中国向印尼订购椰衣纤维

采用22%啶虫脒窑仲丁威乳油防治田间稻飞虱袁结果表明,22%啶虫脒窑仲丁威乳油900g/hm2对稻飞虱的防治效果极显著优于对照药剂3%啶虫脒乳油和25%仲丁威乳油,药后第1天防效高达89.04%,药后第3天防效高达91.68%,药后第7天防效高达89.53%,且对水稻安全无药害遥22%啶虫脒窑仲丁威乳油高效、安全、快捷,是当前稻飞虱综合防治的理想药剂,可大面积推广应用。     

不同药剂对水稻稻飞虱的防效评价

选取25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂、40%氯虫.噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、10%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂、400 g/L噻嗪酮悬浮剂、80%敌敌畏可溶液剂、70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂6种不同有效成分的杀虫剂,对水稻稻飞虱进行田间药效试验,结果表明：25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂、40%氯虫.噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、10%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂、400 g/L噻嗪酮悬浮剂,药后3 d防效分别为89.3%,82.4%,81.2%,66.3%,药后14 d防效分别为92.5%,91.2%,90.8%,83.7%,以上4种药剂对水稻稻飞虱都有很好的防效,在生产上可轮换使用。     

乙虫腈悬浮剂防治稻飞虱田间药效试验

乙虫腈悬浮剂防治田间稻飞虱试验结果表明，施用100 g/L乙虫腈悬浮剂600、525 、450 g/hm2对稻飞虱的防治效果均极显著优于对照药剂25% 噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂，药后第1、3、7天的防效分别达90.25%、92.40%、90.65%。100 g/L乙虫腈悬浮剂高效、安全，是防治稻飞虱的理想药剂，可大面积推广应用。     

50%烯啶虫胺防治稻飞虱田间药效试验

50%烯啶虫胺WP防治稻飞虱田间药效试验表明,其剂量7.5、10 g/667m2,药后1、3、7、14 d调查,防效为24.17%~96.81%,高于用量5 g/667m2的防效,与对照10%吡虫啉WP 30 g/667m2防效相当。生产上推荐以50%烯啶虫胺7.5、10 g/667m2防治稻飞虱为宜。     

几种不同杀虫剂对稻飞虱的田间防治效果

6种杀虫剂对稻飞虱的田间防效试验结果表明:25%呋虫胺24 g/667 m~2的速效性和持效性均表现较好;25%吡蚜酮(25 m L/667 m~2)持效性最好,但速效性不如25%呋虫胺;25%噻虫嗪16 g/667 m~2和50%噻虫胺15 g/667 m2防效次于呋虫胺和吡蚜酮,但防治效果也在90%以上。生产上可轮换交替使用,以减少抗性风险。     

5种生物农药对稻飞虱混合种群的田间防治效果

比较试验了5种生物农药对稻飞虱混合种群的田间防治效果。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC 750 mL/hm2对稻飞虱混合种群的防治效果最好,药后3 d、7 d、15 d的防效分别为63.21%、66.61%和63.62%,与25%噻嗪酮SC450 mL/hm2相当,而药后7 d、15 d的防效则极显著低于50%吡蚜酮WG 150 g/hm2;400亿孢子/克球孢白僵菌WG1500 g/hm2防效次之,药后15 d防效达66.98%,显著高于1.8%阿维菌素EC 750 mL/hm2和25%噻嗪酮SC 450 mL/hm2;0.3%苦参碱EC 1500 mL/hm2也有一定的防效,药后3~15 d防效为38.51%~50.16%;48%多杀霉素SC 375 mL/hm2和0.5%印楝素EC1500 mL/hm2对稻飞虱无明显防治效果,药后3~15 d防效在11.24%~38.86%之间。     

花生不同种植模式对蛴螬发生的影响及药剂防治效果的比较

为明确覆膜、裸露、秸秆还田、麦套等不同种植模式对春、夏花生蛴螬发生和播期对药剂防治效果的影响,本文对春花生和夏花生上发生的蛴螬进行了田间调查和药效试验。结果表明,春花生上蛴螬发生量明显高于夏花生,花生覆膜种植较露地种植的蛴螬发生减轻,秸秆还田的较不还田的花生田蛴螬发生量增多。夏播花生用70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂,按有效成分用量36g/667m2拌种,对蛴螬防效达94.23%;但对早播春花生和晚播春花生蛴螬的防效分别为55.36%和69.23%,防效显著降低。早播春花生采用噻虫嗪拌种+噻虫嗪灌根对蛴螬的防效最高,防效达92.04%;采用噻虫嗪灌根对蛴螬的防效为87.18%,也可有效控制其危害;但仅用噻虫嗪拌种处理的防效仅为55.36%,不能有效控制其危害。相同处理方式下噻虫嗪的防效均显著高于毒死蜱。建议在春花生田防治蛴螬应采用拌种+灌根的施药方法,在夏花生播种时采用药剂拌种可有效控制蛴螬的危害。     

40%氯虫·噻虫嗪不同用量对单季稻前期控虫效果试验

对40%氯虫·噻虫嗪不同用量对单季稻前期控虫效果及单季稻促苗分蘖的影响进行了试验。结果表明,40%氯虫·噻虫嗪对单季稻分蘖有明显的促进作用,具有较好安全性,但在秧田使用40%氯虫·噻虫嗪WG每667 m2用量为60 g时对分蘖有一定抑制作用;40%氯虫·噻虫嗪WG对稻蓟马、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱均有较好的防治效果,随着用药量的增加,防治效果也相应提高。根据试验结果,建议单季稻每667 m2秧田40%氯虫·噻虫嗪的用量为40~50 g。     

以双斑长跗萤叶甲为主的玉米中后期害虫一体化防治药剂筛选

大田环境下利用无人机施药,筛选防治双斑长跗萤叶甲有效药剂,探讨玉米中后期害虫一体化防治的可行性。结果表明, 5%高效氯氟氰菊酯 EW、 5%甲维盐 WG、 30%噻虫嗪 SC、 30%噻虫嗪 SC减量 20%+CQMa421施药2 d后对双斑长跗萤叶甲防效均在 97.90%以上。5%高效氯氟氰菊酯 EW和 30%噻虫嗪 SC对蚜虫防效好,且持效期长。5%高效氯氟氰菊酯 EW、 200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺 SC、 200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺 SC减量 20%+CQMa421施用后玉米螟活虫数为 0～1.67头/百株。研究表明,玉米吐丝初期利用无人机喷施 5%高效氯氟氰菊酯 EW、 5%甲维盐 WG或 30%噻虫嗪 SC能有效控制双斑长跗萤叶甲,其中, 5%高效氯氟氰菊酯 EW能兼防蚜虫和玉米螟,可实现玉米中后期害虫一体化防控。     

几种药剂防治水稻纹枯病药效试验

以3种药剂:240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂300 g/hm2、300 g/L苯甲·丙环唑乳油300 g/hm2和27.8%噻呋酰胺·己唑醇悬浮剂375 ml/hm2为供试药剂,对水稻灌浆期纹枯病进行药效试验,药后20 d株防效均达到81.71%~89.83%,药后35 d的株防效和病指防效分别达到90.61%~92.79%和93.11%~94.17%,均明显好于对照药剂10%井冈霉素水剂,供试药剂对水稻生长发育无不良影响,3者均有减轻纹枯病危害、提高水稻产量的作用,其中以240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂300 g/hm2和300 g/L苯甲·丙环唑可湿性粉剂300 g/hm2增产效果较好,尤以240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂的防效最佳,增产效果最为明显,建议大面积示范应用。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.