桂林市木薯套种花生试验初报

在桂林市进行木薯套种花生试验研究。结果表明：木薯套种花生能显著提高木薯和花生的产量,并且对木薯和花生农艺性状有良好的促进作用;当木薯和花生的间作距离为40 cm时,套种效果最好,木薯鲜薯产量86.97 t/hm2,干花生荚产量2 896.78 kg/hm2,套种模式收益明显提高。     

高蛋白春大豆套种木薯的种植方式研究

2009年在福建省大田县进行了高蛋白春大豆与木薯不同行距套种方式试验,结果表明:在固定木薯密度,套种单行、双行和三行大豆3种种植方式中,双行大豆套种木薯,效益最高,即大豆种植密度25×50cm,7280株/667m2;木薯种植密度0.8×1m,800株/667m2,效益465.50元/667m2.     

不同木薯/花生模式下的产量表现及其经济产出研究

研究了4种木薯株行距配置0.8 m×0.8 m(M_1)、0.6 m×1.0 m(M_2)、0.8 m×(1.0 m+0.6 m)(M_3)、0.6 m×(1.0 m+0.8 m)(M4),木薯单作与相应木薯/花生体系的产量表现和经济产出的影响。结果表明:4种间作处理的土地当量比(LER)和产值当量(VOE)均大于1,木薯实际产量亏损(AYLc)均大于0,木薯偏土地当量比(PLER-C)均高于木薯在间作和单作中所占的土地面积之比,即4种间作模式均能提高土地利用率,且对木薯来说均具有间作优势;M3间作处理中花生相对于木薯的竞争力(Apc)和花生实际产量亏损(AYLp)大于0,而经济产出则比M3单作木薯高出了237元/667 m2,总的实际产量亏损(AYL)为1.07,在4种间作处理中数值最大。故木薯/花生间作体系中M3木薯株行距配置的间作产量优势和经济效益优势最佳。     

什么叫间作、套种、复种?

间作,就是把两种作物在同一块地上,同时相间种植,或者基本上同时相间种植的一种栽培方法。如花生间玉米、玉米间大豆等。 套种,就是在前茬作物生长后期,将后茬作物播种在前作物的行间或株间的一种种植方法。如麦田套玉米、花生等。 复种,就是在一年之内,在同一块地上,种收一季以上的作物。如一年两作两收、三作三收等,有的叫多作多收。 间、套、复种从某种意义来说,就是     

木薯间作套种穿心莲高效栽培技术

木薯作为全球重要的薯类作物,既是热带地区粮食安全的保障,也是重要的淀粉工业原料。为促进木薯产业的发展,提高木薯种植比较经济效益,根据我区木薯间作套种中药材穿心莲在平南县的种植管理经验,总结出一套成熟的木薯间作套种穿心莲栽培技术,为木薯间作套种规范化栽培和生产提供技术支撑。     

施氮和木薯间作对成熟期花生根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为明确相同施肥量条件下木薯-花生间作与花生单作的成熟期根际土壤细菌群落特征差异,以木薯品种 华南205和花生品种粤油200为试验材料,设计2个施氮水平（施氮、不施氮）和3种种植模式（木薯单作、花生单作、 木薯间作3行花生）,采用高通量测序技术,研究了施氮和木薯间作对成熟期花生根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响。 结果表明,在相同施肥量条件下,木薯间作花生模式的土地当量比大于1,表现出间作优势,土地利用率提高49%~ 60%。成熟期花生根际土壤细菌4个优势类群依次为Chloroflexi、Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Acidobacteria,合计 比例84.42%~84.59%。花生根际土壤细菌的属数量共477个。施氮和木薯间作对花生根际土壤细菌的α多样性无 显著影响。木薯间作显著降低了Proteobacteria的相对丰度,降幅18.12%。在相对丰度排名前30的菌属中,不同处 理组合间TK10 和Roseiflexus 的差异达显著水平;施氮显著降低了菌属Candidatus_Solibacter、Acidimicrobiales 和 Amycolatopsis的相对丰度,降幅分别为41.18%、33.11%和71.98%。冗余分析表明,有效磷、pH显著影响细菌花生根 际土壤属水平群落组成。本研究结果为明确间作体系中花生根际微生态环境提供理论依据。     

不同等带宽间作模式对芝麻花生产量和效益的影响

为探明芝麻花生等带宽间作不同行比增产效果和经济效益,于2018年进行了芝麻花生间作试验。以芝麻单作(CK1)、花生单作(CK2)为对照,设芝麻花生2∶2(M1)和芝麻花生4∶4(M2)两种等带宽间作模式,研究不同等带宽间作模式对作物干物质积累、收获指数、产量、土地当量比以及经济效益的影响。结果表明:间作降低了芝麻、花生各生育时期的干物质积累量。两种间作模式下,M2模式下芝麻、花生干物质积累量较M1模式显著增加15.0%和15.1%,在作物收获指数均无显著性差异时,M2较M1处理显著增加芝麻、花生产量16.1%和8.0%。M2处理的土地当量比为1.15,产投比为4.75,均显著高于CK1、CK2和M1处理,间作优势明显。说明芝麻花生4∶4等带宽间作模式能够通过提高作物干物质积累和分配获得较高产量,同时提高土地利用效率和经济效益。     

木薯//大豆间距对间作作物农艺性状及品质的影响

木薯间作短期作物是常见的栽培模式之一,本文以木薯南植199和大豆华春8号为试验材料,在不同间距处理下,记录和测定作物的农艺性状和品质,试图了解间作距离对其的影响,为两种作物合理配置获得高产高效提供理论和技术依据。结果显示:间距处理对大豆的有效分枝数、主茎节数和木薯的株高具有显著影响,而对两种作物的其它农艺性状无显著影响。当间作间距为D30时,大豆蛋白质、粗脂肪和3种脂肪酸含量显著提高,木薯淀粉含量高于其它处理,但低于单作木薯。此外,间距处理对木薯的单株产量有影响显著,单作和D50间距处理的木薯单株产量高于其它处理,但对大豆的单株产量无显著影响。结果表明D30的间距间作模式下,木薯和大豆的品质性状具有优势,而D50的间距间作模式下,木薯和大豆的产量性状具有优势。     

一种花生-芝麻间作栽培模式

花生、芝麻间作,可发挥2种作物的优势,既可以增加单位面积产量,也可以提高经济效益。文中介绍了一种花生和芝麻的套种模式,是以花生栽培为主,在不影响花生全程机械化收割的前提下,进行芝麻间作套种。在该模式下芝麻边行优势明显,同时也保障了花生的产量。     

麦、瓜、棉、豆间作套种栽培技术

随着杂交棉花在我国长江流域的普及，早熟大豆品种的育成与推广，棉田套种大豆技术也在不断发展，大豆、棉花、西瓜和小麦四种作物间作套种，既能增加生产效益，也能使大豆增产。简要介绍这四种作物的间作套种技术及获得高产、高效的技术关键。     

武鸣县木薯间作花生、大豆的高产高效模式

总结广西区武鸣县木薯间作花生、大豆的高产高效栽培模式，以促进其推广应用。     

Intercropping cassava with soybean cultivars of varying maturities

Our previous work has shown that early-maturing soybean is suitable for intercropping with vassava at a high latitude (27°S) in south-east Queensland, Australia, as it does not effect the tuber yield. The present study examines whether later-maturing cultivars of soybean with higher yield potential might be more productive. Plant arrangement for cassava was the same in sole crop and in intercrop, while two soybean rows in every six rows were replaced by a row of cassava in intercropping.All soybean cultivars dominated intercropped cassava, and their dry-matter growth and seed yield were not affected by competition with cassava. Growth of cassava was, on the other hand, severely restricted by intercropped soybean, particularly by late-maturing types. After removal of early-maturing soybean, cassava recovered quickly to produce high leaf-area and effectively intercepted solar radiation. Consequential high total dry-matter production, combined with high assimilate allocation to tubers, resulted in tuber yield at the final harvest similar to that in sole cassava. After the removal of late-maturing soybean, however, recovery was poor, and with a short growing season remaining, tuber yields were only 50–60% of that of sole cassava.In addition to their adverse effect on cassave growth, late-maturing cultivars were not suitable as an intercrop because of low harvest indices and low light-conversion efficiency (dry matter produced per unit intercepted radiation), although total light interception during the whole growth of cassava/soybean intercrop was similar to that of sole cassava. The low overall light-conversion efficiency in intercropping with late-maturing cultivars was due to very low dry-matter production of soybean during pod-filling when light interception was still high.     

复混肥及施用方法对木薯产量构成因素、土壤养分及经济效 益的影响

采用随机区组试验,比较复混肥 585、780、1 170 kg/hm2 在一次施肥和分次施肥处理下对华南 12 号木薯产量构成因素、土壤养分及经济效益的影响,探讨木薯种植中的最佳施肥方案和经济效益。结果表明：复混肥处理的化肥施用量分别比对照减少了 52.71%、36.94%和 5.42%,但其株高、单薯长度、单薯粗、鲜薯重和地上部鲜重均与对照差异不显著。木薯种植降低了土壤 pH、有机质、碱解氮含量,提升了土壤速效磷含量,而施肥量 1 170 kg/hm2 的 T3、T6处理提升了土壤速效钾含量。但相对于对照,土壤肥力的变化则因施肥量和施肥次数而异,复混肥施用量为 585、780 kg/hm2 的处理,分次施用更有利于减缓土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的降低,而施肥量为 1 170 kg/hm2的处理分次施用仅有利于减缓土壤有机质含量的降低,而不利于减缓土壤速效磷含量的降低。另外,所有复混肥处理均比对照具有更高的产投比,但经济效益最好的为 T1、T4 处理,其次为 T2 和 T5 处理。因此,从产量构成因素、土壤养分变化和经济效益综合考虑,T4 为最佳施肥方案。     

复混肥及施用方法对木薯产量构成因素、土壤养分及经济效益的影响

采用随机区组试验,比较复混肥 585、780、1 170 kg/hm2 在一次施肥和分次施肥处理下对华南 12 号木薯产量构成因素、土壤养分及经济效益的影响,探讨木薯种植中的最佳施肥方案和经济效益。结果表明：复混肥处理的化肥施用量分别比对照减少了 52.71%、36.94%和 5.42%,但其株高、单薯长度、单薯粗、鲜薯重和地上部鲜重均与对照差异不显著。木薯种植降低了土壤 pH、有机质、碱解氮含量,提升了土壤速效磷含量,而施肥量 1 170 kg/hm2 的 T3、T6处理提升了土壤速效钾含量。但相对于对照,土壤肥力的变化则因施肥量和施肥次数而异,复混肥施用量为 585、780 kg/hm2 的处理,分次施用更有利于减缓土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的降低,而施肥量为 1 170 kg/hm2的处理分次施用仅有利于减缓土壤有机质含量的降低,而不利于减缓土壤速效磷含量的降低。另外,所有复混肥处理均比对照具有更高的产投比,但经济效益最好的为 T1、T4 处理,其次为T2和T5处理。因此,从产量构成因素、土壤养分变化和经济效益综合考虑,T4为最佳施肥方案。     

The response of cassava (Manihot esculenta) to spatial arrangement and to soybean intercrop

Response of cassava to row spacing and plant population density (0.62 plants m⁻² in 180-cm rows; 1.23 plants m⁻² in 90-, 180-, 270-, and 270- plus 90-cm (i.e. paired rows); and 2.46 plants m⁻² in 90- and 180-cm rows), and to soybean intercrop at two row spacings of cassava (90 and 270 cm) was studied at a high latitude (27°S) in south-east Queensland, Australia, where low temperature limits a growing season to 9 months. Detailed observations were made in sole crops on leaf canopy structure and light penetration in the three row spacings at the medium density to allow an estimation of light availability for an intercrop between cassava rows.The low plant density or the 270-cm row plants produced the lowest total dry matter and tuber yield at harvest, while the two higher densities or the two narrower rows produced similar total and tuber dry weight. Intercropped cassava produced a similar tuber yield to the sole crop at the corresponding spatial arrangement, but total dry matter was lower in the former.Leaf area index was similar among the 90-, 180- and 270-cm row spacings in sole crops throughout the growth period. However, leaf area was unevenly distributed horizontally for a longer time as row spacing increased. This resulted in light penetrating the inter-row space for a longer period in wider rows in sole crops, more than 50% full sunlight reaching soil level for 90, 120 and 130 days after planting in the 90-, 180- and 270-cm rows, respectively. This light environment would be available for an intercrop if cassava growth is not affected by the intercrop. The results for cassava intercropped with soybean show that in fact cassava growth was reduced by the associated soybean, and hence light available for the soybean growth would have been more than that estimated above.     

Studies on weaning diets in Nigeria: 2 protein sources

Protein isolates were extracted from melon, groundnut, and soybean cakes in an aqueous system that could potentially yield both oil and protein from oilseeds quantitatively. Protein isolates obtained were 91.2, 78.6 and 79.5% of the total protein content of melon, groundnut and soybean cakes respectively. Both cakes and isolates were assessed in a rat bioassay while breadfruit, cassava, and corn starch were also investigated as sources of carbohydrate. Results showed that there were no significant differences between feed intake, weight gain and PER of rats fed the cake and the protein isolates except in soybean. Weight gain, PER and NPR were highest in cassava-soybean protein isolate diet followed by cassavacasein diet (control) while performance was only moderate with melon- and groundnutcassava diets. With melon protein isolate, cassava and breadfruit were better carbohydrate sources than corn starch. In simulated weaning diets, cassava-sucrose-melon-soybean protein isolate based diet performed better (weight gain 33.4 g, PER 1.63, NPR 2.23) than a commercial weaning food (weight gain 30.6 g PER 1.57, NPR 2.18) while replacement of sucrose and cassava at 30% by breadfruit yielded a cost effective diet with good performance (weight gain 29.4 g, PER 1.51, NPR 2.12). Diets where soybean protein served as the sole source of protein or breadfruit, white and yellow maize ogi served as the main source of carbohydrate performed only moderately.     

Intercropping of cassava (Manihot esculenta) with maize or cowpea under different row arrangements

The effects of various intercropping arrangements of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and maize (Zea mays L.) or cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) on crop yields were compared over a 3-year period in Nigeria, in an attempt to improve grain yields of the maize and cowpea intercrops without substantially reducing the cassava root yield. Sole-cropped cassava produced the largest yield; this was significantly reduced by about 40% when intercropped with maize or cowpeas but only when using a 1:2 (cassava:intercrop) row arrangement, mainly because of a reduction in its population density. Cassava yield differences among different row arrangements were more marked when grown with maize than with cowpeas. Maize and cowpea grain yields were reduced by intercropping, but somewhat less so when grown with cassava in widely spaced rows. Cassava row spacing did not affect maize yield, but cowpea yield was affected significantly. Land Equivalent Ratios were always greater than 1, irrespective of the crop combinations and row arrangements. However, increased yields of intercropped cassava:maize were obtained at 1:1 or 2:2 row arrangements and of cassava:cowpea at 2:2 rows, without much reduction in cassava tuber yield.     

甘蔗花生间作下不同氮磷钾配施对花生养分吸收及产量效益的影响

为提高华南区甘蔗间作花生的经济效益，研究不同氮磷钾配施对花生养分吸收及产量效益的影响。田间试验设置氮磷钾肥各4个水平梯度，比较氮磷钾不同配比的施肥对花生养分吸收和产量效益的影响。结果表明：氮磷肥施用量增加促进间作花生对氮磷养分的吸收，而钾肥施用过量会抑制花生对钾养分的吸收。开花下针期到荚果膨大期是间作花生干物质积累、吸收养分的关键时期。间作花生干物质累积量随氮磷钾肥施用量的增加而增加，每形成1000 g的干物质，就需要吸收同化17.7 g N、1.7 g P₂O₅和11.3 g K₂O，吸收比列为10.4∶1∶6.6（N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O）。间作花生生产百千克荚果需吸收氮、磷、钾养分量分别在6.83~7.98 kg N、0.65~0.80 kg P₂O₅、4.10~5.32 kg K₂O之间。综上，华南区种植与甘蔗间作的花生，较优氮磷钾施肥配比为80 kg/hm² N，70 kg/hm² P₂O₅，80~90 kg/hm² K₂O，可提高花生产量和经济效益，以及养分吸收利用率。     

全周期间作模式胶园间作肾茶的产量及药材质量

为评价肾茶在全周期间作模式胶园中的间作发展潜力,以肾茶的露地栽培为对照,对南北行向全周期间作模式胶园间作肾茶的产量及其药材主要质量指标进行了比较分析。结果表明：在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园中间作肾茶,不同观测位置、不同采样时期、不同部位肾茶的产量及其药材质量存在差异,间作各处理肾茶的产量均大幅度低于露地栽培,其中,间作区中产量最高的中间、东侧区地上部产量仅能达到露地栽培约30%的产量水平;虽然部分间作处理的肾茶浸出物、熊果酸含量稍高于露地栽培或与之基本持平,但肾茶地上部的黄酮、迷迭香酸、粗灰分含量均为林下间作差于露地栽培,同时该3个指标均呈现随胶园荫蔽度的增加而变差的趋势。与常规的露地栽培相比,在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园间作条件下,肾茶产量显著下降的同时药材质量变差。因此,肾茶不适宜在南北行向全周期间作模式胶园中间作发展。