasma. It did increase the tmax to 16.80 +/- 2.93 and 20.00 +/- 2.53 h for fenbendazole and its sulphoxide metabolite, respectively. Increasing the dose from 20 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg did not substantially increase the Cmax or AUC.     

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of doxycycline in fasted and nonfasted broiler chickens

The pharmacokinetics and the influence of food on the kinetic profile and bioavailability of doxycycline was studied after a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral dose of 10.0 mg/kg body weight in 7-week-old broiler chickens. Following i.v. administration the drug was rapidly distributed in the body with a distribution half-life of 0.21 +/- 0.01 h. The elimination half-life of 6.78 +/- 0.06 h was relatively long and resulted from both a low total body clearance of 0.139 +/- 0.007 L/h.kg and a large volume of distribution of 1.36 +/- 0.06 L/kg. After oral administration to fasted chickens, the absorption of doxycycline was quite fast and substantial as shown by the absorption half-life of 0.39 +/- 0.03 h, the maximal plasma concentration of 4.47 +/- 0.16 micrograms/mL and the time to reach the Cmax of 1.73 +/- 0.06 h. The distribution and the final elimination of the drug were slower than after i.v. administration. The absolute bioavailability was 73.4 +/- 2.5%. The presence of food in the intestinal tract reduced and extended the absorption (t1/2a = 1.23 +/- 0.21 h; Cmax = 3.07 +/- 0.23 micrograms/mL; tmax = 3.34 +/- 0.21 h). The absolute bioavailability was reduced to 61.1% +/- 4.4%.