橡胶树种质资源大田种质库寒害调查报告

为了全面了解橡胶树野生种质资源对低温胁迫的忍受能力,在2007-2008年发生典型平流型寒害后即采用苗期寒害鉴定和分级方法对1675份1981’IRRDB野生种质资源和215份Wickham栽培种质进行逐株调查。调查结果表明：Wichham栽培种质有19.07%的平均寒害级别小于1级,而野生种质中有55%显示出对低温具有一定的忍耐能力,说明种质群体中存在大量的耐寒基因,且以来自Rodonia地区的抗寒基因材料选出率较高,可作为抗寒种质选择的优质、高效群体。     

亚马逊野生橡胶种质资源的抗寒性鉴定

１９８６～１９９３年以人工气候箱模拟辐射寒害方法，对５１６４份野生橡胶种质资源进行了抗寒性鉴定。选出５５份抗寒力比我国目前最抗寒的无性系９３／１１４还强的种质。其中２４１号和１６８号兼抗辐射和平流两种寒害；能耐最低温－２℃１５小时的种质５份；兼其他优良性状如生长快或预测高产，或抗风／病，或多乳管等性状的种质１８份。试验表明模拟辐射寒害处理与大田寒害调查的结果基本一致     

海南省2007/2008年冬橡胶树寒害情况浅析

调查了海南省2007/2008年冬橡胶树寒害情况,从寒害的气候特点、生态类型区、品系（种）、树龄、地形、立地环境等方面对橡胶树寒害特征进行了分析,为海南的抗寒植胶、橡胶树新品种的应用积累了新的资料,并针对防寒抗灾提出建议。     

橡胶树品系在广东抗寒前哨点寒害调研初报

为了筛选出适合中国北缘栽培的优良橡胶树主栽品种及橡胶树抗寒种质资源,以部分优良品种、试割高产无性系及引进的国外良种为参试材料,以抗寒前哨点大田鉴定的方式,于2010—2011冬春季对位于广东化州新华农场定植无性系寒害进行系统调查。结果表明,传统抗寒品种93-114等品种表现较好,寒害级别在2级以下,海南主栽品种‘热研7-33-97’等品种有一定抗寒能力（3.46级）;国内自主选育的品种总体较国外引种品种抗寒能力更强,同时参试品种在寒害期间所处的物候对其抗寒能力影响较大,不稳定的物候状态会明显加重寒害危害。     

葡萄核心种质建立的构想

对有关核心种质的概念、特点及相应的研究进展进行了概述,对开展葡萄核心种质研究的步骤、方法及核心种质的检验指标等方面均做出了全面的阐述,并提出葡萄核心种质建立的构想。     

广东江门菠萝的寒害调查和品种特性分析

在经历了2013年冬季低温胁迫之后,根据寒害等级比较品种抗寒性差异,对4个菠萝品种‘金菠萝’（MD-2）、‘黄金菠萝’、‘巴厘’、‘卡因’进行了寒害调查。结果表明,这4个品种均受到不同程度的寒害,其中‘金菠萝’和‘卡因’的寒害等级较低,‘巴厘’和‘黄金菠萝’的抗寒性相对较弱,抗寒能力依次为‘金菠萝’＞‘卡因’＞‘黄金菠萝’＞‘巴厘’。叶绿素的荧光特性决定作物的光合产量,为此,比较了不同菠萝品种的叶绿素荧光参数。‘金菠萝’的Fo和Fm均显著高于‘巴厘’,但是4个品种的Fv/Fm却没有显著差异。‘金菠萝’和‘黄金菠萝’均适合在江门进行推广种植,寒害等级和叶绿素荧光参数可以为抗寒品种筛选提供参考。     

部分烟草种质亲缘关系的AFLP分析

利用AFLP技术,对48份不同类型和地域来源的烟草种质的亲缘关系进行了分析。选用4对AFLP引物共检测到323条扩增带,其中174条具有多态性,平均多态检出率为55.72%。对AFLP扩增结果采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,可以将48份烟草种质分为2大类群,即黄花烟草群和普通烟草群,后者又可进一步分为4组;48份材料的欧氏距离为1.41~10.78。初步研究表明,AFLP标记技术能较好地从分子水平揭示烟草种质资源的遗传背景和亲缘关系。     

高抗烟草花叶病毒的烟草种质资源筛选

为了解我国烟草种质资源对烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)的抗性状况,为烟草抗病育种的亲本选择提供信息,本试验通过苗期TMV汁液摩擦接种,对1 191份烟草种质资源进行了TMV抗性鉴定.筛选出的对TMV表现为枯斑反应的高抗资源有:白肋烟40份、国内烤烟20份、国外烤烟28份、晒烟1份,合计89份.接种后21 d表现为花叶的资源有:白肋烟29份、国内烤烟430份、国外烤烟270份、国内晒烟352份、国外晒烟(雪茄烟)21份,合计1 102份.枯斑资源的比例白肋烟＞烤烟＞晒烟.云南省烟草农业科学研究院2006年保存白肋烟、烤烟和晒烟资源合计1 652份,本试验较系统的鉴定了72％种质资源的TMV抗性状况,可为种质资源的育种利用提供参考.     

琼海莲雾果期寒害影响指标研究

通过自然条件下罕见低温对反季节莲雾的灾害调查,得出莲雾果期寒害判定气象因子,以此对琼海市历史最低气温数据(1961—2016)进行统计分析,以期探究不同时段低温寒害发生的规律。结果表明,日最低气温≤10℃会对莲雾果期造成明显的影响,叶片和果实出现大量脱落,果实品质降低;寒害主要出现在12月下旬—2月中旬,平均每年可能出现4.7天。由此可见,琼海反季节莲雾种植几乎每年都可能出现果期寒害,因此将果实成熟期安排在12月上、中旬之前,将会大大降低果期低温寒害风险概率。该研究结果可为反季节莲雾高产栽培和防灾减灾提供一定参考价值。     

烟草骨干亲本马铃薯Y病毒病抗性鉴定及抗性来源分析

马铃薯Y病毒病(potato virus Y, PVY)是影响烟草产量和质量的主要病毒病害,选育抗病品种是解决病毒病害经济有效、环境友好的方法,而丰富抗病亲本的遗传多样性在品种选育中具有非常重要的作用。为深入认识PVY抗性种质的抗性来源,选取30份烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)骨干亲本进行人工接种鉴定其PVY抗性,筛选出11份抗PVY烟草种质。为进一步探究材料的抗性来源,基于感病基因eIF4E1开发了PVY1分子标记,并利用VAM和K326构建的F2遗传群体对该标记进行了验证。用此标记对骨干亲本进行检测,结果发现Y48等6份抗病种质中无法扩增出条带,而CV58等5份抗病种质中可以扩增出大小为348 bp的条带,进一步分析发现CV58中eIF4E1基因并未发生突变。以上结果表明Y48等对PVY的抗性来源于eIF4E1基因的缺失,而CV58等具有新的抗性位点,其对PVY的抗性并非来源于eIF4E1基因的缺失或突变。本研究获得了两种不同抗性来源的抗PVY烟草种质资源,为烟草PVY抗性品种的选育提供借鉴。     

Genetic variation of germination cold tolerance in Japanese rice germplasm

Low temperatures at the initial stages of rice development prevent fast germination and seedling establishment and may cause significant productivity losses. In order to develop rice cultivars exhibiting cold tolerance, it is necessary to investigate genetic resources, providing basic knowledge to allow the introduction of genes involved in low temperature germination ability from accessions into elite cultivars. Japanese rice accessions were evaluated at the germination under two conditions: 13°C for 28 days (cold stress) and 28°C for seven days (optimal temperature). The traits studied were coleoptile and radicle length under optimal temperature, coleoptile and radicle length under cold and percentage of the reduction in coleptile and radicle length due to low temperature. Among the accessions studied, genetic variation for traits related to germination under low temperatures was observed and accessions exhibiting adequate performance for all investigated traits were identified. The use of multivariate analysis allowed the identification of the genotypes displaying cold tolerance by smaller reductions in coleoptile and radicle lenght in the presence of cold and high vigour, by higher coleoptile and radicle growth under cold.     

Relationships between cold- and salt-tolerance during seed germination in tomato: Germplasm evaluation

Thirty tomato accessions representing six Lycopersicon species were evaluated for the rate of seed germination under no stress, cold-stress and salt-stress conditions. Most accessions responded similarly to both cold- and salt-stress conditions (i.e. they were equally sensitive or tolerant to both stresses), however, a few accessions exhibited more sensitivity (or tolerance) to one stress than the other. In addition, some accessions that germinated relatively rapidly under non-stress conditions exhibited great sensitivity to both cold stress and salt stress. Across accessions, significant (P < 0.01) positive phenotypic correlations were observed between germination rate under control and cold stress (r_P= 0.89), control and salt stress (r_P= 0.63) and cold stress and salt stress (r_P= 0.77). The results indicate that the rate of tomato seed germination under non-stress, cold- and salt-stress conditions may be controlled by the same genes (or physiological mechanisms), but additional components may be involved which affect germination rate under specific stress conditions.     

Variation among Andean races of maize for cold tolerance during heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth

Cold in the initial growth stages is an important stressfactor for maize grown in regions with a temperate climate,particularly in case of early sowing. Sources of tolerancehave been identified in adapted genotypes, but promisinggenes for cold tolerance should also be found in materialdeveloped under the lower-temperature margins of the cropdistribution. This research was conducted in order to testAndean maize accessions for cold tolerance expressed duringboth the heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth stages.Experiments were conducted in controlled environments tostudy cold tolerance traits (germination %, germinationindex and plant growth rate) at continuous 10^°C (heterotrophic growth) and at varying 10–16^°C (autotrophic growth). An experiment was also performed inthe field with early sowing (both heterotrophic and autotrophic growth). In each experiment, a control trialwas conducted in more favourable conditions (i.e. continuous25^°C in a controlled environment or late planting inthe field) so that cold tolerance traits could also beexamined as the ratio between the stress and the controltrial. None of the accessions was superior for all coldtolerance traits. However, several Andean maize accessionsoutperformed the US Corn-belt hybrid checks for one or moretraits, both in heterotrophic and autotrophic growth. Overall, BOZM 855, PMS 636, Poblacion D, Poblacion E andBOZM 696 were the best accessions, suggesting that they canbe a promising source of genes for improving cold toleranceof adapted maize genotypes.     

Glycine max and Glycine soja are capable of cold acclimation

Soybean has been considered a cold intolerant species; based largely upon seed germination and soil emergent evaluations. This study reports a distinct acquisition of cold tolerance, in seedlings, following short acclimation periods. Diversity in cold responses was assessed in eight cultivars of Glycine max and six accessions of G. soja. All varieties of soybean significantly increased in freezing tolerance following acclimation. This study indicates soybean seedlings are indeed capable of sensing cold and acquiring cold tolerance. Germination rates after cold imbibition were negatively correlated with maturity group, but positively correlated with cold acclimation potential in G. soja. Seed fatty acid composition was varied between the species, with Glycine soja accessions containing about 2‐times more linolenic acid (18:3) than G. max. Furthermore, high levels of linoleic acid (18:2) in seeds were positively correlated with germination rates following cold imbibition in G. soja only. We suggest that domestication has not impacted the overall ability of soybean to cold acclimate at the seedling stage and that there is little variation within the domesticated species for ability to cold acclimate. Thus, this brief comparative study reduces the enthusiasm for the “wild” species as an additional source of genetic diversity for cold tolerance.     

Genetic structure and association mapping of cold tolerance in improved japonica rice germplasm at the booting stage

Cold tolerance at booting stage is one of the major determinants for a stable yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in many high elevation or high latitude regions. Understanding the genetic basis of cold tolerance is crucial for the improvement of cold tolerance through breeding. In this study, association mapping was performed in 347 rice accessions worldwide with different statistical models in order to identify the genetic marker loci/QTL associated with cold tolerance traits at the booting stage. The evaluation of cold tolerance for all the traits was conducted under natural low temperature in Yunnan and cold water irrigation in Jilin. The 148 SSRs were used for the genotyping. Population structure analysis identified three main subpopulations for the accessions that corresponded to major geographic origins. The relative kinship analysis revealed a weak or no relationship for most of the individual pairs. Model comparisons indicated that the Q+K model controlling both population structure (Q) and the relative kinship (K) was performed better than other models in association mapping. In total, 24 markers were identified that were significantly associated with cold tolerance, including five markers in Yunnan and 19 markers in Jilin. Moreover, RM282, RM252, RM335 and RM6824 were identified in multiple environments or years. Many of these identified markers were located either in or nearby the regions where the QTLs have been reported for cold tolerance at booting stage. These results highlighted the targeted regions for future studies and might be subsequently used in breeding programs to trace and select the useful alleles by MAS.     

Genetic variation of a safflower germplasm collection grown as a winter crop in southern Spain

Summary A germplasm collection containing 23 accessions of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was sown in 1993/94 as a winter crop in southern Spain to perform a comparative evaluation. Morphological, physiological and chemical characters were evaluated. Considerable diversity was found in the group. Only one Mexican accession was dwarf (40 cm tall). Most accessions were spiny but there were two spineless Iranian accessions and others with few spines. Variations were also evident for head and seed size. Seed yield per plant varied from 2.5 to 103.5 g and it was correlated with the number of heads, number of branches and plant height. Cultivars with oil content over 35% were identified. Most accessions were of the high linoleic type but there were two with high or intermediate levels of oleic acid, corresponding to the cultivars Ole and Oleic leed. Sowing in November in southern Spain has produced a long growing period (180–240 days) but earliness is common in Indian accessions. A Chinese phenotype with a prolonged rosette stage could be better adapted for cold tolerance. Red flowered spineless cultivars were present in the collection and will be preferred for ornamental or dye purposes.     

Low temperature seed germination of Lycopersicon species evaluated by survival analysis

Summary Low temperature germination responses were evaluated for 18 high altitude accessions representing five wild Lycopersicon species and 19 accessions of L. esculentum which have reputed ability to germinate in the cold. Survival analysis indicated that one accession of L. chilense germinates better at 10°C than PI 120256, the fastest-germinating L. esculentum genotype, and that PI 120256 germinates as well as PI 126435 (L. peruvianum). Additional wild ecotypes exhibiting rapid germination at 10°C were identified from L. peruvianum and L. hirsutum. These ecotypes may possess genetic potential for introgressing cold germination ability into L. esculentum cultivars.     

羽衣甘蓝抗寒生理特性研究

观赏羽衣甘蓝作为秋冬季节重要的园林绿化植物,抗寒性直接影响其推广和应用。为了阐明羽衣甘蓝响应低温的生理特性,揭示抗寒机理,以北京市农林科学院蔬菜研究中心生物技术课题组选配的优良F1杂种作为研究试材,分析不同低温处理下叶片电导率变化和半致死温度,以及渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果显示,羽衣甘蓝叶片电导率在-5℃以下迅速升高,-10℃左右达到最大值;半致死温度为-10.3~-13.7℃,红色类型低于白色类型,羽叶和圆叶低于皱叶类型。上述研究结果与观赏羽衣甘蓝田间抗寒表现一致。低温处理下渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性响应特性表明,不同指标呈现不同的变化趋势,除了可溶性糖在-10℃含量最高外,可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均在-5℃或-8℃达到最大值,并随温度进一步降低而下降。主成分分析结果表明半致死温度、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量是导致羽衣甘蓝抗寒性差异的主要因素。研究结果为建立羽衣甘蓝抗寒性评价体系,进一步解析抗冻机理,培育抗寒新品种奠定理论基础。     

水稻核心种质资源的苗期耐冷性鉴定与评价

苗期冷害是一种影响水稻群体建成和生长发育的延迟性冷害,最终导致水稻减产。筛选苗期耐冷性强的种质资源可以为水稻耐冷育种提供亲本资源。本研究采用3000份全球水稻核心种质资源中的1542份在人工气候箱进行苗期耐冷鉴定及评价,以存活率为评价指标。发现种质资源苗期耐冷性变异非常丰富,筛选出存活率80%以上的苗期耐冷资源材料73份,其中籼稻9份,温带粳稻47份,热带粳稻4份,粳稻混合型8份,籼粳中间型和香稻类型各1份,籼粳混合型3份,XI-B、XI-2和亚热带粳稻中未筛选到苗期耐冷材料。耐冷材料主要集中在温带粳稻中,但亦有部分籼稻材料表现出较强的耐冷性。多数苗期耐冷资源材料的综合农艺性状较差,结合株高、生育期性状等筛选出14份半矮秆和生育期适中的强耐冷性材料,可作为水稻苗期耐冷育种亲本应用。对利用种质资源开展苗期耐冷基因挖掘和选育全生育期耐冷品种进行了讨论。本研究初步阐明了水稻耐冷种质资源的分布,为水稻耐冷育种提供了优异的供体亲本材料。