蒸汽式扇贝开壳装置工作参数优化

为了得到蒸汽式扇贝开壳装置蒸汽工作参数的最优匹配,提高扇贝深加工的产品品质,以开壳效果感官评分值为考察目标进行单因素试验,明确影响开壳效果的蒸汽喷射时间、喷射距离和蒸汽排量的最佳取值范围。采用Box-Behnken design试验设计方法进行了扇贝开壳组合试验,建立了扇贝开壳效果感官评分值与喷射时间、喷射距离和蒸汽排量之间的数学模型,并采用响应面优化分析法,得到了蒸汽式扇贝开壳装置的最佳工作参数匹配。结果表明:采用蒸汽发生器,压强控制在0.3~0.4 MPa、温度控制在142.92~151.11℃,当喷射时间设定在3.5 s、喷射距离设定在30 mm和蒸汽排量设定6 mm球阀门开度为90°,扇贝开壳率为93.3%,开壳效果感官评分值为94.53分。该研究为即食扇贝加工设备的设计提供参考。     

红外加热技术在果蔬干燥中的应用

红外加热技术是一种新型的辐射加热技术,具有速率快、污染小、节约能源等优势,在果蔬干燥中应用较多。对红外加热技术的原理、优点及动力学模型的发展做了简述;并对其在果蔬干燥中的应用进行综述,着重介绍在果蔬干燥中红外加热技术与其他干燥技术的联合使用,并对红外加热技术与其他技术的联合应用前景提出展望。     

激光开壳技术对贻贝肉脱壳率和品质的影响研究

为降低贻贝肉在传统热力开壳中造成的营养损失，提高其可加工性和营养风味，本研究利用激光技术实现贻贝开壳，并结合漂烫或蒸汽技术提高开壳作业的效率和连续性。以传统水煮开壳法和手工开壳法为对照，研究激光开壳、激光-漂烫开壳、激光-蒸汽开壳对贻贝肉感官、营养和滋味品质的影响。结果表明，当激光功率为40 W，处理时间为0.5 s时，闭壳肌脱壳率为100%，且色泽和气味感官评分较高。激光及其组合开壳技术得到的贝肉硬度、弹性和咀嚼性与新鲜贻贝肉比较接近，且较水煮开壳法减少了蛋白质、脂肪、糖类与5′-核苷酸的损失。激光-漂烫开壳和激光-蒸汽开壳还增加了贝肉中游离氨基酸的含量（P<0.05）。因此，激光及其组合开壳技术能有效提高开壳率，减少加工过程中贝肉营养损失，获得品质良好的新鲜脱壳贝肉。本研究结果为激光技术应用于贝类开壳提供了理论依据。     

碳纤维红外板辐射特性及其农产品物料干燥试验

为将碳纤维红外板的辐射加热技术应用于农产品物料的干燥中,探究其辐射加热特性和干燥特点。在介绍其制作工艺的基础上,以碳纤维红外板作为辐射热源搭建干燥试验台,对胡萝卜块、苹果块、香蕉块、木耳等4种常见果蔬物料进行干燥。通过实时采集、检测干燥过程中物料内部温度、干燥室温度、相对湿度变化情况了解干燥进程;并对红外干燥过程中物料升温情况、物料厚度、辐射间距、干燥方式进行探讨。结果表明:1)碳纤维红外板可作为红外干燥热源,辐射功率1.1 k W/m2时,能发射1~30μm的中、长波红外线,且主要集中在5~15μm,红外板表面温度范围为84~92℃。辐射间距8 mm条件下,4种物料从水分比1干燥到水分比0.1时,耗时为270~300 min,且20 mm×20 mm×11 mm的胡萝卜片内部温度升高到60℃仅需20 min。2)胡萝卜片长宽20 mm×20 mm,厚度5~11 mm范围内,在干燥中期近似恒温段,物料中心温度随厚度的增加而增加。3)辐射间距为4~12 mm范围内,辐射间距越大,干燥时间越长。4)与普通热风干燥相比,红外—热风联合干燥可有效缩短40%干燥时间,能耗约为普通热风干燥的49.39%;干燥前期排湿、干燥过程较小的风速均有助于红外干燥的进行。综上所述,碳纤维红外板可作为干燥热源。研究结果可为碳纤维在干燥领域的实际应用提供理论依据。     

循环压力下真空冷冻干燥青菜试验研究

用大葱和胡萝卜作实验材料,在产品感官质量约束下,进行恒压与循环压力下真空冷冻干燥的模糊优化试验研究,得出导热和辐射两种加热方式下,除去单位水分所用干燥时间较短的工艺参数以及温度分布。对于真空冷冻干燥散放颗粒状物料,以辐射加热方式循环压力为最佳。     

茄子红外辐射干燥特性及色泽变化

摘要：为探索高效节能的干燥方式,得到高质量的干制品,该文在不同干燥温度、样本厚度和辐照距离的条件下,研究了红外辐射加热干燥对茄子干燥特性和色泽的影响;并利用多元非线性回归方法,建立了干燥时间及色差总值（ΔE）与干燥温度、样本厚度以及干燥距离之间的二次多项式回归方程,相关系数分别是0.9888和0.9703,方程拟合程度较好。结果表明,选用合适的干燥条件及参数,可以显著提高茄子的干燥速率,保持产品的色泽;红外干燥茄子的单位耗能为2.48 MJ/kg(H2O),相比于热风干燥,可节能22.7%。     

水射流剥离扇贝闭壳肌的试验与参数优化

为了满足扇贝闭壳肌剥离的安全性、经济性和高效性要求,该文将水射流技术应用于海湾扇贝闭壳肌剥离中并进行试验研究。为了保证闭壳肌的剥离质量和效率,优化水射流喷射路径,对水射流喷射路径进行拟合,得到闭壳肌剥离时水射流的初始入射角。以闭壳肌剥离效果的感官评分为考核目标进行了剥离试验,通过单因素分析,确定了射流压力、入射角度和喷射距离的取值范围。应用Box-Behnken design进行试验设计,并应用响应面法对试验数据进行分析处理,建立了剥离效果评价标准和数学模型。通过对响应面图的分析,得出了适用于水射流剥离闭壳肌的优化工作参数组合。结果表明:射流压力应控制在2~4 MPa、射流入射角度控制在23°~33°、射流喷射距离控制在30~40 mm。当射流压力为3 MPa、射流入射角为23°、喷射距离控制在30 mm时,扇贝闭壳肌剥离效果最好。该文可为扇贝剥离设备的设计及优化提供借鉴和参考。     

红外辐射制备柠檬酸糯米淀粉酯工艺优化及功能特性

为提高柠檬酸淀粉酯制备效率,拓展淀粉在工业领域的应用价值,以糯米淀粉为研究对象、柠檬酸为酯化剂,红外辐射为核心制备技术,取代度为衡量指标,用单因素和响应面法优化柠檬酸淀粉酯的制备工艺条件,并对改性前后淀粉的理化性质、微观结构测定分析。最佳工艺参数为:红外辐射照度2 474 W/m2、红外辐射时间7.1 min、pH值为2.96、柠檬酸与淀粉质量比0.50。在优化条件下,取代度的验证试验结果为0.156,与响应面拟合模型预测值(0.158)吻合良好,红外辐射处理7.1min可达传统干热制备法5h的制备取代水平且两者理化性质和分子结构不存在显著差异性(P0.05),两者抗性淀粉含量分别提高50.15%和50.35%,表现较强的热稳定性、抗剪切和抗消化特性;傅立叶红外光谱图显示在1 749 cm~(-1)位置出现酯类C=O伸缩振动特征吸收峰,证实酯化反应的发生。表明应用红外辐射技术辅助高效制备良好性能的柠檬酸淀粉酯是有效的。     

沥青混合料搅拌加热滚筒设计及加热效率模拟与验证

针对国内沥青路面养护车加热装置效率不高、辐射过大等问题,为了提高沥青路面养护时沥青混合料加热质量和加热效率,设计了带搅拌功能的沥青混合料加热滚筒,对滚筒进行了结构与保温层参数计算,给出了设计计算方法。利用Fluent仿真软件,采用标准k-ε双方程模型和传热模型对沥青混合料的加热过程进行数值模拟。通过数值模拟分析,建立沥青混合料的流动及加热三维分析模型,进行了仿真分析与试验验证。结果表明:所设计的沥青混合料加热搅拌滚筒具有较好的加热效率与加热均匀性。与传统的导热油加热方式相比,可将加热时间由8 h缩短至35 min左右,大幅提高了加热滚筒的加热效率;通过对滚筒叶片参数的耦合仿真分析,发现当叶片螺旋角为68°、叶片高度为300 mm时沥青混合料加热效率最高,为沥青混合料加热滚筒的设计、温度场分析提供参考。     

微波真空干燥扇贝柱的物理和感观特性研究

微波真空干燥是一项新兴食品干燥技术。进行了扇贝柱的微波真空干燥试验，研究了微波真空干燥参数对扇贝柱物理和感观特性的影响规律，并与传统的自然干燥和热风干燥进行了对比分析。结果表明，不同微波功率和真空度组合对扇贝柱的物理和感观特性有明显影响，在微波功率和真空度为3 W/g和0.090 MPa时，干燥扇贝柱具有良好的色泽及表面质量，仅需30 min即可达到20%湿基含水率，收缩率和复水率与自然干燥扇贝柱相近；减小微波功率和降低真空度至2 W/g和0.074 MPa时，干燥扇贝柱的收缩率会增加、色泽和表面质量会变差。试验结果还表明，各种参数组合条件下的微波真空干燥扇贝柱，其干燥速度和抗破碎能力均明显优于自然干燥及热风干燥。利用微波真空干燥扇贝柱，对提高干燥速度和改善产品品质具有明显优势。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.