浅谈茶与休闲农业

我国是世界上最早发现和利用茶树的国家。作为全球的三大传统饮料（茶叶、咖啡、可可）之一，茶已不仅仅是中华民族普遍喜爱的饮料，在国外也有“安全饮料”、“保健饮料”、“健康长寿饮料”等各种各样的赞誉之词。因此，饮茶已成为大多数人的一种休闲方式。休闲农业是利用农村设备与空间、农业生产场地、农业产品、农业经营活动、自然生态、农业自然环境、农村人文资源等，经过规划设计，以发挥农业与农村休闲旅游功能，增进民众对农村与农业的体验，提升旅游品质，并提高农民收益，促进农村发展的一种新型农业。     

海南休闲农业集群化发展思路及模式探讨

休闲农业集群是农业与旅游业相互结合而形成的一种新型产业集群，海南的休闲农业更适合走集群化的发展道路。从产业集群的理论与实践出发，指出目前在海南休闲农业集群化发展过程中仍存在一系列障碍因素，有针对性地从四个方面分析了海南休闲农业集群化发展的思路，在此基础上对海南休闲农业集群化发展的模式选择进行初步探讨。     

在建设国际旅游岛背景下加快发展海南热带休闲农业的思路与对策

休闲农业是农业和服务业相结合的一种新兴休闲服务产业。海南建设国际旅游岛，加快海南农业现代化步伐，需要加快发展热带休闲农业。本文从海南发展热带休闲农业的必要性与可行性入手，分析制约其发展的诸多因素，提出加快发展海南热带休闲农业的思路与对策。     

基于共生理论的琼台两地休闲农业合作研究

以共生理论为基础,对琼台两地休闲农业发展的共生单元和共生环境等系统要素进行分析,探讨琼台两地休闲农业共生的条件和共生模式,提出琼台两地休闲农业产业共生的产品机制、市场机制、管理机制、监督机制的建议,更好地服务于琼台两地休闲农业的发展。     

海南乡村旅游规划实践——以海口市美兰区演丰镇为例

《国务院关于推进海南国际旅游岛建设发展的若干意见》提出要制定实施观光农业、休闲农业支持计划,着力培育一批海南特色旅游城镇。海南乡村旅游发展迎来了战略机遇。演丰镇是海南省首批乡村旅游示范点之一,旅游资源丰富,特色及优势明显。本文运用乡村旅游规划理论体系,结合演丰镇旅游资源条件,提出演丰镇乡村旅游策划思路。针对演丰镇生态文化特色资源,通过可行性分析,策划项目主题:天然氧吧,红树林之乡。在此基础上,策划了红树林湿地观光、水下奇观海底村庄、渔家农业休闲、青少年野营活动、观光休闲种植业和特色文化资源等6项主题旅游产品,并配套提出了景观规划。     

如何有效结合休闲农业环境与茶耕文化

休闲农业环境与茶耕文化相结合是未来农业发展的趋势,茶耕文化将会渗透到休闲农业环境的方方面面,茶耕文化将会为休闲农业环境的全面发展注入新的血液,随着新农村进程的不断推进,茶耕文化休闲农业也迎来了蓬勃的发展时期。本文从休闲农业与茶耕文化的概述着手,阐述了休闲农业与茶耕文化的含义与发展优势后,又具体的论述了发展休闲农业与茶耕文化的经济与社会以及生态意义,最后,从保护生态环境维持茶园的秀美风光、建立茶耕文化区试点、政府的重视与扶植、因地制宜打造高品质的茶文化景区、面向市场考虑大众需求五个角度提出了将休闲农业与茶耕文化结合的有效途径。     

茶文化在休闲农业景观中的应用

中国是一个农业大国,农业是中国最为重要的基础。中国直到今天还有八亿农业人口,随着中国综合国力的提高,人民生活水平也随之提高,农业现代化正在逐步实现,在广大的农村地区,如何提高农民们的生活水平和生活环境也成为重要的问题,休闲农业景观被广大农民所需要。在当今社会,如何把茶文化和现代休闲农业景观有机的结合在一起,促进茶文化发展,实现社会主义现代化精神文明建设的大力发展,实现人民生活水平和生活环境的日新月异,这些是本文的重要研究方向。     

普洱市庄园旅游可行性分析——以茶文化为主导模式的休闲观光农业

阐述了云南普洱发展庄园旅游的优势,并分析了当前普洱庄园旅游存在的问题及相应的对策,指出云南普洱庄园旅游以休闲农业为主,其发展模式的本质是一种以茶文化为主导模式的休闲观光农业。     

济源市牡丹园科普旅游开发策略

济源市牡丹园是济源市修复城郊生态系统、改善人居环境的休闲旅游地,景区以牡丹为主、花海为辅,拥有丰富的植被资源。通过分析景区的发展现状,为景区开发植物科普旅游提供策略,充分利用景区植物资源,开展不同形式的植物科普项目与活动,发挥农业科普教育功能,丰富旅游产品内涵,促进济源市牡丹园的持续发展。     

中国热带农业科学院儋州院区农业旅游发展规划初步思路

依托中国热带农业科学院(以下简称热科院)的特有优势和建设海南国际旅游岛、中国-东盟自由贸易区的发展机遇,按照整体规划、合理布局、分步建设的思路,将热科院儋州院区发展成为立足海南国际旅游岛、服务全国乃至东盟、全球的热带农业“硅谷”;成为世界热带农业博览园;成为中国第一个5A级科技农业休闲度假区;成为支撑海南西部旅游的、极具吸引力的品牌景区;成为吸引留学生、修学旅游的目的地;成为中国-东盟自由贸易区热带农业科技交流与合作中心;成为海南国际旅游岛热带高效农业、精致农业、休闲农业的示范区。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).