Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen in a semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia,China

Due to increasing global demand for crop production and energy use, more and more reactive nitrogen(Nr) has been generated and emitted to the environment. As a result, global atmospheric nitrogen(N) deposition has tripled since the industrial revolution and the ecological environment and human health have been harmed. In this study, we measured dry and wet/bulk N deposition from July 2013 to December 2015 in a semi-arid grassland of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China. The samples of dry and wet/bulk N deposition were collected monthly with a DELTA(DEnuder for Long Term Atmospheric sampling) system and with Gradko passive samplers and a precipitation gauge. The measured results show that the annual mean concentrations of NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, particulate NH_4~+(pNH_4~+) and particulate NO_3~-(pNO_3~-) in atmosphere were 2.33, 1.90, 0.18, 1.42 and 0.42 μg N/m3, respectively, and that the annual mean volume-weighted concentrations of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N in precipitation were 2.71 and 1.99 mg N/L, respectively. The concentrations of Nr components(including NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, p NH_4~+, pNO_3~-, NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N) exhibited different seasonal variations. Specifically, NO_2 and HNO_3 exhibited higher concentrations in autumn than in summer, while the other Nr components(NH_3, pNH_4~+, pNO_3~-, NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N) showed the highest values in summer. Based on measured concentrations of Nr components and their deposition velocities estimated using the GEOS-Chem global atmospheric chemical transport model, the calculated annual mean dry deposition fluxes were 3.17, 1.13, 0.63, 0.91 and 0.36 kg N/(hm~2·a) for NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, p NH_4~+ and pNO_3~-, respectively, and the calculated annual mean wet/bulk deposition fluxes were 5.37 and 3.15 kg N/(hm~2·a) for NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N, respectively. The estimated annual N deposition(including dry N deposition and wet/bulk N deposition) reached 14.7 kg N/(hm~2·a) in grassland of Duolun County, approaching to the upper limit of the N critical load(10–15 kg N/(hm~2·a)). Dry and wet/bulk deposition fluxes of all Nr components(with an exception of HNO_3) showed similar seasonal variations with the maximum deposition flux in summer and the minimum in winter. Reduced Nr components(e.g., gaseous NH_3 and p NH_4~+ in atmosphere and NH_4~+-N in precipitation) dominated the total N deposition at the sampling site(accounted for 64% of the total N deposition), suggesting that the deposited atmospheric Nr mainly originated from agricultural activities. Considering the projected future increases in crop and livestock production in Inner Mongolia, the ecological and human risks to the negative effects of increased N deposition could be increased if no mitigation measures are taken.     

Source identification of nitrate in the upper aquifer system of the Wadi Shueib catchment area in Jordan based on stable isotope composition

Groundwater forms the main freshwater supply in arid and semi-arid areas,and contamination of this precious resource is complicated by the slow rate of recharge in these areas.Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a global water quality problem,as it entails threat to human health as well as aquatic ecosystems.Source identification of contamination is the cornerstone and a prerequisite for any effective management program of water quality.Stable isotope composition of the dissolved nitrate(δ¹⁵N-NO₃-andδ¹⁸O-NO₃-)has been applied to identify NO₃-sources and the main transformation processes in the upper aquifer system(A1/2,A4,and B2/A7 aquifers)in the Wadi Shueib catchment area,Jordan.Moreover,the stable isotope compositions of the groundwater(δ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸O-H₂O)in conjunction with the groundwater hydrochemistry were integrated to investigate the origin and evolution of the groundwater.Results revealed that groundwater in the study area is fresh and hard-very hard water,and mainly a Ca-Mg-Cl type.NO₃-concentration was in the range of 7.0-74.0 mg/L with an average of 37.0 mg/L.Most of the samples showed concentration higher than the natural background concentration of NO₃-(5.0-10.0 mg/L).Theδ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸O-H₂O values indicated that the groundwater is meteoric,and of Mediterranean origin,with a strong evaporation effect.Theδ¹⁵N-NO₃-values ranged between 6.0‰and 11.3‰with an average of 8.7‰,and theδ¹⁸O-NO₃-values ranged between 1.6‰and 5.9‰with an average of 3.4‰.These values are in conformity with the stable isotope composition of nitrate derived the nitrification of wastewater/manure,and soil NH4.Nitrification and denitrification are the main transformation processes affecting nitrogen species.Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in theδ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸OH₂O values,andδ¹⁵N-NO₃-andδ¹⁸O-NO₃-values for the three aquifers(A1/2,A4,and B2/A7),indicating that the groundwater of these aquifers has the same origin,and a common source of pollution.     

Tree-ring δ15N of Qinghai spruce in the central Qilian Mountains of China: Is pre-treatment of wood samples necessary?

A knowledge of the tree-ring stable nitrogen isotope ratio (δ¹⁵N) can deepen our understanding of forest ecosystem dynamics by indicating the long-term availability, cycling and sources of nitrogen (N). However, the radial mobility of N blurs the interannual variations in the long-term N records. Previous studies of the chemical extraction of tree rings before analysis had produced inconsistent results and it is still unclear whether it is necessary to pre-treat wood samples from specific tree species to remove soluble N compounds before determining the δ¹⁵N values. We compared the effects of pre-treatment with organic solvents and hot ultrapure water on the N concentration and δ¹⁵N of tree rings from endemic Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) growing in the interior of the central Qilian Mountains, China, during the last 60 a. We assessed the effects of different preparation protocols on the removal of the labile N compounds and investigated the need to pre-treat wood samples before determining the δ¹⁵N values of tree rings. Increasing trends of the tree-ring N concentration were consistently observed in both the extracted and unextracted wood samples. The total N removed by extraction with organic solvents was about 17.60%, with a significantly higher amount in the sapwood section (P<0.01). The δ¹⁵N values of tree rings decreased consistently from 1960 to 2019 in both the extracted and unextracted wood samples. Extraction with organic solvents increased the δ¹⁵N values markedly by about 5.2‰ and reduced the variations in the δ¹⁵N series. However, extraction with hot ultrapure water had little effect, with only a slight decrease in the δ¹⁵N values of about 0.5‰. Our results showed that the radial pattern in the inter-ring movement of N in Qinghai spruce was not minimized by extraction with either organic solvents or hot ultrapure water. It is unnecessary to conduct hot ultrapure water extraction for the wood samples from Qinghai spruce because of its negligible effect on the removal of the labile N. The δ¹⁵N variation trend of tree rings in the unextracted wood samples was not influenced by the heartwood-sapwood transition zone. We suggest that the δ¹⁵N values of the unextracted wood samples of the climate-sensitive Qinghai spruce could be used to explore the ecophysiological dynamics while focusing on the long-term variations.     

Seasonal patterns in water uptake for Medicago sativa grown along an elevation gradient with shallow groundwater table in Yanchi county of Ningxia,Northwest China

Lucerne(Medicago sativa L.) is a deep-rooted perennial leguminous forage with high evapo-transpiration rate exceeding the annual precipitation in semi-arid areas of Northwest China.Groundwater might be the potential water sources of lucerne in the area with shallow groundwater table.In this study,stable isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O and δD) of different water sources and xylem sap were analyzed to determine the seasonal(April,June,July and August) and topographic(three slope positions) variations in water sources for lucerne growing in Ningxia eastern semi-arid area adjacent to Mu Us Desert characterized by shallow groundwater table.Iso Source software was used to calculate the probable contribution of different water sources to the total plant water uptake.Stomatal conductance,stem water potential,carbon isotope discrimination(?~(13)C) of whole plant were also determined for evaluating the water status of lucerne growing at different slope positions.The results showed that soil water content increased as the elevation decreased.Oxygen compositions of soil water in the 0–40 cm profile fluctuated considerably.Soil water δ~(18)O values in deep profile(3.5 m) were similar to those in groundwater,implying the recharge of groundwater to this soil layer.Highest water utilization rate from deep soil profile(below 350 cm) was recorded for lucerne grown at the slope position 1(groundwater table depth of 3.5–3.9 m) in April,June and July.The lucernes at slope position 2(groundwater table depth of 5.8–6.4 m) and slope position 3(groundwater table depth 7.1–8.3 m) mostly used water from deep soil layers(below 350 cm) during dry period,and turned to use water from superficial soil layer in wet period.Higher yield,?~(13)C value of whole plant and stomatal conductance were observed for lucerne grown at the slope position 1 than those at other slope positions.These results indicated that groundwater is a significant water source for transpiration of lucerne grown in Ningxia semi-arid area with shallow groundwater table where lucerne grassland is suggested to be established so as to obtain better yield performance.     

新疆和田绿洲空气质量状况与气象条件的关系

利用和田绿洲空气质量日报数据和同期的常规气象资料，分析了2015年1月1日至2017年12月31日该区的空气质量特征，探讨了气象条件和空气质量之间的相互关系。结果表明：和田绿洲近3 a平均环境空气质量指数（AQI）为199，达到空气质量中度污染标准，污染天数占总日数的78.1%。其中，春季空气质量最差，以严重污染为主；其次是夏季，以轻度和严重污染为主；再次是秋季和冬季，以轻度污染为主。PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度年平均分别为332 μg·m^-3和100 μg·m^-3，超标率为75.7%和49.5%，其余污染物超标率在3%以下，其中PM₁₀浓度春季最大，夏、秋季其次，冬季最小；PM_2.5浓度春季最大，夏、冬季其次，秋季最小；SO₂、NO₂、CO浓度冬季最大，春、秋季次之，夏季最小；O₃浓度夏季最大，春、秋季次之，冬季最小。除降水量外，AQI与其余气象因子均呈极显著相关；除平均气温与PM_2.5、相对湿度与CO、降水与SO₂、PM₁₀、O₃、PM_2.5无相关外，其余气象因子对污染物浓度 均有显著影响；能见度与AQI和各类污染物浓度均为极显著相关。随着能见度的上升，AQI下降，在同样能见度条件下，AQI在沙尘多发期的夏半年高于沙尘少发期的冬半年；不管在沙尘多发期还是少发期，随着能见度的转好，SO₂、PM₁₀、CO、PM_2.5污染物浓度呈减少趋势，O₃浓度呈增多趋势，NO₂浓度无明显的规律，而且PM₁₀、O₃、PM_2.5浓度夏半年高于冬半年，SO₂、CO、NO₂浓度冬半年高于夏半年。在沙尘天气期间，最低能见度小于1 km的浓浮尘和沙尘暴天气AQI相互接近，最低能见度在1～3.5 km的浮尘和扬沙天气AQI相互接近，当最低能见度大于3.5 km时，浮尘天气的AQI高于扬沙天气的AQI；PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度随着最低能见度升高而变小，其他污染物浓度虽然随着最低能见度的变化有一定的差别，但规律不明显。     

水稻根面争论产碱菌1AG4的分离、鉴定及其固氮和对病原菌的拮抗作用

 从水稻(Oryza sativa L.)越光根面分离到一株固氮菌株1AG4,经生理生化特性鉴定,归类为争论产碱菌(Alcaligenes paradoxus)。1AG4的固氮酶乙炔还原活性(ARA)为13.06 C₂H₄ nmol/ml°h,固定¹⁵N₂活性(N₂FA)为2.052 ¹⁵N a.e.%,表明1AG4具有较强的固氮能力。平皿拮抗试验证明1AG4可拮抗包括水稻三大病害病原菌在内的14种植物病原菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae ZHE173、Thanatephorus cucum eris、Piricularia oryzae Cavara、Alternaria longipes(Ellis et Everhart) Tisdale etW adkins、Cochliobolus sativus、Colletotrichum agaves Cavara、Colletotrichum lagenarium(Passerini) Ellis et Halsted、Colletotrichum panacicola Uyeda et Takimoto、Fusarium oxysporum f.niveum、Helminthosporium turcicum Passerini、Phytophthora parasitica Destur、Verticillium albo-atrum Reinkeet Berthold、Phytophthora melonis Katsura、Pseudomonas solanacearum Smith)的生长     

Chemical characteristics of precipitation and the indicative significance for sand dust events in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain,northwestern China

Precipitation chemistry analysis is essential to evaluate the atmospheric environmental quality and identify the sources of atmospheric pollutants. In this study, we collected a total of 480 precipitation samples at 6 sampling sites in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain from May 2013 to July 2014 to analyze the chemical characteristics of precipitation and to identify the main sources of ions in precipitation. Furthermore, we also explored the indicative significance for sand dust events in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain based on the precipitation chemistry analysis.During the sampling period(from May 2013 to July 2014), the p H values, EC(electrical conductivity)values and concentrations of cations(Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), Na~+, K~+ and NH_4~+) and anions(SO_4~(2–), NO_3~–, Cl~–, NO_2~– and F~–) in precipitation were different in the northern and southern slopes at daily and seasonal time scales, with most of the values being higher in the northern slope than in the southern slope. The chemical type of precipitation in the southern and northern slopes was the same, i.e.,SO_4~(2–)-Ca~(2+)-NO_3~–-Na~+. The concentrations of ions in precipitation were mainly controlled by terrigenous material and anthropogenic activities(with an exception of Cl~–). The concentration of Cl~– in precipitation was mainly controlled by the sea salt fraction. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl~– showed an increasing trend after the occurrence of sand dust events both in the northern and southern slopes. In addition, after the occurrence of sand dust events, the concentrations of K~+, Mg~(2+), SO_4~(2–), NO_3~– and Ca~(2+) showed an increasing trend in the southern slope and a decreasing trend in the northern slope. It is our hope that the results may be helpful to further understand the atmospheric pollution caused by sand dust events in the Wushaoling Mountain and can also provide a scientific basis for the effective prevention of atmospheric pollution.     

三株球孢白僵菌的分离鉴定与其对粘虫的室内毒力

通过黄粉虫虫饵法从河北省采集的土样中分离得到三株昆虫病原真菌,结合形态学特征和rDNA序列分析对菌株进行了鉴定,结果表明：三株均为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana,编号依次为Z-G2-5、M-G4、M-G3。通过生测发现3株球孢白僵菌菌株均能有效感染粘虫幼虫,三株球孢白僵菌对粘虫3龄幼虫的毒力不同：在5×10⁸孢子/mL剂量下,菌株Z-G2-5第6 d时对粘虫的累计校正死亡率达到96.77%,LT₅₀为3.02 d,LC₅₀为4.95×10⁶个孢子/mL。而菌株M-G3、M-G4的累计死亡率分别为66.67%、71.11%;LT₅₀分别为4.89 d、3.97 d;LC₅₀分别为1.18×10⁸个孢子/mL、1.13×10⁷个孢子/mL。上述结果表明,相比其他两株菌,菌株Z-G2-5对粘虫的致病力更强,致死速度更快,具有较大的应用价值,可作为粘虫幼虫生物防治的候选菌株。     

Gross nitrogen transformations and N_2O emission sources in sandy loam and silt loam soils

The soil type is a key factor influencing N(nitrogen) cycling in soil; however, gross N transformations and N_2O emission sources are still poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory ~(15)N tracing experiment was carried out at 60% WHC(water holding capacity) and 25℃ to evaluate the gross N transformation rates and N_2O emission pathways in sandy loam and silt loam soils in a semi-arid region of Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the gross rates of N mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification were 3.60, 1.90, and 5.63 mg N/(kg·d) in silt loam soil, respectively, which were 3.62, 4.26, and 3.13 times those in sandy loam soil, respectively. The ratios of the gross nitrification rate to the ammonium immobilization rate(n/ia) in sandy loam soil and silt loam soil were all higher than 1.00, whereas the n/ia in sandy loam soil(4.36) was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(3.08). This result indicated that the ability of sandy loam soil to release and conserve the available N was relatively poor in comparison with silt loam soil, and the relatively strong nitrification rate compared to the immobilization rate may lead to N loss through NO_3~– leaching. Under aerobic conditions, both nitrification and denitrification made contributions to N_2O emissions. Nitrification was the dominant pathway leading to N_2O production in soils and was responsible for 82.0% of the total emitted N_2O in sandy loam soil, which was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(71.7%). However, the average contribution of denitrification to total N_2O production in sandy loam soil was 17.9%, which was significantly lower than that in silt loam soil(28.3%). These results are valuable for developing reasonable fertilization management and proposing effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in different soil types in semiarid regions.     

虫生真菌BB-T02分离鉴定及其对两种蓟马的致病力

榕管蓟马和香蕉花蓟马分别归属于管蓟马科和蓟马科,目前这2种蓟马对寄主为害重且相应的生防菌资源较少。为丰富这2种蓟马的生防菌资源,本研究尝试从受虫生真菌感染死亡的昆虫上分离生防菌株,确定其分类地位,测定其对这2种蓟马的致病力。结果表明,从自然罹病死亡的马尾松毛虫幼虫上分离到1株编号为BB-T02的虫生真菌,经形态观察和分子鉴定确认为球孢白僵菌。针对榕管蓟马和香蕉花蓟马的2龄若虫,菌株BB-T02侵染7 d后的LC₅₀分别为1.89×10⁵孢子/mL和9.90×10⁴孢子/mL,1.00×10⁸孢子/mL处理的累计校正死亡率分别为94.12%和98.81%、LT₅₀分别为3.48 d和3.14 d;针对它们的成虫,侵染8 d后的LC₅₀分别为4.45×10⁵孢子/mL和2.13×10⁵孢子/mL,1.00×10⁸孢子/mL处理的累计校正死亡率分别为87.21%和95.29%、LT₅₀分别为4.20 d和3.69 d。综上,球孢白僵菌BB-T02对这2种蓟马致病力强,生防潜力和应用前景良好。     

梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌研究——Ⅱ重寄生菌的生物学特性

 梨胶锈菌(Cymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada)的重寄生菌(Tuberculina vinosa Sacc.)在PDA、综合马铃薯和梨叶汁培养基上能生长、产孢,以PDA最好,Czapek和硝酸铵蔗糖上生长差且不产孢。菌丝生长和产孢的适温20~30℃,适宜pH6~9,荧光可促进产孢而黑光有抑制作用。对碳源的利用,菌丝生长和干重以甘露醇、葡萄糖等6种碳源为好,甘露醇最佳,淀粉最差;葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖和甘露醇中均能产孢,以葡萄糖最好。对氮源的利用,菌丝生长及干重以硝酸钾、甘氨酸和蛋白胨为好;产孢以天冬酰胺、蛋白胨和硝酸钾为好,甘氨酸和谷氨酸不产孢。孢子萌发适温15~30℃,相对湿度65~100%均能萌发,在水滴中萌发率最高,低于50%不萌发;最适pH4~6,低于pH3和高于pH8不萌发;光照有利于孢子萌发。     

INFLUENCE OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON PHYTOTOXICITY OF 4–AMlNO-3,5,6–TRICHLOROPICOLINIC ACID (PICLORAM)

Summary. Effective dosages of picloram (4–amino-3,5,6–trichloropicolinic acid) required to reduce fresh weight of sunflowers ( Helianthus annuus L. var. Menonite) were determined for seven Saskatchewan soils under controlled environmental conditions. The relationships between ED₅₀ value and clay content, organic matter content and cation exchange capacity were evaluated by correlation and regression analysis for possible usefulness in predicting dose requirements. ED₅₀ values were also determined for Weyburn loam and in culture solutions adjusted to various pH levels.
There Was no significant correlation between ED₅₀ values of picloram and soil clay content or cation exchange capacity. ED₅₀ values were highly correlated with soil organic matter content, and they increased as the soil pH was lowered or raised from pH 6.5. The increase in ED₅₀ values in the acidic range was attributed to adsorption of the unionized molecules of picloram on the organic matter in the soil. The increase in ED₅₀ values in the alkaline range may be mainly due to reduced uptake of the ionized acid by plant roots.     

抑霉唑的毛细管电泳手性拆分及其在线富集

采用毛细管电泳法对抑霉唑进行手性拆分,研究了手性选择剂β-环糊精 (β-CD)、有机添加剂、NaH₂PO₄、NH₄H₂PO₄和分离电压对手性拆分的影响;同时,采用堆积法对抑霉唑进行在线富集,研究了进样压力和进样时间对在线富集的影响。结果表明:在分离电压为20 kV、β-CD浓度为5 mmol/L及缓冲体系为2.5% 异丙醇 + 75 mmol/L NaH₂PO₄ + 5 mmol/L NH₄H₂PO₄时,抑霉唑获得最佳分离度,分离度可达3.0;在分离电压为20 kV、β-CD浓度为5 mmol/L、缓冲体系为75 mmol/L NaH₂PO₄ + 5 mmol/L NH₄H₂PO₄ + 50 mmol/L H₃PO₄及进样条件为13.8 kPa × 99.9 s时获得最高富集倍数,富集倍数达91~92倍。     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮矿化特征

土壤氮(N)的有效性是沙地林生态系统生产力和稳定性的关键限制因子。本研究以科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林为研究对象,分析测定了10~60 a林龄土壤NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和矿质N含量、氨化速率、硝化速率和N矿化速率的变化规律。结果表明：樟子松人工林土壤NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和矿质N含量,随着不同林龄在10~60 a内表现出增加的趋势,其中10~30 a增幅较小,40~60 a显著提高;随着土层深度增加而减小,主要集中在0~20 cm,呈现出表聚性。不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤氨化速率、硝化速率和矿化速率均随林龄增加而增加,随土层深度的增加而降低,其中0~40 cm土层明显大于40~100 cm。通过双因素方差分析,得出林龄与土层对各矿化指标影响显著。土壤矿化指标与人工林地上樟子松株高、胸径、冠幅以及土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮有显著的正相关关系。通过冗余分析(RDA)表明,影响不同林龄土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子为全氮、全磷、有机碳;影响不同土层土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子为全氮、碱解氮、有机碳。因此,樟子松人工林能够改善沙地土壤N的有效性,幼龄林和中龄林改善效果较小,近成熟林和成熟林改善效果明显;对表层土的改善效果优于深层土;土壤肥力是影响土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子。     

球孢白僵菌对葱地种蝇成虫的毒力及繁殖力的影响

本文采用浸虫法测定了4株球孢白僵菌对1日龄葱地种蝇（本文称葱蝇）成虫的毒力,筛选出高致病力的菌株,描述了感染症状,测定了其亚致死剂量LC₂₀和LC₅₀对存活1日龄葱蝇成虫生物学参数和繁殖力的影响,并比较了5.8×10³和5.7×10⁵孢子/mL对1日龄和10日龄葱蝇成虫死亡率和单雌产卵量的差异。结果表明菌株Bb01对葱蝇成虫的致病力最强,其LC₅₀为1.76×10⁶孢子/mL,其次为菌株Bb03和Bb02,其LC₅₀分别为4.05×10⁶和1.86×10⁷孢子/mL。与对照相比,菌株Bb01亚致死剂量处理1日龄成虫后,明显延迟了葱蝇成虫的产卵前期,降低了单雌产卵量,LC₂₀浓度处理时单雌产卵量比对照下降了51.9%,LC₅₀处理下降92.2%,明显缩短了雌成虫寿命,但卵孵化率没有明显影响。虽然菌株Bb01对1日龄成虫造成的死亡率较高,但在5.7×10⁵孢子/mL下,10日龄成虫单雌产卵量比对照下降了82.5%,对种群控制效果仍较强。     

Water use characteristics of different pioneer shrubs at different ages in western Chinese Loess Plateau: Evidence from δ2H offset correction

Caragana korshinskii Kom. and Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. are pioneer shrubs for water and soil conservation, and for windbreak and sand fixation in arid and semi-arid areas. Understanding the water use characteristics of different pioneer shrubs at different ages is of great importance for their survival when extreme rainfall occurs. In recent years, the stable isotope tracing technique has been used in exploring the water use strategies of plants. However, the widespread δ²H offsets of stem water from its potential sources result in conflicting interpretations of water utilization of plants in arid and semi-arid areas. In this study, we used three sets of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope data (δ²H and δ¹⁸O, corrected δ²H_{_c1} based on SW-excess and δ¹⁸O, and corrected δ²H_{_c2} based on -8.1‰ and δ¹⁸O) as inputs for the MixSIAR model to explore the water use characteristics of C. korshinskii and T. ramosissima at different ages and in response to rainfall. The results showed that δ²H_{_c1} and δ¹⁸O have the best performance, and the contribution rate of deep soil water was underestimated because of δ²H offset. During the dry periods, C. korshinskii and T. ramosissima at different ages both obtained mostly water from deeper soil layers. After rainfall, the proportions of surface (0-10 cm) and shallow (10-40 cm) soil water for C. korshinskii and T. ramosissima at different ages both increased. Nevertheless, there were different response mechanisms of these two plants for rainfall. In addition, C. korshinskii absorbed various potential water sources, while T. ramosissima only used deep water. These flexible water use characteristics of C. korshinskii and T. ramosissima might facilitate the coexistence of plants once extreme rainfall occurs. Thus, reasonable allocation of different plants may be a good vegetation restoration program in western Chinese Loess Plateau.     

砖红镰孢生物学特性研究

 砖红镰孢(Fusarium lateritium)在10种不同固体和液体培养基上均能生长。固体培养基以燕麦片培养基上生长最好,水琼脂上生长较差,菌丝也最稀疏;液体培养基中以查氏酵母浸膏培养基上生长量最大,无菌水最差。砖红镰孢在10~30℃均能生长,最适温度25℃,低于5℃或高于35℃时不生长。在pH 4.98~9.18的范围内都能生长,最适pH 7.38。荧光下生长最好,菌丝干重也最多,紫外灯照射对砖红镰孢生长有不利影响。该菌能利用多种单糖、多糖及醇类作碳源和L-丙氨酸等有机氮和硝酸钠等无机氮作氮源。病菌致死温度为50℃ 10 min。大型分生孢子在10~30℃、相对湿度90%~100%和pH 4.98~9.18的范围内均能萌发,其中最适温度为25℃、最适pH为7.38和相对湿度100%中的萌发率最高     

Effects of three types of soil amendments on yield and soil nitrogen balance of maize-wheat rotation system in the Hetao Irrigation Area,China

Excessive fertilization combined with unreasonable irrigation in farmland of the Hetao Irrigation Area (HIR), China, has resulted in a large amount of nitrogen (N) losses and agricultural non-point source pollution. Application of soil amendments has become one of the important strategies for reducing N losses of farmland. However, there is still no systematic study on the effects of various soil amendments on N losses in the HIR. In this study, three types of soil amendments (biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide) were applied in a maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR during 2015-2017. Yields of maize and wheat, soil NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission and NO₃^- leaching were determined and soil N balance was estimated. The results showed that applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly increased yields of maize by 9.2%, 14.3% and 13.3%, respectively, and wheat by 9.2%, 16.6% and 12.3%, respectively, compared with the control (fertilization alone). Applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced soil N leaching by 23.1%, 35.5% and 27.1%, soil NH₃-N volatilization by 34.8%, 52.7% and 37.8%, and soil N surplus by 23.9%, 37.4% and 30.6%, respectively. Applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced N₂O-N emissions from soil by 37.3% and 35.8%, respectively, compared with the control. Compared with application of biochar, applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide increased yields of maize and wheat by 5.1% and 3.5%, respectively. Our results suggest that soil amendments (bentonite and polyacrylamide) can play important roles in reducing N losses and increasing yield for the maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR, China.     

近3 a内蒙古地区臭氧浓度时空变化及其影响因素

为科学认识内蒙古地区臭氧(O₃)污染特征及其影响因素,对内蒙古地区12个盟市2015—2017年国控环境监测站点和国家气象台站数据进行了分析。结果表明：2017年较2015年O₃浓度和污染形势整体上呈加重趋势,5—8月O₃浓度最高,污染最为严重,且在7月达到O₃浓度峰值。空间变化上,内蒙古中西部地区O₃污染浓度较高,东部地区O₃污染浓度较低,与内蒙古的经济发展水平表现出一定的同步性。颗粒物、前体物和气象因素等都是影响O₃浓度的重要因子,其中,PM_2.5、CO、NO₂均与O₃浓度呈显著负相关,O₃浓度随相对湿度的升高逐渐下降。     

双委夜蛾高致病力球孢白僵菌的筛选及在玉米内定殖率的测定

双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis（Hampson）为近年新发生的农业害虫，具有隐蔽为害的习性。为探索有效可持续的防治方法，实验室内测定了YB8、TB1126、YB12、TB1349和YB15共5株球孢白僵菌菌株对双委夜蛾2龄幼虫的致病力，筛选出高致病力白僵菌菌株，并测定其在玉米植株中的定殖率。结果表明：不同菌株对双委夜蛾的致病力存在较大的差异，LT₅₀分别为1.35、2.16、2.61、1.68和2.16 d，LC₅₀分别为9.09×10⁷、5.00×10⁸、5.54×10⁹、1.41×10¹¹和2.61×10¹²孢子/mL。菌株YB8在26℃下，产孢量1.094×10⁷个/mL，孢子萌发率89.66%，1×10⁹孢子/mL 10 d时双委夜蛾2龄幼虫死亡率达到100%，感染僵死率达到86.67%，在玉米根中定殖率为44.44%，茎中定殖率为51.59%，叶片中定殖率为36.30%。具有较大的开发潜力。