乙酰化蛋黄果多糖及其抗氧化活性研究

蛋黄果（Lucuma nervosa A. DC）乙酰化修饰多糖的抗氧活性优于未修饰多糖,通过分析乙酰化蛋黄果多糖的乙酰化度、红外光谱和形貌特征,阐明引起抗氧活性提升的原因。试验采用超声波辅助法提取蛋黄果果肉粗多糖,用三氯乙酸法除去蛋白质得到多糖。选取3份0.50 g多糖加入20% NaOH溶液溶解,分别加入1、3、5 mL乙酸酐,得到3种取代度（0.237±0.05、0.275±0.07、0.228±0.04）的乙酰化蛋黄果果肉多糖,评价其清除DPPH自由基、OH自由基和ABTS自由基的能力。结果表明,乙酸酐添加量由少到多时,蛋黄果多糖乙酰基取代度先显著升高,后趋于平缓下降。乙酰化蛋黄果多糖的红外光谱显示了3417 cm^-1（-OH）、2950 cm^-1（-CH）处的伸缩振动和1636 cm^-1处的（-OH）转动振动,1738 cm^-1处出现酯基C=O的伸缩振动吸收峰,表明乙酰化已经成功接入。扫描电镜结果显示,未经乙酰化的蛋黄果多糖表面相对光滑平整,呈片状结构;乙酰化修饰多糖分子间交联增强,构象发生了变化,变为表面形状不规则,出现很多空隙且表面粗糙。3种乙酰化蛋黄果多糖中DHG-Ac2（3 mL醋酐）清除效果最好,在浓度1.0 mg/mL时,DPPH清除能力、ABTS自由基清除率、OH自由基清除率分别为91.37%、58.73%、56.36%,分别高于蛋黄果多糖10.0%、43.7%、25.3%。这是引入的乙酰基能活化多糖链中的异头碳,使多糖的供氢能力提升,继而提升乙酰化蛋黄果多糖的抗氧化作用。本研究为海南产蛋黄果多糖的深入开发与抗氧化应用提供了基础研究数据。     

豆渣中水溶性大豆多糖的提取工艺研究

大豆多糖是大豆中的有效活性成分之一,具有抗氧化性、食品稳定性等作用.以市售豆渣为材料,采用不同的提取温度、液固比和提取时间进行单因素试验,然后在此基础上采用三因素三水平的正交试验对水溶性大豆多糖的提取条件进行优化.结果表明:提取温度对水溶性大豆多糖提取率的影响最大,其次是液固比,再次是提取时间.水溶性大豆多糖提取的最优工艺参数是:提取温度为90℃、液固比为5:1、提取时间为3 h.经苯酚-硫酸法测定,水溶性大豆多糖含量为7.47%(以葡萄糖计).     

蛋黄果种子营养成分分析与评价

为了进一步开发和利用蛋黄果种子的潜在价值,对其主要营养成分、挥发油成分进行分析和检测,并研究了挥发油对5种细菌的抑制作用。结果表明：种子中淀粉、多糖、粗脂肪、多酚、灰分等成分含量较多,分别为13.89、8.04、6.27、2.58、2.22 g/100 g;Vc、黄酮、粗蛋白、氨基酸的含量分别为0.002、1.90、1.12、2.295 g/100 g。从种子挥发油中鉴定出22种化合物,主要成分为油酸、棕榈酸、邻苯二甲酸单（2-乙基己基）酯、芥酸酰胺,其相对百分含量分别为10.466%、8.158%、6.643%、4.216%。研究还证实蛋黄果种子挥发油对四联球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、白色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌有抑制作用,其中对四联球菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌的抑制作用较强。鉴于蛋黄果种子的营养和药用价值丰富,建议大力开发和利用。     

山羊草属不同细胞质对小麦籽粒戊聚糖含量的影响

为了利用小麦近缘野生种属的细胞质资源改良小麦品质,以山羊草属(Aegilops)不同种异源细胞质的5种异质小麦品种Chris为材料,与生产上广泛推广种植的4个常规小麦品种进行正反杂交,研究了异源细胞质对其F1籽粒戊聚糖含量的影响.结果表明:(1)在以5种异源细胞质材料为母本的杂交组合中, 仅有50%的组合其总戊聚糖含量高于反交对照,粗山羊草和偏凸山羊草细胞质对总戊聚糖含量具有普遍的正效应;粘果山羊草细胞质对总戊聚糖含量表现出轻微的正效应;柱穗山羊草和二角山羊草细胞质则表现出明显的负效应;(2)在以5种异源细胞质材料为母本的杂交组合中, 80%的组合其水溶性戊聚糖含量高于反交对照, 除二角山羊草细胞质对水溶性戊聚糖含量表现出负效应外,其他4种细胞质对水溶性戊聚糖含量都有一定的正效应,但5种细胞质之间差异均不显著;(3)尽管5种异源细胞质对水溶性戊聚糖含量效应差异不显著,但是柱穗山羊草、偏凸山羊草、粘果山羊草和粗山羊草细胞质对水溶性戊聚糖含量有一定的正效应.因此,如果选择合适的核质组合同样可以达到改良戊聚糖含量的目的.     

山苦茶矿物质元素的含量和形态初步分析

以海南山苦茶叶为原料,采用电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱法对不同产地山苦茶叶元素含量进行比较,并对万宁产山苦茶叶、茶渣及其经热水浸提后乙醇沉淀法分离的水溶性粗多糖中的14种矿物质元素含量进行了分析。结果表明：山苦茶叶水溶性粗多糖得率为16.7%,山苦茶叶中14种元素含量由高到低顺序依次为常量元素钾、钙、镁、钠、硫、磷和微量元素钡、锰、铁、锌、铜、铬、钼、铍。不同地区的山苦茶叶各元素含量稍有不同,总体差异不大。对茶渣和粗多糖的各元素含量及其形态分布分析发现,山苦茶各元素(除钾外)的不溶态(36.9%～94.2%     

运黑14207硒赋存形态及抗氧化特性研究

为了解黑小麦中硒含量及其赋存形态,对运黑14207的硒含量及其在蛋白质、多糖和核糖中的含量及各组分抗氧化性进行了测定。结果表明,运黑14207硒含量为0.185 mg·kg^-1,有机硒含量占总硒含量58.56%;有机硒主要以蛋白结合态形式存在,蛋白结合态硒含量占总有机硒含量的78.84%。八种提取组分中,水溶性多糖得率最高,为11.08%;水溶性蛋白硒含量最高,为1.53 mg·kg^-1。运黑14207粉中,碱溶性蛋白结合硒含量占比最高,为23.38%。在抗氧化特性方面,水溶性多糖及水溶性蛋白较其他组分对ABTS、DPPH、Fe³⁺均具有较高的清除力,但均低于对照Vc。研究表明,运黑14207属于富硒谷物,为后续富硒产品开发提供了理论依据。     

蛋黄果新品种‘蛋苹一号’性状的初步评价

对选育出来的蛋黄果新品种‘蛋苹一号’进行了植物学性状、农艺性状以及品质性状等并进行研究，结果表明：蛋黄果新品种‘蛋苹一号’具有结果早、丰产、稳产特性；果形端正，为苹果型，果形指数为0.8，平均单果重322 g，可食率高，总糖含量22.91%，甜度适中，维生素C含量高达70.40%，粗脂肪6.95%，总淀粉含量1.60%，可食率71.00%。此结果对该品种的生产应用及示范推广具有重要意义。     

水溶性大豆多糖提取工艺对酸性乳稳定性的影响

水溶性大豆多糖可以在酸性条件下低卡占度的稳定蛋白质,表现出优越的稳定性.以酸性乳沉淀率为指标对豆渣中水溶性大豆多糖的提取工艺进行了优化以促进其深入开发.单因素试验表明,pH、温度和提取时间对大豆多糖得率及含量、蛋白含量和酸乳沉淀率有显著影响.在单因素试验基础上设计L9 (34)正交试验,结果表明影响大豆多糖中多糖含量、蛋白含量和酸乳沉淀率的各因素的顺序为pH＞提取温度＞提取时间;最佳水平组合为pH3.5、温度125℃、时间90 min.该工艺条件下,水溶性大豆多糖的多糖含量为65.05％,蛋白含量为3.69％,酸乳饮料的沉淀率为0.72％.     

树舌的生药鉴定

目的对树舌进行生药学研究。方法按照《中国药典》的研究方法对树舌中水分、灰分、浸出物进行测定;采用硫酸蒽酮法对树舌中多糖进行含量测定。结果树舌水分含量为10.82%,灰分含量为2.90%,水溶性浸出物含量为1.93%,多糖含量为0.125%。结论实验结果可为树舌质量标准、药理等进一步研究奠定基础。     

不同产地金萱乌龙茶生化成分差异与品质特点

分析了福建省不同产地金萱鸟龙茶主要生化成分含量.结果表明,金萱鸟龙茶荼样水浸出物含量为(38.18%±1.43%),荼多酚含量为(18.71%±1.76%),氨基酸含量为(4.11%±0.80%),酚氨比为(4.70±0.95)' 咖啡碱含量为(2.65% 0.37%),水溶性总糖含量为(7.94% 0.97%),儿荼素总量为(97.88±10.6)mg/g,黄酮类化合物含量为(8.34±1.52)mg/g.金萱乌龙荼的生化特点是荼多酚含量中等,氨基酸、水溶性总糖含量较高,酚氨比较低.福建产金萱乌龙荼既保持了该品种的特有品质特征,又具有福建的地域特色.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.