考虑肥料溶解的压差施肥罐出口肥液浓度计算方法

压差施肥罐在中国的水肥一体化中受到了十分广泛的应用。该研究基于含源项的肥料输移扩散连续方程推导了考虑肥料溶解的压差施肥罐出口肥液浓度变化的理论公式,并通过参数描述肥料溶解过程对压差施肥罐出口肥液浓度变化的影响。通过与试验数据对比,理论公式计算的平均绝对偏差、均方差、几何平均偏差、几何方差和两倍偏差之间的预测分数的平均值分别为0.04、0.06、0.89、1.19和88.26%,验证了理论公式对出口肥液浓度计算的准确性。当参数取特定值时,理论公式可以转化为目前广泛应用的压差施肥罐出口肥液浓度的负指数公式。在此基础上,当罐内肥液浓度持续饱和且有充足的肥料可供长期溶解施肥时,考虑肥料溶解过程的均匀施肥方法被进一步探讨。本文提出的考虑肥料溶解的压差施肥罐出口肥液浓度的计算方法可以实现压差施肥罐出口肥液浓度的准确预测,并为考虑肥料溶解的均匀施肥提供了可行方案。     

基于压差式施肥罐的均匀施肥方法

压差式施肥罐是水肥一体化中应用较为广泛的施肥装置,但它容易产生施肥不均匀的问题,会因局部过量施肥造成土壤污染,还会影响作物的产量和品质。为利用计算机控制压差式施肥罐进行田间作物的恒定浓度和流量施肥,该文基于肥料连续方程推导了解析解,由计算机控制流入施肥罐的流量和直接流过主管道进入灌溉系统的流量。在此基础上,该文通过试验数据验证了施肥罐内水肥流动数学模型,对解析解控制压差式施肥罐的恒定浓度和流量施肥进行了模拟,模拟结果与解析解的相对偏差小于15%,验证了该均匀施肥方法的合理性。结果表明以最优肥液浓度的±50%为界,传统压差式施肥罐使用过程中约有70%~80%的肥料处于过量施肥或不充分施肥范围内,通过均匀施肥方法,可以基本实现灌溉过程中基于压差式施肥罐的施肥均匀。     

微灌系统压差式施肥罐施肥性能试验研究

压差式施肥罐是中国应用最多的微灌施肥装置,但尚未形成明确的运行操作规程。该文对不同施肥量和压差条件下施肥罐出口肥料溶液浓度的动态变化进行了测试和分析。试验中施肥量选用13、26 kg两个水平,通过施肥罐的压差选用0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30 MPa 6个水平,而所有试验中施肥罐出口压力固定为0.10 MPa。研究结果表明：通过施肥罐的流量随压差的增大呈幂函数关系增加,施肥罐出口肥液浓度随时间持续减小,施肥开始阶段尤为明显;由于压差是影响肥液浓度变化的最主要因子,为了在微灌系统内获得均匀的肥料分布,保证施肥开始后和施肥过程中压差稳定至关重要。该文还建立了可用于估算肥液浓度动态变化和肥液浓度衰减为零时的回归模型。     

固沙技术中控释肥与吸水剂联用技术研究

 为解决固沙技术中水与肥的“瓶颈”问题,在模拟沙地中研究添加控释肥与吸水剂对固沙植物甘草生长发育的影响。结果表明:不同的控释肥对吸水剂的吸水率影响不同,各种控释肥料在沙土中分解释放速度远小于尿素;添加一定量的控释肥均可促进甘草的生长发育,表现在株高、根长、侧根数、叶片发育、生物量(干质量)和对营养元素(N、P、K)的吸收等方面。因此,在固沙植物栽培中添加控释肥与吸水剂的技术是可行的,为解决固沙植物的水肥问题提供了新的思路。     

南美白对虾中氧化三甲胺热分解产甲醛的研究

为探究南美白对虾中氧化三甲胺(TMAO)高温分解产生甲醛的反应特性,以南美白对虾为原料,利用南美白对虾与TMAO模拟体系对比,研究加热温度、加热时间、pH值以及不同添加物质对南美白对虾和TMAO模拟体系中TMAO热分解反应的影响。结果表明,加热温度、加热时间、pH值对TMAO模拟体系和南美白对虾肌肉中TMAO热分解产生甲醛的影响一致。TMAO模拟体系和肌肉组织中TMAO热分解产生的甲醛含量均随加热温度的升高而显著增加(P0.05),在100℃条件下两者甲醛含量最高值分别为24.20μg·mg~(-1)、3.17 mg·kg~(-1);加热30 min前,TMAO模拟体系和南美白对虾肌肉中TMAO热分解产生的甲醛含量均随加热时间的延长而显著增加(P0.05);当pH值趋于6时,TMAO模拟体系和肌肉组织中TMAO热分解产生的甲醛含量越多。在不同添加物质中,Ca~(2+)、茶多酚对TMAO模拟体系和南美白对虾肌肉中TMAO热分解产生的甲醛相对抑制率均较高,能够有效抑制TMAO高温分解产生甲醛。本研究结果为抑制水产品中甲醛的产生提供了一定的理论依据和技术指导。     

硅钙钾镁肥及引入柠檬酸对红壤和潮土pH值及养分含量的影响

通过土壤培养试验研究了硅钙钾镁肥(SCPM)及引入柠檬酸的复混肥(CA-SCPM)在酸性红壤和石灰性潮土上的养分供给和酸碱度调节能力.硅钙钾镁肥添加量设置为6 g/kg,硅钙钾镁肥与柠檬酸(CA)的比例为88％:12％.与对照处理相比,培养至150 d时,SCPM肥及CA-SCPM肥提高红壤pH值约1.16个单位,提高...     

采后热风与热水处理杀虫的水果温度场有限元模拟

热风和热水加热具有高效、环保且易于控制的优点,是一种替代化学熏蒸控制采后水果虫害的有效物理方法。但由于缺乏对加热速率、加热时间与温度分布等问题的深入与系统研究,常导致杀虫效果较差或对水果品质造成一定负面影响。为了研究水果采后热处理过程的传热机理,建立了水果热处理时的非稳态传热模型,利用有限元分析软件COMSOL建模求解,并进行了试验验证。结果表明,模拟值与实测值之间的均方根误差均低于8%,从而验证了模拟的可靠性。达到相同的热处理效果,水果热水(55℃)加热时的热处理时间仅为热风(55℃)的30%,所以热水是一种更有效的加热介质。增加热风的流速可以提高加热速率,而热水循环速度对传热速率影响较小。水果内部的传热速率主要受水果大小、介质流动速度和水果形状的影响,热扩散系数对水果加热时间的影响较小。所建立的水果传热模型及相关试验结果可为水果采后热杀虫工艺参数的确定及优化提供参考。     

不同施肥处理对红壤性水稻土团聚体的分布及有机碳、氮含量的影响

土壤采自江西省红壤研究所历经22年的肥料定位试验地,各施肥处理为:不施肥(CK)、施N肥(N)、施P肥(P)、施K肥(K)、施N、P肥(NP)、施N、K肥(NK)、施N、P、K肥(NPK)、施双倍N、P、K肥(2NPK)、施N、P、K肥和有机肥(NPK OM).研究了不同施肥处理对水稻土团聚体分布的影响以及土壤有机C、N在各级团聚体上赋存的情况.研究结果表明:有机C、N主要分配在2～0.25 mm的大团聚体上,C/N比随着团聚体粒级的减少而降低;水稻土团聚体的形成与有机C(SOC)密切相关,表现出与“层次性“机制相符的现象;施P、K、NK肥和NPK OM显著提高大团聚体的含量和团聚体的稳定性;NPK OM也显著提高土壤有机C、N和各级团聚体上的有机C、N的含量.     

增施CO_2气肥对温室流场影响的数值模拟及验证

CO2气体是温室作物光合作用的重要原料之一。为掌握温室CO2气肥增施性能,以温室CO2气肥增施为研究对象,采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)技术建立二维紊流数值计算模型。基于FLUENT软件,结合SIMPLE算法,采用有孔介质模型、k-ε模型、离心坐标(discrete ordinates,DO)模型,添加组分传输模型,对气肥喷射高度、气肥增施流量等因素对CO2增施性能进行数值模拟,得到温室内CO2浓度变化和分布规律。研究结果表明:气肥增施过程对作物区的温度场影响较小,温室的作物区域最大温度与最小温度差值不超过0.5℃,作物区域的气流流场以及温度场分布较为均匀;由于CO2的沉积效应,温室下部区域的CO2浓度相对较高;气肥喷射高度越高,CO2扩散的范围越大,沉积在作物区的CO2相对越少,CO2的浓度也相对较低;气肥增施流量越大,作物区域的CO2浓度上升越快。试验结果表明,CO2浓度模拟值与试验值差异不大于5%,模拟结果与试验结果较吻合,证明了模型的正确性。该研究对掌握温室CO2气肥增施性能的流场变化规律,开展温室气肥增施装备的优化设计具有一定的参考价值。     

美国有关轮作制对硝态氮输移影响的研究

美国科罗拉多州的圣路易斯谷 (SLV)地区的土壤以沙土为主 ,主要种植方式是马铃薯和大麦轮作。目前 ,该地区一些地方的井水中NO 3-N积累量已超过 310mg L。针对这个问题美国农业部的农业学家JorgeA .Delgado在此地区的 14个商业土地上收集了作物管理信息、收获时N含量、作物种植前和种植后土壤剖面中NO 3-N的含量和其它有关数据 ,并将这些数据输入 1 2 0版本的硝酸盐淋失和经济分析包模型 (NLEAP) ,用此模型来模拟和评价根区土壤有效水和土壤剖面NO 3-N的输移 ,此研究区最好的推荐方案 (BMP)是在土壤分析的基础上根据N肥的利用率进行N肥的分期施用 ,使马铃薯—大麦轮作系统中的NO 3-N净输移量达到最小。通过运用模拟模型评价管理方案 ,发现大麦对NO 3-N有净化作用     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.