下期要目

千层塔中石杉碱甲提取分离工艺研究 微晶纤维素丙烯酸酯复合微球的制备、性能研究与运用     

海藻酸钠/纤维素复合微球的制备及性能表征

以短绒棉浆为原料,在NaOH/尿素溶剂体系中将纤维素与海藻酸钠按比例混合,采用溶胶凝胶转相法制备系列海藻酸钠/纤维素复合微球(SACCM),并探讨了SACCM对水相中磷酸根离子的吸附能力。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和激光粒度分析仪等对复合微球的结构和性能进行了分析。研究结果表明:系列复合微球均成球形,平均粒径约为360μm,微球均表现为具孔的三维网状结构,孔径2～5μm;通过FT-IR谱图可以看出,纤维素未与海藻酸钠发生化学反应,而是通过物理复合成球。吸附实验结果表明:复合微球对水相中磷酸根均具有较强的吸附性能,且吸附能力随着海藻酸钠质量分数的增加而变强,当海藻酸钠质量分数20%(SACCM20)时,对磷酸根的吸附性能最强,吸附效率可达到85.58%。     

纤维素-丙烯酸酯模塑料的制备和性能研究

在模压温度140℃、模压时间12min 和成型压力 39.2 MPa 的条件下,能得到性能良好的纤维素-丙烯酸酯模塑料(CAEMP).比较了纤维素粒径、脱模剂种类、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)基体种类和纤维素与PMMA基体的比例对模塑料制品性能的影响,在纤维素粒径为 19 μm、 PMMA为PMMA-7、纤维素与PMMA基体的比例为25∶75(质量比)和脱模剂为有机硅的情况下,模塑料制品的各项性能指标优异,弯曲强度为 49 MPa,弯曲模量 2 708 MPa,冲击强度 1.98 kJ/m2,吸水率为 0.78 %.     

壳聚糖/纤维素气凝胶球的制备及其甲醛吸附性能

采用液滴悬浮凝胶法分别制备纤维素气凝胶球(CAB)和壳聚糖/纤维素气凝胶球(CCAB),再经酸处理过程分别制得酸处理的CAB(CAB-A)和酸处理的CCAB(CCAB-A),并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X光电子能谱(XPS)和比表面积孔隙测定仪等检测手段对复合气凝胶球的形貌、化学态、表面元素分布以及孔隙结构进行了分析。同时,通过气态甲醛吸附试验对样品的甲醛吸附性能进行测定。结果表明:该法制备的壳聚糖/纤维素复合气凝胶具有均匀的球形形态,CAB、CAB-A、CCAB和CCAB-A的平均粒径分别为(2.67±0.01)、(2.47±0.02)、(2.79±0.05)和(3.34±0.05)mm。壳聚糖引入到纤维素基体中没有发生化学变化,并且通过酸处理使壳聚糖分子在纤维素凝胶网络中进行了重新分布和组装,形成更为密集的气凝胶网状结构,产生了更为丰富的孔隙结构,CCAB-A的比表面积和介孔体积分别为1 350.7 m2/g和4.511 cm3/g。气态甲醛吸附测试结果表明:CCAB-A复合气凝胶球吸附1 h的吸附量高达1.99 mmol/g,远远大于相同用量的椰壳活性炭材料的甲醛吸附量0.39 mmol/g,并且与甲醛分子之间形成了稳定的甲亚胺和席夫碱的化学结合。     

酶/磁双驱动果胶/海藻酸钠复合微球的制备及表征

设计构建了酶/磁双驱动的果胶(PET)/海藻酸钠(SA)复合微球机器人药物递送系统,即通过注滴法,以乳酸钙为交联剂,将Fe₃O₄磁性纳米粒子(Mag)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)/葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)/磷酸锌杂合颗粒、天然喜树碱衍生物(盐酸伊立替康CPT-11)药物同时装载到PET/SA复合微球中,制备得到磁响应的负载双酶驱动载药磷酸锌杂合颗粒的PET/SA复合微球(CPT-11/CAT/GOD-Zn₃(PO₄)₂@Mag/PET-SA)。考察了不同PET与SA复配比及磁性颗粒的加入对复合微球结构、形貌、粒径及药物包封率的影响,采用UV-vis法测定了载药微球机器人在模拟胃液(SGF,pH值1.2)和模拟肠液(SIF,pH值6.8)释放介质中的药物释放曲线。研究结果表明：制备得到的酶/磁双驱动微球载药机器人球形度好,但磁性颗粒的加入使复合微球表面出现大量褶皱,变得粗糙,从而使药物包封率有明显的下降;当m(PET)∶m(SA)为1∶3时,加入磁性颗粒前复合微球的平均粒径为1.658 ...     

离子液体中制备纳米TiO2/纤维素复合纤维及产物的光催化性能

纳米TiO2/纤维素的复合纤维可以用于纺织、材料和催化等领域.在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氧盐([ BMIM] Cl)离子液体中,将纳米TiO2粉末与纤维素浆柏共混,采用湿法成型技术制备不同含量的纳米TiO2/纤维素纤维复合纤维.通过力学测试、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对所得复合纤维的力学性能、形貌和结构等进行表征;以亚甲基蓝为模型物,对其光催化性能进行测试.结果表明,TiO2质量分数对复合纤维的形貌和性能影响显著,随TiO2质量分数由2％增大至16.7％,复合纤维的断裂强度降低,初始模量由0.139 cN/dtex降至0.077 cN/dtex,光催化性能先降低而后增强,其中含TiO216.7％的复合纤维催化性能较强.以[BMIM] Cl离子液体为介质,温法纺丝制备有光催化活性纳米TiO2/纤维素纤维的方法是可行的;综合考虑,含TiO2 2.0％的复合纤维性能较佳.     

LiCl/DMAc溶剂中活化处理对不同类型纤维素静电纺丝效果的影响

纤维素纳米纤维在生物医用产品、增强材料、过滤吸附材料、柔性电极材料和储能器件等领域具有广阔的应用前景。静电纺丝法是目前能直接且连续制备微纳米纤维的主要方法之一,由于纤维素中极强的氢键网络导致的高结晶度,使得直接使用纤维素静电纺丝制备纳米纤维较难。笔者以微晶纤维素、纸浆纤维素为研究对象,通过氯化锂/二甲基乙酰胺(LiCl/DMAc)溶剂体系溶解并进行活化处理,加入不同含量聚丙烯腈(PAN)对纤维素进行静电纺丝制备纤维素纳米纤维,探究纤维素类型、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)活化处理前后、PAN加入量对纤维素溶解性、纺丝液性参数和纺丝效果影响。结果表明:DMF活化处理可有效提升纤维素在LiCl/DMAc溶剂体系中的溶解性,在相同溶解温度下获得更加均匀透明的纤维素溶液。在该溶剂体系下,纺丝液黏度、电导率和表面张力分别高于1 300 mPa·s、2 000μs/cm和34.5 mN/m,可获得连续的电纺纤维素纳米纤维。活化微晶纤维素纳米纤维膜比活化纸浆纤维素纳米纤维膜表面更光滑且纤维直径分布更均匀。活化微晶纤维素与PAN质量比为2∶8时可获得表面光滑无珠状物,纤维均一程度高,直径分布小(185～245 nm)的纤维素纳米纤维膜。     

超疏水纤维素复合气凝胶的制备及其油水分离

纤维素气凝胶因具有强亲水性和低油水选择性,且目前纤维素气凝胶表面的疏水化处理过程较冗长,限制了其在油水分离领域的应用。为了解决上述问题,笔者以硫酸水解微晶纤维素制备得到的纳米纤维素(CNC)为原料,利用甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)在水相中对其进行硅烷化改性,通过冷冻干燥得到了硅烷化纤维素复合气凝胶。结果表明:所制备的纤维素复合气凝胶具有轻质、多孔特性,随着MTMS添加量的增加,密度逐渐升高(≤0.012 0 g/cm^3),孔隙率略有下降; MTMS的加入对纤维素复合气凝胶的微观形貌影响不大,其骨架结构以二维片层形貌为主,聚甲基硅氧烷均匀地包覆在纤维素片层表面; MTMS的加入使纤维素复合气凝胶的热稳定性明显提高,且未改变纤维素气凝胶的晶型结构,但导致其结晶度逐渐下降。纤维素复合气凝胶的表面接触角随着MTMS添加量的增加而升高,最高达到153.7°,表现出优异的超亲油/超疏水性能。作为吸油材料,超疏水纤维素复合气凝胶不仅可以吸附多种油类和有机溶剂(吸附容量达到52～121 g/g),而且表现出很好的循环使用性能。     

MCC接枝PVA/可溶性淀粉保鲜膜的制备

为开发全生物降解聚乙烯醇/可溶性淀粉复合膜,以聚乙烯醇和可溶性淀粉为基材,D-山梨醇为增塑剂,柠檬酸为交联剂,硅烷化接枝后的微晶纤维素为增强相,制备得到高性能全生物降解复合膜。通过对复合膜的机械性能、结构形态等进行表征,探究微晶纤维素接枝率对复合膜吸水率、溶解度、透光率、水蒸气透过率以及保鲜等性能的影响规律。结果表明：当调制的主体膜液中聚乙烯醇与可溶性淀粉质量比为82.83∶17.17、D-山梨醇质量分数为12.39%、柠檬酸质量分数为8.95%,制备得到的复合膜水蒸气透过率未符合标准且耐水性较差,而接枝2%微晶纤维素的复合膜水蒸气透过率降低了27.38%,吸水率与溶解度分别降低了11.69%和7.99%,且透光率能达到90.5%;微晶纤维素与正硅酸乙酯配比为2∶4时接枝效果最佳;当微晶纤维素质量分数为2%时复合膜热稳定性最佳,在香蕉保鲜性上提高42.1%。综上,经过一定量的微晶纤维素接枝改性的复合膜满足保鲜膜相关标准,并且保鲜性能提升明显,可作为一种可靠的全生物降解保鲜膜。     

CNF/CNC混合气凝胶的特性研究

通过混合不同类型的纳米纤维素制备混合气凝胶,分析其性能特征。将桉木纸浆经化学预处理,结合机械研磨法制备得到纤维素纳米纤丝(cellulose nanofibril,CNF),桉木微晶纤维素(MCC)经硫酸水解法制备得到纤维素纳米晶体(cellulose nanocrystal,CNC),通过透射电镜与X射线衍射仪观测发现二者具有不同的长径比和结晶度。利用悬浮滴定、叔丁醇置换、冷冻干燥等方法制备球形CNF气凝胶和CNF/CNC混合气凝胶,采用扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、比表面积分析仪、万能力学试验机对气凝胶的微观形貌、化学官能团、比表面积、平均孔径及压缩性能进行表征,结果表明:CNF气凝胶内部呈现三维网络结构,片状与纤丝状交织,比表面积为91.07m~2/g,平均孔径为14.81 nm,受压缩到80%应变时,压缩强度为0.125 MPa;添加不同比例的CNC制备CNF/CNC混合气凝胶,当CNC添加量为25%时,气凝胶内部纤丝结构取代片状结构,孔隙更加均匀,比表面积升至143.09m~2/g,压缩强度增至0.2 MPa,化学官能团和晶型结构未发生明显变化。当CNC添加量过大(50%)时,则会造成各项性能的减弱。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.