利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记法分析水稻根际土壤微生物多样性

采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记法,分析了4个以Ⅱ-32A为母本和3个以制5为父本的系列杂交水稻组合在同等栽培条件下根际土壤的微生物群落结构,并探讨其与水稻特性的内在联系,以期为水稻育种和品种改良提供科学依据。结果表明,水稻根际土壤磷脂脂肪酸生物标记丰富,共检测到38种PLFAs,其中完全分布的生物标记有23种,不完全分布的有15种;水稻根际土壤中PLFAs含量细菌真菌放线菌。不同水稻材料根际土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸生物标记组成结构存在差异。对根际土壤特征磷脂脂肪酸生物标记16:0(细菌)、18:1ω9c(真菌)、10Me17:0(放线菌)、10Me16:0(硫酸盐还原细菌)和16:1ω5c(甲烷氧化菌)比较可知,制5系列组合含量高,最高的为金生优制5,Ⅱ-32A系列组合较低,含量最低的为Ⅱ优797。对PLFAs总量和水稻特性进行Pearson相关分析,结果表明,PLFAs含量与水稻有效穗数和产量呈显著正相关,但与株高呈显著负相关。对水稻根际土壤磷脂脂肪酸生物量总量进行聚类分析发现,Ⅱ-32A系列组合聚为一类,制5系列组合聚为一类,表现出水稻遗传特性在其根际PLFAs上的差异性。研究结果表明,水稻根际土壤微生物群落PLFAs结构丰富,根际土壤微生物群落结构受水稻遗传亲缘关系的影响。     

富含硫氨基酸转基因大豆对根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

选用两组转基因品质改良大豆（富含硫氨基酸）为材料,利用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）法分析了在大田种植条件下,两组转基因大豆对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,与非转基因大豆相比,转基因品种土壤微生物群落的结构发生明显的变化。在两组转基因品种中PLFA组分均发生变化,其中转基因品种A组中占主导地位的14种分别是是革兰氏阳性菌（GP）的特征脂肪酸16:0、10Me18:0和好氧细菌特征脂肪酸18:1ω7c,Ｂ组中占主导地位的13种是表征GP的脂肪酸15:0、16:0和非特征脂肪酸14Me16:0。在A组的OE-8品种及B组的17-4和57品种中,表征细菌的PLFA含量和总PLFA含量与非转基因品种相比有显著上升。结果表明种植转基因大豆影响根际土壤微生物群落结构。     

不同种植方式下大豆田土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸特征

磷脂脂肪酸方法(PLFA)可较准确地表达土壤微生物的类群及其生物量,是一种快速、重现性好的分析土壤微生物群落结构多样性方法。以中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站定位试验区大豆20年连作、轮作、迎茬和裸地的耕层土壤为对象,采用PLFA方法在大豆盛花期、鼓粒期和成熟期对不同轮作方式下土壤微生物群落结构进行研究。结果表明:20年连作使土壤微生物总磷脂脂肪酸含量有所增加,尤其是在盛花期,20年连作微生物总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量为10 327μg·g-1,显著高于其它轮作方式,20年轮作和迎茬土壤微生物总磷脂脂肪酸含量在大豆3个生育时期变化并不显著。土壤中真菌、细菌和放线菌PLFA含量与总PLFA含量变化基本一致。但是轮作条件下细菌/真菌磷脂脂肪酸比值显著高于其它轮作方式,说明轮作增加了土壤细菌PLFA含量,降低了真菌PLFA含量。对主要PLFAs进行主成分分析,主成分一(PC1)解释了45.5%的变异,主成分二(PC2)解释了20.6%的变异,而且从主成分得分图上可明显将轮作和迎茬与连作和裸地区分开。结果说明20年连作在一定程度上改变了土壤微生物群落结构,但20年轮作土壤生态系统仍然相对较稳定。     

不同小麦品种籽粒中脂肪酸组分含量及其相关性研究

为了明确小麦品种的脂肪酸及其组分的含量,选取97个小麦品种(系),利用气相色谱仪对其全麦粉脂肪酸组分进行了测定,并初步分析了部分品种(系)的脂肪酸组分含量的分布及其相关性,结果表明,总脂肪酸平均含量为1.91％,其中棕榈酸(C16∶0)、硬脂酸(C18∶0)、油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)和亚麻酸(C18∶3)的平均含量依次为0.37％、0.02％、0.27％、1.17％和0.08％,分别占总脂肪酸组成的20％、1％、14％、61％和4％.不饱和脂肪酸(油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸)在总脂肪酸中所占的比例达到79％;总脂肪酸及其组分含量呈现中间多、两头少的正态分布,变异幅度较大;总脂肪酸含量与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸4种组分含量相关极显著,而与亚麻酸的含量无显著相关.     

杨桃与荔枝根区土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）特征分析

采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)方法,分析同一果园台湾软枝杨桃(20年树龄)和荔枝乌叶品种(15年树龄)根区土壤微生物群落结构.结果表明,从杨桃根区不同样品检测到25 ～32种微生物PLFAs,特有PLFAs为:i13:0,11:0 3OH,14:0 2OH;荔枝根区检测到23～40种微生物PLFAs,特有PLFAs为:16:0 3OH,i18:0,i12:0,12:1 AT11-12,a14:0.杨桃根区由PLFAs指示的土壤微生物多样性指数(Simpson)和特征脂肪酸16:0(细菌)、18:1w9c(真菌)、10Me16:0(硫酸盐还原细菌)含量大小:距植株1.0m土壤≈1.5m土壤＞0.5m土壤;而荔枝根区Simpson指数和以上各种菌特征脂肪酸含量大小为:距植株1.0m土壤＞0.5m土壤≈1.5m土壤.脂肪酸10Me17:0(放线菌)和16:1w5c(甲烷氧化菌)含量在杨桃根区无水平分布上的显著差异,而在荔枝根区则存在显著差异.     

长江下游地区部分优质粳稻品种与越光稻米支链淀粉结构特征及品质性状比较

为探讨具有优异食味品质的日本粳稻品种越光与中国长江下游地区食味品质好的水稻品种稻米的支链淀粉链长分布和主要品质特征差异,以期为中国优质水稻育种提供理论依据,选用长江下游地区公认的食味品质好的5个粳型水稻品种稻米和日本新泻地区生产的越光稻米为材料,分析支链淀粉链长分布、稻米RVA谱、直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、TOYO味度值等主要品质特性的差异及其相关性。越光的稻米支链淀粉链长分布和直链淀粉含量等主要品质指标与长江下游地区食味品质好的品种没有明显差异,支链淀粉长链部分(Fb3)和蛋白质含量显著低于长江下游地区食味品质好的品种,支链淀粉短/长链比(Fa/Fb3)显著高于长江下游地区食味品质好的品种。越光稻米中Mg、K含量以及淀粉谱特性中最高黏度、崩解值均显著高于长江下游地区食味品质好的品种。支链淀粉的短链部分(5≤DP≤12)所占比率与最高黏度值和崩解值呈显著正相关,Fa/Fb3与最高黏度和崩解值均呈显著正相关。由此认为,通过育种手段改善稻米的支链淀粉理化特性,并在栽培措施上通过降低氮肥施用量来降低稻米中蛋白质含量,是提高长江下游地区水稻品种食味品质的有效途径。     

芭蕉属植物内生细菌种群分布特性研究

从4种芭蕉属植物的10个不同部位组织中分离内生细菌,并用Sherlock MIS微生物自动鉴定系统进行脂肪酸鉴定,分析芭蕉属植物内生细菌种类及数量分布特性。结果表明:不同种类芭蕉属植物内生细菌含量存在较大差别,其中威廉斯香蕉内生细菌含量最高,达8.809×108 cfu/g,而芭蕉和红花蕉含菌量最低,分别为2.022×105cfu/g和2.171×105cfu/g。在同一种类的不同器官组织中,内生细菌的含量也有所不同。共分离得到64株内生细菌,可鉴定的菌株有23株,划分为14个种群,隶属于11个属,数量最多、分离频率最高的3种内生细菌为伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhi)、克雷白氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、赫替假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas huttiensis)。根据这14种内生细菌的分布情况显示,不同种内生细菌在种群数量分布上差异显著。     

利用微卫星标记比较云南元阳哈尼梯田两个不同时期种植的水稻地方品种的遗传多样性

 为了揭示云南元阳哈尼梯田两个不同时期种植的水稻地方品种的遗传多样性,以元阳哈尼梯田过去种植（20世纪70年代收集于元阳县,现保存于种质库）的72个和当前种植的76个品种为材料,采用48个SSR分子标记进行多态性、遗传相似性和聚类分析。平均每个标记检测到的等位基因数、有效等位基因数、位点多态信息含量和基因型多样性指标在过去与当前的品种间,差异均未达显著水平。共有24个SSR标记的52个等位基因位点在过去与当前种植的品种中存在差异,其中,有18个SSR标记的32个等位基因位点在当前的品种中未检测到,同样,有16个SSR标记的20个等位基因位点在过去的品种中未检测到。基于48个SSR分子标记的平均遗传相似性系数,当前种植的品种为03340,过去为03313,过去与当前的品种分别在遗传相似性系数0203和0174处分为籼、粳两个亚种群。表明元阳哈尼梯田水稻地方品种经过30多年的自然与人工选择,虽有部分等位基因位点发生了变异,但仍保留了原有的遗传多样性;元阳哈尼梯田水稻地方品种存在明显的籼、粳分化。元阳哈尼梯田及其水稻地方品种是研究稻作籼粳演化的理想基地和材料。     

双波长法测定木薯的直链和支链淀粉含量

直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量及其比例是木薯淀粉品质的重要指标。采用双波长法对30个木薯株系的直、支链淀粉的含量进行了测定,根据碘分别与直链和支链淀粉反应生成复合物的吸收光谱,我们最后确定了直链淀粉的和支链淀粉的参比波长和测定波长分别是609和469.5 nm、542和721 nm。根据回归方程得到了30个木薯株系的直链淀粉和支链淀粉的含量。本实验中用于测定木薯的直链淀粉浓度在0~26μg/m L,支链淀粉浓度在0~100μg/m L范围内符合比耳定律。结果表明:SC8不同株系的直链淀粉含量变化范围:14.879%~21.905%,支链淀粉含量变化范围:47.864%~56.955%;SC6不同株系的直链淀粉含量变化范围:15.494%~24.726%,支链淀粉含量变化范围44.292%~57.465%。该方法准确性高、重复性好、效率高,工作量小,适于批量木薯样品分析。     

河南省地方小麦品种醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性分析

为给河南省小麦地方品种资源的利用提供科学依据,采用A-PAGE方法,对小麦地方品种白和尚头、白麦、白芒糙、出山豹等15种243份地方小麦品种进行了同质检验,对同质地方品种进行了同名品种间和非同名品种问醇溶蛋白构成分析,并将聚类结果与农艺性状相结合进行分析.结果表明,243份材料中有156份同质,占总样品的64.2%.这156份地方品种共产生72条谱带,其中a区21条、p区22条,Υ区16条、ω区13条,共147种构型;谱带分布频率范围为0.6%～100%,平均为25.6%;多样性指数为0.957,其中α区0.801、β区0.836、Υ区0.897、ω区0.870.15种同名品种产生谱带的范围为27～41条;品种间遗传距离最小为0,最大为2.033,平均遗传距离分布在0.330～0.574之间;遗传多样性指数分布在0.940～0.958之间.将聚类结果与农艺性状进行比较,农艺性状相近的材料大都能在遗传距离为1.0时被聚为一类.相同的带型在同名品种间和非同名品种间都有出现,表明小麦地方品种问存在同名异种、同种异名的现象.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.