湖南省木薯产业发展研究

分析湖南省木薯产业的发展现状，发展木薯的可行性及湖南省木薯发展存在的问题，提出湖南省木薯产业的发展策略，为湖南省木薯产业发展提供决策参考。     

泰国木薯产业发展近况

泰国是世界木薯主产国之一,也是世界主要木薯产品出口国之一。本文以2004-2013年的数据为对象,分析了泰国木薯产业近年来的发展概况,以期为国内木薯产业发展提供一定资料支持和决策依据。     

木薯产业可持续发展的途径与存在问题

分析我国木薯产业中存在的种植分散，产量较低，栽培效益不高，栽培与加工结合不紧密等问题。提出木薯产业可持续发展的途径：成立木薯产业合作社，改进经营模式；发展集约经营，实现产业整体利益最大化；改进栽培方法，提高单位面积产量；加工与栽培紧密结合，不断增加产业经济效益；注重木薯废弃物的利用，保持木薯连续稳产高产。     

木薯害虫普查及其安全性评估

为适应中国木薯产业的可持续发展需要,于2008～2009年间对木薯害虫、害螨在中国华南地区的分布、危害进行普查,并对2种国家检疫性毁灭性害虫、害螨进行了风险评估和5种主要害虫、害螨对木薯产业及本地生态经济的影响进行了分析。结果表明,海南、广西、广东共查获木薯害虫、害螨36种,其中害虫33种,害螨3种,并在国内首次发现木薯单爪螨和螺旋粉虱危害木薯,朱砂叶螨、蔗根锯天牛、白蛴螬在国内木薯种植区大面积严重发生与危害;木薯单爪螨、螺旋粉虱对木薯均属于高度危险有害生物;目前,木薯害虫、害螨已成为中国热区木薯产业能否可持续发展的重要限制因子之一,对木薯产业及本地生态经济的潜在影响与威胁十分严重。     

基于CRISPR/Cas9技术创制木薯MeSTP7和MeSTP15双基因突变体

木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)是一种热带、亚热带重要的粮食与能源作物,提高木薯的产量对木薯产业发展至关重要.木薯块根的发育直接影响其产量情况,而不同逆境胁迫会影响木薯块根的发育情况.因此解析木薯块根的发育机制有助于通过分子育种手段实现木薯高产,以及获得具备一定抗逆品质的优良种质,增强木薯的适应...     

我国木薯加工业的发展现状与展望

木薯作为一种经济作物,具有良好的综合利用价值,其加工利用途径非常广泛。根据我国近几年木薯加工的研究成果,对我国木薯加工业的发展现状进行了概述,指出了我国木薯加工在原料、加工技术、产业等方面存在的一些问题,并就此提出几点建议。     

木薯间作套种穿心莲高效栽培技术

木薯作为全球重要的薯类作物,既是热带地区粮食安全的保障,也是重要的淀粉工业原料。为促进木薯产业的发展,提高木薯种植比较经济效益,根据我区木薯间作套种中药材穿心莲在平南县的种植管理经验,总结出一套成熟的木薯间作套种穿心莲栽培技术,为木薯间作套种规范化栽培和生产提供技术支撑。     

木薯优良新品种‘桂垦09-26’的选育与栽培

针对当前广西木薯产业发展现状,以提高木薯单位面积产量与淀粉含量为目标,利用"华南5号×华南205"进行品种间杂交,培育出高产、高淀粉含量、综合性状优良的木薯新品种——桂垦09-26。多个试验结果表明,‘桂垦09-26’木薯新品种具有良好的增产效果和优良品质及抗逆性强的特点,在木薯生产上有良好的推广应用前景。     

海南省木薯的推广现状及其发展策略

介绍了近些年海南省木薯种植和生产情况,对其在海南省的示范推广可行性进行科学分析,并就推广过程中可能存在的问题,提出合理可行的发展策略,希望在国家木薯产业技术体系的带动下,延长木薯产业链。     

GA3处理对木薯类胡萝卜素生物合成的影响

木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)属大戟科木薯属热带作物,具有耐干旱贫瘠等特性,木薯叶片富含蛋白质,块根富含淀粉但是缺乏类胡萝卜素,是热带低收入人口的主粮.国家木薯产业技术体系"十三五"期间关于木薯产业问题指出,类胡萝卜素是粮饲化的重要指标,类胡萝卜素也是维生素A的前体物质.本文在前期研究中筛选到...     

不同月份播种对红壤甘蔗干物质与养分积累的影响

甘蔗是广西重要的经济作物.为促进甘蔗高效生产,以甘蔗品种'桂糖42号'为材料,在田间条件下,依据广西甘蔗主要播种月份,设置2月15日、3月15日、4月15日及5月15日4个播种期,分析新植蔗和宿根蔗干物质积累、养分积累及养分经济效率.结果表明,随播期推迟,新植蔗各器官干物质积累量减少;宿根蔗根、叶干物质积累量增加,茎干...     

中国不同地区科技示范县大豆单产及产量相关性状的比较

分别于2010和2011年对全国18和20个省(区)的130和141个大豆科技示范县进行抽样调查,收集当地大豆生产田的单产及其相关性状数据。在此基础上,按大豆栽培区划进行分区统计,并采用多元逐步回归方法判断不同地区影响产量的关键因素。结果表明,各地区大豆的播种期因耕作制度不同和气象条件多样而存在很大差异,变化幅度大小依次为南方>西北>东北>黄淮海;东北地区大豆种植密度最高,西北、黄淮海居中,南方最低。平均单产高低依次为西北>东北>黄淮海>南方。在农艺和产量性状中,株高以东北大豆为最高,其后依次为西北、黄淮海和南方;单株荚数与单株粒数2个性状的地域差异趋势一致,2010年均依次为南方>西北>黄淮海>东北,2011年均依次为西北>南方>黄淮海>东北;黄淮海地区大豆的百粒重最高,西北次之,东北及南方则相对偏低。多元逐步回归结果表明,在东北和南方地区,影响大豆产量的首要因素为单株粒数,而在西北及黄淮海地区则为单位面积株数。文中讨论了不同主产区提高大豆单产的主攻方向。     

Variations in Concentration and Distribution of Health-Related Elements Affected by Environmental and Genotypic Differences in Rice Grains

Malnutrition is one of the major problems inmost of the developing countries, especially amongwomen, infants and children. Biofortification is a verynew strategy to enhance the bioavailability ofmicronutrients in staple food by using advancedbreeding meth…     

马铃薯不同品种淀粉积累生理基础研究───品种淀粉含量与叶部氮磷钾浓度的关系

本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯２号、中淀粉品种内薯３号、低淀粉品种紫花白为材料，对不同生育时期叶片及叶柄的全氮、全磷、全钾量进行了测定分析．其结果：同一品种内，随生育时期的推移，叶片和叶柄的氮、磷、钾含量均逐渐下降；各品种氮、磷在叶片中的含量始终高于叶柄，而钾在叶片中的含量则始终低于叶柄；不同品种叶片和叶柄氮、磷、钾含量变化与品种的淀粉含量呈正相关。生育中后期相关更显著，而叶柄氮、磷、钾含量与品种淀扮含量达到了显著正相关．因此，生育中后期叶柄的氮、磷、钾的含量是衡量马铃薯品种淀粉含量高低的重要生理指标，可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质预测的科学依据．     

不同花生品种重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr富集与转运规律

以青岛市8个主栽花生品种为试材,通过相同土壤条件下大田种植和室内检测分析,对花生植株不同器官中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr重金属元素的吸收、富集与转运规律进行了研究。结果表明,供试的8个花生品种植株根系中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量存在显著性差异,茎叶中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr含量存在显著性差异,籽仁中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr含量均存在显著性差异,果壳中Cu、Zn和Cd含量存在显著性差异;供试的8个花生品种籽仁中Cd含量均超过了农业部无公害花生Cd≤0.05 mg.kg-1的卫生限量标准。花生植株各器官对重金属的平均生物富集量顺序：根系和果壳为Zn〉Cu〉Cr〉Pb〉Cd,茎叶和籽仁为Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr〉Cd。花生植株各器官的平均转运量系数顺序：茎叶为Pb〉Zn〉Cd〉Cr〉Cu,籽仁为Zn〉Cu〉Cd〉Pb〉Cr,果壳为Cr〉Cu〉Zn〉Pb〉Cd。A4为花生籽仁低Pb吸收富集型品种,A3为花生籽仁低Cd吸收富集型品种。     

Differences in the Vegetative Growth between Common and Tartary Buckwheat in Saline Hydroponic Culture

Abstract

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench cv. Tsushima) and Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn. cv. Pontivy) were grown in a nutrient solution with or without added NaCl to investigate interspecific differences in their responses to salinity, based on their dry-matter production. The mechanism of salt tolerance was also studied. Addition of 100 mM NaCl to the culture solution (salt treatment) lowered the plant growth rate to 48% and 16% of the control in Tsushima and Pontivy, respectively, and decreased the net assimilation rate and mean leaf area of Pontivy more severely than in Tsushima. The salt treatment decreased the leaf growth rate and leaf area per leaf to 30% and 72% of the control, respectively, in Tsushima, and to 12% and 52%, respectively, in Pontivy. It decreased the photosynthetic rate to 67% and 35% of the control, and stomatal conductance to 25% and 15% of the control in Tsushima and Pontivy, respectively. It also decreased the transpiration rate to 41% and 30% of the control in Tsushima and Pontivy, respectively, and increased the wateruse efficiency 1.6 times in Tsushima, but did not influence the wateruse efficiency in Pontivy. In the saline solution, the accumulation of Na⁺ in leaves and stem was greater in Pontivy than in Tsushima, but that in the roots, was greater in Tsushima than in Pontivy. In both species, Na⁺ accumulated rapidly in the leaves after removal of the roots in the saline solution. We conclude that the difference in salt tolerance between common and Tartary buckwheat may result from the difference in accumulation of Na⁺ in leaves and absorption of Na⁺ by the roots.     

Spatial variability in the growth of direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in northeast Thailand

Large within-field variation in rice growth often causes production loss in broadcast-seeded (BC) rainfed lowland rice. The spatial variability of direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice was evaluated in 2004, 2005, and 2007 in on-station experiments at Ubon Ratchathani, northeast Thailand, in relation to soil water content and weed infestation, by adopting semivariogram and block kriging, including comparisons among BC with harrowing (BCH; no weeding), BC with no harrowing (BCNH; no weeding), and row-seeded (RS; interrow weeding once) fields. BCH and BCNH were also compared in 11 farmers’ fields in 2006 and 2007, to assess the effect of harrowing on rice growth and weed infestation. During most of the rice growing periods, flooded and non-flooded portions existed simultaneously in the fields, with different proportions among years and among seeding methods in the on-station experiment. BCH and BCNH rice had large within-field variation in seedling density, heading date, shoot dry matter, grain yield, harvest index, panicle density, and filled spikelet per panicle, as well as in weed infestation, measured by a quick visual estimation. Many of the measured variables (except mean soil water content in RS in 2007, seedling density in BCH in 2005 and 2007, shoot dry matter in BCH and BCNH in 2007, and panicle density in BCH in 2007) were spatially dependent (i.e., data from nearby locations were most similar) by geostatistical analysis. Analysis of correlations using the 420 data sets of BCH plots in 2005 and BCH, BCNH, and RS plots in 2007 revealed a positive correlation between soil water content and grain yield and negative correlations between weed infestation and soil water content and grain yield. Compared with BCH, in 2007 BCNH had much lower grain yield because of lower soil water content after establishment and more weed infestation. BCH had higher grain yield than BCNH in weedy fields in the farmers’ fields experiment. RS with interrow weeding resulted in a smaller coefficient of variation, smaller sill value, and higher grain yield than BCH, due to less weed infestation and a higher proportion of flooded water. These results indicated that reducing the spatial variability in rice growth requires careful field preparation, such as harrowing to level the soil surface and to reduce the uneven distribution of standing water and the variability in soil water content, combined with effective crop and weed management (i.e., harrowing and row-seeding). This is the first study that examined spatial variability in the growth of direct-seeded rice as a function of soil water content and weed infestation in a rainfed lowland environment.     

河南省洛阳市小麦籽粒中元素富集特征研究

为了解洛阳市小麦籽粒元素富集特征基于土壤元素含量的关系,对洛阳市土壤硒高背景区种植的小麦和土壤进行了系统采集,测定了土壤25项全量指标、6种元素的有效态指标、7种元素的形态指标及小麦籽粒12种微量元素含量,分析了土壤和小麦籽粒中有益元素和重金属元素的含量特征、富集规律以及小麦籽粒微量元素与土壤元素的相关性。结果表明,研究区土壤富集硒和钼,小麦籽粒中钼、锌、硒、铜的富集系数均大于15%,富硒小麦的比例为69.11%,籽粒镉、砷、铅、汞、铬含量均低于全国平均值。小麦籽粒中硒、钼、砷含量与土壤pH值均呈显著正相关,镉、铬、镍含量与土壤pH值均呈显著负相关,锗含量与土壤pH值呈正相关,铜、锌含量与土壤pH值呈负相关,汞、铅、氟含量与土壤pH值均无相关性。研究区小麦籽粒具有有益元素丰富、有害元素含量低的特征,因而该地区是富硒富钼同时锌铜丰富的特色小麦有利地区。     

Chemical management of Fusarium wilt of watermelon

Watermelon yield loss due to Fusarium wilt is increasing in the U.S., due in part to the emergence of the virulent race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, and to the shift in production to triploid cultivars, which generally have less host resistance than previously grown diploid cultivars. One potential management strategy is the use of soil-applied fungicides to reduce Fusarium wilt. The U.S. national program, interregional project 4 (IR-4) supported multistate trials of soil-applied chemicals to manage Fusarium wilt of watermelon. Greenhouse trials were conducted in Maryland, Indiana and Georgia to test the efficacy of 14 chemicals on Fusarium wilt. Based on the performance of these chemicals in the greenhouse, six in Maryland and Delaware and eight in Indiana were selected for subsequent field evaluations. These chemicals were applied once, as a drench at planting, in field trials in Maryland, Indiana, and Delaware in 2008. The fungicides prothioconazole, acibenzolar-S-methyl, and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest reduction in Fusarium wilt, and caused no phytotoxicity. In Maryland and Indiana in 2009, these chemicals were applied through the drip irrigation line alone and in combination, at 0, 2 and 4 weeks after planting. The experiment was repeated in 2010 in Maryland. Prothioconazole alone and in combination with acibenzolar-S-methyl or/and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest decrease in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of Fusarium wilt of watermelon in Maryland in 2009. The same trend was observed in 2010 in Maryland where three of the prothioconazole treatments ranked the lowest of all treatments and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl had significantly lower Fusarium wilt AUDPC compared to the non-treated control. All chemical applications except for acibenzolar-S-methyl in combination with prothioconazole reduced Fusarium wilt AUDPC in Indiana in 2009. Prothioconazole alone and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl ranked lowest in Fusarium wilt AUDPC, although not significantly lower than most other treatments. These studies are the first to demonstrate that the soil-applied fungicides prothioconazole and thiophanate-methyl may provide an additional field management option for Fusarium wilt of watermelon.     

玉米C型胞质雄性不育系POD、CAT、SOD活性及POD酶谱分析

以玉米C型雄性不育系C478及其保持系478、恢复系H01为材料,对叶片以及雄穗小花的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性和过氧化物酶同工酶谱进行比较研究。结果表明：玉米叶片在生长过程中,不育系与保持系和恢复系叶片中的POD活性有明显差异;CAT活性在抽雄期相差不大;不育系每个时期的SOD活性均显著高于保持系。玉米雄穗发育过程中,不育系雄穗小花的POD活性高于保持系和恢复系,不育系雄穗小花刚开始孕育穗长不超过5 cm(时期I)时CAT的活性显著高于保持系与恢复系,不育系雄穗小花孕育完全但没抽出(时期II)时SOD活性明显低于其保持系。玉米抽雄期和开花期的不育系与保持系、恢复系叶片中的酶谱差异明显。