乌拉特荒漠草原群落物种多样性和生物量关系对放牧强度的响应

以内蒙古乌拉特荒漠草原灌丛和草本植物群落为对象,研究这2种植物群落的物种组成、物种多样性及其与地上生物量关系对不同放牧处理(对照、中牧、重牧)的响应。结果表明:①随着放牧强度的增加,灌丛群落中红砂(Reaumuria songarica)和碱韭(Allium polyrhizum)的优势度增大,沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)的优势度减小;重牧降低草本群落中沙生针茅的优势度,增加了蒙古韭(Allium mongolicum)和碱韭的优势度。②不同放牧处理显著降低了灌丛和草本群落的盖度、高度以及灌丛群落的密度,消除了灌丛和草本群落之间盖度的差异(P> 0. 05)。中牧降低灌丛群落的Pielou均匀度指数,重牧降低灌丛群落的物种丰富度,灌丛和草本群落的其他多样性指数在放牧处理之间无显著差异(P> 0. 05)。除物种丰富度外,其他多样性指数在灌丛和草本群落之间差异显著(P <0. 05)。③不同放牧处理降低了灌丛和草本群落的地上生物量和凋落物量,导致灌丛和草本群落之间地上生物量的显著差异(P <0. 05)。④地上生物量与Simpson优势度指数负相关,与Shannon-Wienner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数正相关;放牧处理下地上生物量与密度、物种丰富度正相关。放牧处理改变了荒漠草原植物群落组成、结构和功能,进而改变了群落结构和功能的重要关系。     

不同干扰对高寒草原群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

通过对新疆巴音布鲁克高寒草原天然草地进行灌溉、围栏(2年、7年、13年)和自由放牧处理,探讨不同干扰类型对草地植物多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明:灌溉使草地植物群落的高度、盖度和地上、地下生物量达到较高的水平,物种多样性也有一定程度的增加;而在自由放牧制度下,由于干扰过于剧烈,草地已呈退化趋势,物种多样性和生物量均较低;在围栏草地中,随着围封年限的增加,群落高度、盖度、地上、地下生物量逐渐增加,物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数呈现先增加后减小的趋势。在5种干扰类型中,物种丰富度、Shannon-W iener指数(H′)的排列顺序为:放牧草地<围栏2年草地<灌溉草地<围栏13年草地<围栏7年草地;P ielou均匀度指数的排列顺序为:围栏2年<放牧<灌溉<围栏13年<围栏7年;地上生物量的变化趋势为:放牧草地<围栏2年草地<围栏7年草地<围栏13年草地<灌溉草地;地下生物量的变化趋势为:放牧草地<围栏2年草地<灌溉草地<围栏7年草地<围栏13年草地。     

Rapid loss of leguminous species in the semi-arid grasslands of northern China under climate change and mowing from 1982 to 2011

Effects of mowing on the composition and diversity of grasslands varied with climate change (e.g., precipitation and temperature). However, the interactive effects of long-term mowing and climate change on the diversity and stability of leguminous and non-leguminous species in the semi-arid grasslands are largely unknown. Here, we used in situ monitoring data from 1982 to 2011 to examine the effects of continuous mowing and climate change on the plant biomass and diversity of leguminous and non-leguminous species, and soil total nitrogen in the typical semi-arid grasslands of northern China. Results showed that the biomass and diversity of leguminous species significantly decreased with the increasing in the biomass and diversity of non-leguminous species during the 30-a period. Variations in biomass were mainly affected by the long-term mowing, while variations in diversity were mainly explained by the climate change. Moreover, the normalized change rates of diversity in leguminous species were significantly higher than those in non-leguminous species. Mowing and temperature together contributed to the diversity changes of leguminous species, with mowing accounting for 50.0% and temperature 28.0%. Temporal stability of leguminous species was substantially lower than that of non-leguminous species. Consequently, soil total nitrogen decreased in the 2000s compared with the 1980s. These findings demonstrated that leguminous species were more sensitive to the long-term mowing and climate change than non-leguminous species in the semi-arid grasslands. Thus, reseeding appropriate leguminous plants when mowing in the semi-arid grasslands may be a better strategy to improve nitrogen levels of grassland ecosystems and maintain ecosystem biodiversity.     

围栏封育对新疆山地退化草原植物群落特征的影响

围栏封育作为一种有效的退化草原管理措施,近年来在我国退化草原恢复中得到极为广泛的应用。以新疆巴里坤县退化温性荒漠草原为研究对象,通过连续4 a围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被调查资料,对比分析围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被群落组成和地上生物量的动态特征。结果表明:(1)通过围栏封育措施,退化草原的物种多样性和群落生态优势度与自由放牧样地相比略有提高,群落均匀度略有降低,但通过t检验,差异均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。(2)随着封育措施的实施,总体上草原群落优势种为沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿,反映出西部内陆半干旱地区温性荒漠草原特有的特征;自由放牧样地,沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿在群落中的优势地位发生变化。(3)围栏封育措施提高了植物群落的平均高度、地上生物量。随着围封时间的延长,群落地上生物量增加,且显著高于自由放牧区,然而4 a围栏封育并不能使温性荒漠草原产草量达到最高水平,也不能使植物群落的多样性指标与自由放牧样地形成显著差异。     

围封条件下紫花针茅群落主要结构特征和地上生物量变化

在新疆巴音布鲁克高寒草原,根据样方调查资料,通过测定围封22年后紫花针茅群落的特征值,并与围栏外作对照,就围栏封育对退化高寒草原植被特征的影响进行了分析。结果表明:对退化高寒草原实施长期的围栏封育,群落物种数目比围栏外增加23.77%;围栏内禾本科优良牧草比围栏外大量增加,杂类草较围栏外明显降低;群落物种多样性指数和均匀度指数均比围栏外减小;地上生物量较围栏外明显增加,其中禾本科牧草较围栏外增加66.46%。因此,从高寒草原生产利用角度看,构建围栏对于退化高寒草原的恢复和畜牧业的发展是有益的。     

不同保护和利用方式下羊草草原群落生物量及能量功能群构成的比较

基于野外调查数据,结合能量功能群分类方法,对不同围封年限(围封4年,围封9年,围封29年)及不同利用方式(放牧、割草)影响下羊草草原的生物量、根冠比及不同能量功能群优势度进行比较分析,结果表明:围封使得群落地上、地下总生物量增加,并随着围封年限的增加渐趋稳定。相比围封保护,放牧和打草利用均会使群落根冠比变大。5个样地比较,放牧退化对群落的能量功能群构成影响较大,相比其他样地,低能值植物功能群优势度明显增加,而中能值和高能值植物功能群则明显下降。几个围封样地和打草场样地之间则没有显出规律性变化。相比重度放牧而言,围封和打草这两种利用方式都可以使羊草草原得到很好的保护。而对于围封而言,围封3-5年后对羊草草原加以适度的利用对草原保护和经济的发展都是有利的。     

内蒙古达茂地区鼠类群落的初步研究

内蒙古达茂地区位于干草原与荒漠草原的过渡带。铗捕调查表明,该地区鼠类可分为8个群落:(1)草原黄鼠+五趾跳鼠群落;(2)五趾跳鼠+戈壁五趾跳鼠群落;(3)五趾跳鼠+三趾跳鼠群落;(4)小毛跖鼠+草原黄鼠+五趾跳鼠群落;(5)五趾跳鼠+长爪沙鼠群落;(6)子午沙鼠群落;(7)黑线毛跖鼠群落;(8)五趾跳鼠群落。8个群落可聚为3个群落组,即干草原鼠类群落组,荒漠鼠类群落组,盐沼灌丛鼠类群落组。由此构成该地区鼠类生态地理群。本文亦分析了群落多样性、均匀度指数及群落的生物量。     

The more we do,the less we gain? Balancing effort and efficacy in managing the Solidago gigantea invasion

Developing invasive plant management strategies is an important task in modern ecology, conservation biology and land management. Solidago gigantea is considered a problematic invader in Europe and Asia, where it forms dominant stands that can decrease species diversity. There is, therefore, an urgent need for effective management to reduce S. gigantea infestations and their negative impacts. We examined the efficacy of multiple approaches to S. gigantea management in Hungary. In our study, we evaluated the effect of several long-term management techniques such as grazing, mowing and periodic flooding on the invader's density as well as native community diversity. In addition, we investigated the short- and long-term effects of mowing combined with other treatment options, to estimate the influence of increased management intensity. Our results indicate that all tested management techniques had negative impacts on S. gigantea density. Short-term mowing did not appear to improve species diversity in the resident community; however, all long-term options improved species diversity. Moreover, combining treatments with mowing varied in its effectiveness; mowing once increased the efficacy of flooding, but decreased the efficacy of grazing, while mowing twice decreased efficacy of flooding. We suspect this is due to the increased intensity of disturbance, which does not allow for the natural recovery of communities, and after management ceases, invasion is able to re-occur. Our results indicate that for effective management, we need to combine management options which act via different mechanisms, leading to cumulative positive effects on the resident community when applied at moderate levels.     

碱茅草地上生物量的分布和利用评价

碱茅草能降低盐渍化土壤表层的含盐量,营养价值高。通过对它地上生物量的测定,证实碱茅草不仅具有耐牧性,也是一种较好的刈草场种类。     

Effect of spatial scale and topography on spatial heterogeneity of soil seed banks under grazing disturbance in a sandy grassland of Horqin Sand Land, Northern China

Soil seed banks play an important role in the distribution and composition of plant communities in semiarid grassland ecosystems.However,information on how spatial scale influences the spatial heterogeneity of soil seed banks in a grassland under grazing disturbance is still lacking.Based on field sampling and greenhouse germination,we measured the species composition and seed density of soil seed banks at different spatial scales (30 m×30 m,30 m×60 m and 30 m×90 m)along a topographical gradient in a sandy grassland in Horqin Sand Land, Northern China.By applying geostatistical methods,we examined how spatial scale and topography affected the spatial distribution of soil seed banks in the study area.Our results showed that the total number of species in soil seed banks,as well as the number of dominant annuals,increased with the increase of spatial scales.Seed density in soil seed banks decreased with the increase of spatial scales due to an increase in the slopes and relative heights of the sampling points.Geostatistical analysis showed that the relative structural variance(C/(C0+C))of seed density and species richness were over 65%for all spatial scales,indicating that these variables had an obvious spatial autocorrelation and the spatial structured variance accounted for the largest proportion of the total sample variance.Spatial autocorrelation of seed density in soil seed banks increased with the increase of measured scales,while that of species richness showed a reverse trend.These results suggest that the total number of species in soil seed banks is spatial scale dependent and lower topography may accommodate more seeds.Spatial distribution of seed density in soil seed banks is also scale dependent due to topographic variation.Grassland management,therefore,needs to consider local grazing disturbance regime,spatial scale and topography.     

Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya

The dynamics of most rangelands in Kenya remain to be poorly understood.This paper provides baseline information on the response of a semiarid rangeland under different livestock grazing regimes on land inhabited by the Massai people in the east side of Amboseli National Park in Kenya.The data were collected from grasslands designated into four types:(1) grassland from previous Massai settlements that had been abandoned for over twenty years;(2) grassland excluded from livestock grazing for eight years;(3) a dry season grazing area;and (4) a continuous grazing area where grazing occurred throughout all seasons.Collected data included grass species composition,grass height,inter-tuft distance,standing grass biomass and soil characteristics.The results indicated that continuous grazing area in semiarid rangelands exhibited loss of vegetation with negative,long-term effects on grass functional qualities and forage production,whereas grassland that used traditional Maasai grazing methods showed efficiency and desirable effects on the rangelands.The results also showed that abandoned homestead sites,though degraded,were important nutrient reservoirs.     

Grazing exclusion-induced shifts,the relative importance of environmental filtering,biotic interactions and dispersal limitation in shaping desert steppe communities,northern China

Grazing exclusion is one of the most efficient approaches to restore degraded grassland but may negatively affects the recovery of species diversity. Changes in plant species diversity should be a consequence of the ecological assembly process. Local community assembly is influenced by environmental filtering, biotic interactions, and dispersal. However, how these factors potentially contribute to changes to species diversity is poorly understood, especially in harsh environments. In this study, two management sites within a Stipa breviflora desert steppe community(typical natural steppe) were selected in northern China. In one of the two management sites, grazing has been excluded since 2010 and in the other with open grazing by sheep. In August 2016, three plots were established and 100 sampling units were created within each plot in a 5 m×5 m area at the two management sites. To assess the effects of grazing exclusion on S. breviflora steppe, we analyzed the vegetation biomass, species diversity,soil organic carbon, and soil particle size distribution using paired T-tests. In addition, variation partitioning was applied to determine the relative importance of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation. Null mode analysis was used to quantify the influence of biotic interactions in conjunction with Eco Sim niche overlap and co-occurrence values. Our results demonstrated that(1) species diversity significantly decreased and the main improvements in soil quality occurred in the topsoil 0–10 cm after the grazing exclusion;(2) environmental filtering was important for community assembly between grazed and fenced grassland and this appears particularly true for soil particle size distribution, which may be well correlated with soil hydrological processes; and(3) however, competitive exclusion may play a significant role within the exclusion. The multiple pathways of assembly may collectively determine negative effects on the restoration of species diversity. Therefore, designers should be aware of the risk of reducing grazing exclusion-induced species diversity and account for manipulating processes. This in turn will reduce dominant species and promote environmental heterogeneity to maximize species diversity in semi-arid regions.     

宁夏盐池县退化草地不同利用方式下植物群落多样性与生物量的研究

以草地群落样方调查数据为基础,对3种不同利用方式下的退化草地群落进行群落结构、多样性及生物量分析对比。结果表明:禁牧对增加草地植物优势种的重要值起到了一定作用,而6区轮牧的方式使草地群落优势种恢复得较以草定畜方式好一些;不同利用方式间相似性指数反映了放牧干扰使得相似性增大,6区轮牧对草地的干扰较以草定畜小些;禁牧对增加草地群落物种多样性不明显,以草定畜样地的多样性程度较高,但这可能是草地群落恢复性较差的表现,6区轮牧相对于以草定畜的草地群落恢复性较好;禁牧对草地群落有毒植物生物量的减少起到了作用,而6区轮牧对减少有毒植物的生物量,较以草定畜效果好些,这种方式对草地的恢复较为有利。今后应注重对6区轮牧方式进行更深入的研究。     

放牧与刈割对科尔沁草甸植被演替的影响

本文研究了放牧与刈割两种草地利用方式对科尔沁草甸植被演替的影响。结果表明:1)在自由放牧干扰下,优势度最大的前五个种为虎尾草(27.8)、蒲公英(3.52)、狼毒(3.42)、野韭菜(3.03)、鹅绒委陵菜(2.67);在秋季割草干扰下,优势度最大的前五个种为大油芒(9.57)、狗尾草(7.36)、野古草(6.36)、洽草(4.85)、芦苇(4.74)等五种禾本科植物;2)在自由放牧干扰下,一年生植物在群落中占据重要地位,其优势度为35.0,小于多年生植物的优势度55.9;在割草干扰下,多年生植物在群落中占据绝对优势,其优势度为82.9,大于一年生植物优势度10.6;3)在放牧扰动下,草地群落物种替代表现在不同植物生活型之间,主要是多年生草本为一年生草本和灌木所替代;表现在同一生活型不同物种之间,主要是多年生优质牧草为多年生劣质牧草或有毒有害杂草替代。     

Long-term effects of mowing on plasticity and allometry of Leymus chinensis in a temperate semi-arid grassland,China

Mowing is an important land management practice for natural semi-arid regions.A growing body of empirical evidence shows that different mowing regimes affect the functioning of grassland ecosystems.However,the responses of plant functional traits to long-term mowing and their allometric scaling under long-term mowing are poorly understood.For a better understanding of the effects of mowing on grassland ecosystems,we analyzed the allometric traits of leaves and stems of Leymus chinensis(Trin.) Tzvel.,a dominant grass species in eastern Eurasian temperate grassland,at different mowing intensities(no clipping,clipping once every two years,once a year and twice a year).Experiments were conducted on plots established over a decade ago in a typical steppe of Xilinhot,Inner Mongolia,China.Results showed that most of the functional traits of L.chinensis decreased with the increased mowing intensity.The responses of leaves and stems to long-term mowing were asymmetric,in which leaf traits were more stable than stem traits.Also significant allometric relationships were found among most of the plant functional traits under the four mowing treatments.Sensitive traits of L.chinensis(e.g.leaf length and stem length) were primary indicators associated with aboveground biomass decline under high mowing intensity.In conclusion,the allometric growth of different functional traits of L.chinensis varies with different long-term mowing practices,which is likely to be a strategy used by the plant to adapt to the mowing disturbances.     

围栏与不同放牧强度对东祁连山高寒草甸植被和土壤的影响

在东祁连山高寒草地,对围栏7年和不同放牧强度的草地进行了物种数、地上生物量、地下生物量、土壤理化性质等研究。结果表明,围栏7年的高寒草地鲜草产量为425.8 g·m-2,显著高于夏季中牧159.3 g·m-2和夏季重牧91.0 g·m-2,但与冬季轻牧、夏季轻牧差异不显著。围栏条件下的物种数为26.3种·16 m-2,显著低于其他放牧条件下的物种数,但显著高于夏季重牧条件下的物种数23.0种·16 m-2;轻度或重度放牧都会使物种数减少,夏季中牧下的物种数最高(33.5种·16 m-2)。在0~10 cm的表层土壤中,围栏7年的草地根系生物量显著高于其他放牧强度。随着放牧强度的增加,根系生物量在0~10 cm土壤中呈下降趋势,在30~40 cm土壤中则表现为升高趋势。围栏7年的土壤容重低于其他放牧强度下的土壤容重,但差异不显著;夏季重牧的土壤容重显著高于围栏7年和其他放牧强度的土壤容重。随着放牧强度的增加,0~10 cm土壤碱解氮增加,围栏7年草地最低。围栏封育可有效改善和恢复草地植被,但不能长时间禁牧不进行放牧利用。合理的放牧能够维护高寒草甸草地生态系统功能、促进物种丰富度和土壤营养的均衡。     

放牧干扰对典型草原植被光谱及蝗虫密度的影响

为研究内蒙古典型草原不同放牧强度植被反射光谱与植被参数和蝗虫密度的关系,使用地物波谱仪于2015年和2016年对5个放牧梯度,共20hm~2样地进行调查研究。结果表明,不同放牧强度植被地上总生物量与归一化植被指数(NDVI)关系为y=0.034 8+0.002 9x(R~2=0.645 5,P=0.000 2),蝗虫密度与NDVI线性关系为y=0.067+0.013x(R~2=0.415,P=0.006)。对其进行冗余分析(RDA)发现,植被地上总生物量、植物高度、糙隐子草生物量是蝗虫数量和NDVI变化的主要影响因子,其中植被地上总生物量是显著性影响因子(P=0.001)。在不同放牧强度下蝗虫密度与草地NDVI显著相关(P0.05),随NDVI增大而增多。本文研究结果为进一步开展放牧区蝗灾遥感监测和科学合理地利用草地资源奠定了基础。     

Impacts of grazing and mowing on reproductive behaviors of Stipa grandis and Stipa krylovii in a semi-arid area

Disturbance can affect biomass allocation of plants,but can it influence plant reproductive behavior?To address this issue,we performed field plant community investigations and explored the reproductive behaviors of Stipa grandis and Stipa krylovii in response to grazing and mowing treatments at Maodeng pasture of Xilinguole League of Inner Mongolia,China during 2007–2009.The results showed that,with a similar niche width for the two plant species under mowing and grazing treatments,mowing significantly increased the ratio of ramet to genet number of S.krylovii and the carbon to nitrogen ratio of S.grandis,and grazing significantly decreased the ratio of vegetative to reproductive tiller biomass of S.grandis and increased the ratio of vegetative to reproductive tiller number of S.krylovii.Regression analysis showed that the significantly positive effect of root to shoot biomass ratio was stronger on the ratio of vegetative to reproductive tiller number of S.grandis than on that of S.krylovii.These results indicated that grazing and mowing influenced the reproductive manner and the process of sexual reproduction of S.grandis and S.krylovii.     

塔里木河上游与下游地区天然植被群落特征对比分析

塔里木河是我国干旱区最长的一条内陆河,同时塔里木河流域也是我国生态环境脆弱地区之一,该流域荒漠化程度日益加剧,具体表现为土地沙漠化、土壤盐渍化、草场退化、生物多样性减少等,这些都严重的制约了区域社会经济的可持续发展。本文根据对塔里木河的实际调查资料,分别计算了上、下游典型样地的物种多样性指数、丰富度和均匀度指数,对塔里木河上、下游地区的天然植被的群落特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:塔里木河流域内的植物区系组成贫乏,群落结构简单,随着上游至下游水量的减少,下游地区天然植被较上游地区普遍退化,植物种类及群落类型均少于上游地区,生态系统非常脆弱。     

宁夏草原蝗虫多样性及其对环境因子的响应

为明确宁夏四类主要草原的蝗虫物种组成、多样性和对天敌、植被、土壤及其气候等生物和非生物因子的响应,2019-2020年在宁夏温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠四类草原对蝗虫及天敌物种进行了调查采集,通过物种数、个体数、多样性指数、优势度指数、丰富度指数及均匀性指数分析蝗虫、天敌和昆虫的多样性,并就草原蝗虫优势种和多样性对天敌、植被、土壤及气候等生物和非生物因子的响应进行分析。结果表明,共采集鉴定草原蝗虫和天敌个体数分别有743头和3592头,物种数分别有27种和24种;温性草原上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最多,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为23种和21种,数量分别为432头和1682头;温性草原化荒漠上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最少,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为8种和7种,数量分别为34头和132头。蝗虫优势种有白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus和亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus三种,天敌优势种有直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri、麻步甲Carabus brandti和短翅伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis三种。温性草原无论是在草原蝗虫群落中,还是整个昆虫和天敌群落中,其丰富度指数均显著高于其他三类草原;草原蝗虫多样性指数和丰富度指数与天敌多样性指数和丰富度指数间均存在极显著正相关关系,与天敌优势度指数间存在极显著负相关关系;短星翅蝗和亚洲小车蝗发生均与天敌直角通缘步甲呈显著正相关关系,白纹雏蝗与禾本科植被盖度、高度、生物量,菊科植被盖度、生物量、频度、高度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、海拔和降水量间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH、平均气温和最高气温间均呈极显著负相关关系。