团头鲂全产业链健康养殖技术研究进展及展望

团头鲂是我国主要的淡水养殖鱼类之一，其具有食性广、养殖成本低、生长快、成活率高、易捕捞、易繁殖等特点，且具有味美、头小、含肉率高、体形好、规格适中等优点，深受消费者欢迎，在增加优质水产动物蛋白供应、提高全民营养健康水平、保障我国食物安全等方面做出了重要贡献。本文综述了团头鲂全产业链技术研究进展，包括新品种培育及育种技术、饲料营养需求调控及投喂技术、养殖应激与病害的生态防控技术、新型养殖模式、营养品质及加工技术等，提出了具有生产性能优、抗病抗逆性强和适于加工的团头鲂种质资源的挖掘，集约化健康养殖模式建立及精准营养供给、生态防控和高品质加工调理技术的研发等产业发展需求和研究方向，以期为团头鲂全产业链的绿色高质量可持续发展提供参考。     

脂源性外泌体的功能及其在水生动物中的研究进展

外泌体是一种由多种细胞分泌的30～150 nm的小囊泡,其通过转运蛋白质、脂质、mRNAs和microRNAs等方式影响或改变受体细胞的行为,已被证明是一种细胞间通讯的新模式。研究发现外泌体参与了脂肪合成及肥胖、肝脏脂肪变性、胰岛素抵抗、免疫调节、炎症反应、肿瘤发生、血管以及神经生成和成骨等过程。本文阐述了外泌体的形成与生物学特性、分离及鉴定的方法,重点阐述了脂肪来源的外泌体在机体生理及病理过程中的潜在作用,并概述了水生动物外泌体的研究进展,以期为脂肪代谢及有关疾病的病理机制与潜在干预靶标的研究提供新的思路和途径,也为更多地了解外泌体可能在鱼类糖脂代谢紊乱中的作用提供理论基础。     

pH、温度和盐度对单环刺螠消化酶和溶菌酶活力的影响

采用L25(56)正交试验法测定了不同pH(6、7、8、9、10)、温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)和盐度(15、20、25、30、35)对体质量为(71.2±8.5)g的单环刺螠肠蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力的影响,以及不同盐度对单环刺螠血液溶菌酶活力的影响。试验结果表明,单环刺螠肠消化酶活力的最适环境条件分别为,蛋白酶:pH 8、温度30℃、盐度35;淀粉酶:pH 9、温度25℃、盐度25;纤维素酶:pH6、温度30℃、盐度35;脂肪酶:pH 6、温度25℃、盐度30。盐度15和20两组单环刺螠血液溶菌酶活力均先降后升再降,而盐度30和35两组则先升后降。至处理第4d,各试验组溶菌酶活力依次为:盐度3025352015,盐度15和20两组溶菌酶活力显著低于盐度较高试验组(P0.05)。盐度25~35、pH 6~9为单环刺螠适宜的环境条件,高温(25~30℃)下其消化酶活力较高,而低盐度(15~20)下其消化酶活力和免疫能力明显降低。     

水产生物技术研究的回顾、最新进展及前景展望

1简要回顾水产生物技术是20世纪80年代开始发展起来的、以水产生物为主要研究对象,以水产业应用为目的,以基因工程、细胞工程、发酵工程、酶工程等现代生物技术为主体的综合性技术体系。水产生物技术是生物技术的重要组成部分,也是当今     

Modern technologies and integrated observing systems are “instrumental” to fisheries oceanography: A brief history of ocean data collection

Interdisciplinary data fuel fisheries oceanography research and the ecosystem-based approaches to management and sustainable development it informs. Underlying this is a distributed ocean observing framework that is integrated, interoperable, interactive, and accessible. In recognition of the 30th anniversary of Fisheries Oceanography the journal, this paper reviews the evolution of observing instruments and platforms used in contemporary fisheries oceanography the science. Illustrated with personal anecdotes, past efforts to create or adopt observing technologies, and examples of their use in research, this highlights the spectrum of instruments, systems, and programs used to survey and monitor ocean ecosystems. Modern ocean observing systems are complex and varied, reflecting the range and diversity of data required by fisheries oceanographers. These systems require a large and ongoing investment and an interdisciplinary community of scientists, engineers, and technicians to design, build, install, operate, and maintain them. Common themes emerge from a review of past successful instrument R&D and deployments. It is a highly collaborative, integrative, and iterative process. Most systems are the result of vision, planning, and perseverance, backed by careful calibration and intercomparison. Long-term support is essential; public–private partnerships that leverage funding, technology, and infrastructure are critical. Sustaining long time series for monitoring population and ecosystem change and to support fisheries oceanography research is a priority. Future areas of focus include continuously innovating and updating technologies, implementing a backbone of core observations, and maintaining a nimble infrastructure and R&D capacity to seize new opportunities and address emerging challenges.     

Aquatic food security: insights into challenges and solutions from an analysis of interactions between fisheries,aquaculture, food safety,human health,fish and human welfare,economy and environment

Fisheries and aquaculture production, imports, exports and equitability of distribution determine the supply of aquatic food to people. Aquatic food security is achieved when a food supply is sufficient, safe, sustainable, shockproof and sound: sufficient, to meet needs and preferences of people; safe, to provide nutritional benefit while posing minimal health risks; sustainable, to provide food now and for future generations; shock‐proof, to provide resilience to shocks in production systems and supply chains; and sound, to meet legal and ethical standards for welfare of animals, people and environment. Here, we present an integrated assessment of these elements of the aquatic food system in the United Kingdom, a system linked to dynamic global networks of producers, processors and markets. Our assessment addresses sufficiency of supply from aquaculture, fisheries and trade; safety of supply given biological, chemical and radiation hazards; social, economic and environmental sustainability of production systems and supply chains; system resilience to social, economic and environmental shocks; welfare of fish, people and environment; and the authenticity of food. Conventionally, these aspects of the food system are not assessed collectively, so information supporting our assessment is widely dispersed. Our assessment reveals trade‐offs and challenges in the food system that are easily overlooked in sectoral analyses of fisheries, aquaculture, health, medicine, human and fish welfare, safety and environment. We highlight potential benefits of an integrated, systematic and ongoing process to assess security of the aquatic food system and to predict impacts of social, economic and environmental change on food supply and demand.     

缢蛏ABC转运蛋白基因家族成员全基因组鉴定及表达模式分析

腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白(ATP binding cassette transporter,ABC transporter)家族是最古老的膜蛋白家族之一，广泛存在于原核生物和真核生物体内，利用ATP水解释放的能量对氨基酸、脂质、抗生素等物质进行跨膜运输，参与生物体内多种生理活动。目前，对软体动物ABC转运蛋白家族的鉴定，仅在虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas) 3种双壳类中有系统研究，对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta) ABC转运蛋白家族的鉴定和表达模式分析尚未见报道。利用缢蛏基因组和转录组数据，运用本地及NCBI在线BLAST程序、FGENESH+、SMART、Ex PASy、MEGA X、Mev 4.90和MapInspect等生物信息学分析工具，在全基因组水平系统地鉴定出52个缢蛏ABC转运蛋白，并对转运蛋白基因外显子数目、染色体定位等信息进行分析；通过系统进化分析，将缢蛏ABC转运蛋白家族分为8个亚家族，即ABCA～ABCH；通过比较分析不同物种...     

盐度对花鲈幼鱼鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构的影响

为了探究不同盐度对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼组织结构的影响,用组织学方法对不同盐度条件下(0、10、15、20、30)花鲈幼鱼的鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构进行研究。结果显示,盐度为0时,花鲈幼鱼鳃丝排列紧密,顶端膨大呈棒状,鳃小片细胞饱满,有少量泌氯细胞。花鲈幼鱼鳃丝宽度随盐度的升高而缩小,鳃小片间距则逐渐增大,差异显著(P<0.05);盐度为20时,部分鳃小片变形脱落,鳃丝上的泌氯细胞明显增多增大;盐度为30时,鳃丝宽度较大,出现断裂脱落,鳃丝上细胞排列疏松,泌氯细胞明显膨大,有溶解现象。脾脏在淡水条件下(盐度为0),淋巴细胞数目较少,血细胞较多;在低盐环境中(盐度为10、15),淋巴细胞增大,数量增多,黑色素巨噬细胞中心数量增加;在高盐度下(盐度为30),脾细胞和部分淋巴细胞出现肿大、空泡化现象,细胞排列疏松。盐度为0时,花鲈幼鱼肌纤维排列较为疏松,多角形或长椭圆形,长径和短径较大、密度较小;盐度为15时,肌纤维短径变小、密度增大,与0、10盐度组均差异显著,盐度为30时,肌纤维长径增大、密度减小;随着盐度的增加,肌纤维长径和短径均有先减小后增加的趋势,单位面积肌纤维数量则先增加后减小,差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,花鲈幼鱼鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构变化特征与其所处的环境盐度有关。     

发酵豆粕替代藻粉对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长及体组成的影响

为研究发酵豆粕替代藻粉对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长及体组成的影响,以发酵豆粕分别替代基础饲料中的藻粉及鱼粉藻粉混合物(2:15),配制9组等氮实验饲料,饲喂初始体重为17.7 g左右的刺参幼参70 d.结果显示,随替代藻粉比例的升高,实验刺参的增重率及特定生长率先升后降(P＜0.05);随替代混合物比例的升高,D8、D9组增重率及特定生长率显著低于前3组(P＜0.05),但前3组之间无显著差异(P＞0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁粗脂肪含量(P＜0.05);替代混合物降低了粗灰分含量(P＜0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁甘氨酸、蛋氨酸及半胱氨酸含量(P＜0.05),提高了苯丙氨酸和组氨酸含量(P＜0.05);替代混合物降低了丝氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸及组氨酸含量(P＜0.05),提高了精氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸及半胱氨酸含量(尸＜0.05);替代藻粉降低了体壁Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Cr、Mn及Pb含量(P＜0.05);替代混合物降低了Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Cr及Pb含量(P＜0.05),提高了Fe及Mn含量(P＜0.05).以增重率为评价指标,经SAS REG曲线拟合,发酵豆粕替代藻粉的最佳比例为29.75％;经SAS NLIN曲线拟合,替代46.46％的鱼粉藻粉混合物对刺参生长无显著影响.     

Influence of recooking on volatile and non-volatile compounds found in silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Volatile and non-volatile compounds, which contribute to flavor in raw fish, were compared in raw, cooked and recooked silver carp. In total, 20, 34 and 34 volatile compounds, including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds, were identified in raw, cooked and recooked samples, respectively. Cooking the samples resulted in a significant increase in volatile compounds and the formation of new aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds. In addition, the content of free amino acids (FAA) decreased dramatically, and the amount of nucleotides and small peptides significantly changed. With recooking of the samples, the levels of most of the volatile compounds decreased significantly, and there was a substantial change in nucleotides and small peptides. However, the effect of recooking on FAA was not observable.     

长江宜昌江段和东洞庭湖鲢、鳙饵料生物组成及季节性变化

为了研究鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)饵料生物组成及季节变化,分析了2016年7月-2017年3月在长江宜昌江段及东洞庭湖不同季度采集的84尾鲢和65尾鳙的肠道内含物。结果显示:鲢、鳙在长江宜昌江段摄食的饵料生物种类分别是55种和48种,在东洞庭湖分别是55种和43种。根据相对重要性指数(IRI),鲢、鳙的主要饵料生物均为枝角类。鲢、鳙食物组成呈现季节变化,鲢在长江宜昌江段春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的主要饵料生物分别是硅藻门、枝角类、枝角类和硅藻门,在东洞庭湖分别为枝角类、蓝藻门、枝角类和桡足类;鳙在长江宜昌江段春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的主要饵料分别是枝角类、枝角类、枝角类和硅藻门,在东洞庭湖分别为枝角类、枝角类、枝角类和桡足类。     

海水虾蟹环境适应与池塘生态工程化养殖

池塘养殖是我国海水养殖的传统方式，也是当前陆基海水养殖的主体。自20世纪70年代，海水池塘养殖经历了粗放式、半集约、集约化和多营养层次生态养殖的发展历程。然而，海水池塘养殖产业中仍存在养殖生物生态适应性机制不清、养殖系统产出不稳定、营养物质利用效率低等“瓶颈”问题，严重制约了海水池塘养殖产业的发展。因此开展海水养殖虾蟹良种与生态环境的互作机制解析，研发养殖生态系统结构优化和营养物质资源化高效利用技术，搭建养殖信息采集与智能化管控平台，创建生态工程化养殖新模式，实现养殖系统高效可持续产出，是我国海水池塘养殖产业绿色高质量发展的关键。     

梁子湖与后官湖浮游细菌的群落结构特征

探究浮游细菌群落结构以及微生物与环境因子的相关性,可为湖泊环境评价和生态治理提供理论依据。选取湖北境内的梁子湖和后官湖,于2018年4月分别设置10个和5个采样点,进行浮游细菌与水体理化指标采样调查;通过16S rRNA基因高通量测序,分析比较浮游细菌群落结构及其多样性的差异,并通过冗余分析(RDA)探讨环境因子与浮游细菌群落结构的关系。结果表明,梁子湖和后官湖均有较高的浮游细菌群落多样性,其Shannon指数分别为3.974~4.743和3.924~4.500;梁子湖与后官湖的浮游细菌群落结构有所差异,梁子湖菌群隶属于放线菌门(Actinomycetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroides)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、装甲菌门(Armatimonadetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae);后官湖菌群隶属于放线菌门、蓝细菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门、疣微菌门、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、绿弯菌门、绿菌门、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、装甲菌门和螺旋体菌门(Saccharibacteria);其中,梁子湖的优势菌群为放线菌门(20.09%~43.23%)和变形菌门(21.35%~35.28%),而后官湖的优势菌群为放线菌门(20.70%~42.69%)和蓝细菌门(14.40%~45.77%)。RDA分析表明,总氮(TN)、pH、总磷(TP)是影响微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)内脏白点病的组织病理和超微病理分析

利用组织切片及超薄切片电镜技术对患内脏白点病大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)的肝脏、脾脏和肾脏3种组织进行病理学分析,探讨该病的致病机理.结果显示,大黄鱼的临床症状为体表无明显病症,脾、肾、肝等内脏有大量白色结节;组织病理显示,肝、肾和脾是感染损伤的主要靶器官,出现组织变性坏死,空泡化严重,炎性细胞浸润;病变组织均出现病理性结节.超微病理显示,病鱼肝、肾、脾细胞超微结构受损严重,尤以线粒体和细胞核损伤明显.线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂消失,空泡化;细胞核核膜破裂,染色质浓缩边集;肾脏和脾脏均发现大量菌聚集成团的病原.研究表明,大黄鱼内脏白点病的组织细胞病理变化特征显示了病原菌的入侵和危害,造成鱼体生理代谢紊乱,免疫力和抵抗力下降,鱼体终因无法维持正常的生命活动而导致死亡.     

稻虾综合种养对稻田土壤肥力和金属元素含量的影响

为研究稻虾综合种养对稻田土壤肥力和金属元素含量的影响,对潜江市稻虾综合种养田(渔沟以TRC表示、田面以PRC表示)和水稻单作田(以RM表示,作为对照)土壤不同土层(0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～30 cm)的主要肥力指标和金属元素含量进行了对比。结果显示,各土层总氮、速效磷和总磷含量均表现出PRC RM TRC的趋势,有机质(20～30 cm土层除外)、氨氮含量表现出RM PRC TRC的趋势,硝态氮含量表现出TRC PRC RM的趋势。各土层的Cu、As、Mg和Mn含量均表现出TRC PRCRM的趋势,而Cd、Pb、Fe和Ca含量的变化趋势与之相反;除0～10 cm土层外,Cr、Zn和Ni含量在TRC、PRC和RM之间均无显著差异。根据《GB 15618—2018》中的污染风险筛选值,各土层的Cr、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni、As含量均未超标,而Cu含量普遍超标,超标率的范围为14%～46%。研究表明,稻虾综合种养可能会促进田面土壤中氮磷的积累、降低渔沟土壤氮磷的含量,也可能引起土壤中Cu、As、Mg、Mn的积累及Cd、Pb、Fe和Ca的减少。     

基于Bytetrack的多目标跟踪算法在斑马鱼毒性行为识别中的应用

利用计算机视觉技术识别斑马鱼(Danio rerio)在不同污染物暴露下的行为变化是水质毒性评价的常用方法之一,但传统方法存在效率低、面对遮挡和复杂环境时性能差等缺陷。针对这些问题,本研究使用基于Bytetrack的多目标跟踪算法追踪斑马鱼在4种污染物(Zn、Pb、Cr和苯酚)暴露2 h后的行为变化,对斑马鱼在4种浓度梯度中的平均速度、最大速度、最低速度、平均碰撞次数和行为轨迹等指标进行分析。结果显示,算法的追踪精度、漏检率和检测时间(每300帧)分别能达到90.26%、16.33%和0.19 min,检测时间和精度相比于传统目标检测方法有较大提升。同时,根据污染物不同,该方法能准确识别特定污染物环境中斑马鱼相应的运动状态及轨迹变化,可实现精确识别和实时响应,在鱼类毒性行为识别领域具有重要参考意义。     

珍珠龙胆石斑鱼血细胞发生的研究

用瑞氏染液对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的头肾、体肾、脾脏等器官组织的涂片、印片进行染色、观察、测定和统计,以研究血细胞发生.试验结果显示,红细胞的发育经历4个阶段,分别是原红细胞、幼红细胞、红细胞和衰老红细胞,细胞体积逐渐变小;粒细胞的发育经历5个阶段,分别是原粒细胞、早幼粒细胞、中幼粒细胞、晚幼粒细胞和成熟粒细胞,中性粒细胞的体...     

氯氰菊酯暴露对草鱼4种器官组织结构的影响

通过氯氰菊酯对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)幼鱼(9.30±0.48)g的急性毒性实验及对鳃、肝、肾、脾的组织学研究,探讨了随着氯氰菊酯浓度的增加以及暴露时间的延长草鱼组织结构损伤的变化趋势.结果显示:氯氰菊酯对草鱼种的48 h-LC50和96 h-LC50分别为55.21μg/L和25.00...     

The Potential and Sustainability of Aquaculture in India

ABSTRACT

India is a very populous country with more than one billion people. In order to provide food for this growing population, serious environmental problems may result. Despite many benefits from the green, blue, and silver revolutions adopted in India, there has been much concern resulting from intensive agricultural practices that led to environmental problems in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Increasing demand for aquatic resources also caused inland fisheries to decrease over the past few decades. The location of aquaculture projects, landscape destruction, soil and water pollution by pond effluents, over-exploitation of important fish stocks, depletion in biodiversity, conflicts over agriculture and aquaculture among various stakeholder groups over resource and space allocation, and international fish trade controversies have threatened the long-term sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture industries. The subject of sustainable aquaculture has not been adequately projected in terms of current aquaculture practices aimed to boost a rural economy. This review briefly describes the key issues of aquaculture unsustainability in terms of intensive aquaculture, nutrient enrichment syndrome, soil and groundwater salinization, destruction of mangroves, loss of biodiversity, marine pollution and loss of fish stock, use of aquachemicals and therapeutics, hormone residues, etc. The strategies for sustainability have been highlighted with respect to rice-cum-fish culture, carp polyculture, integrated farming with livestock, rural aquaculture, intensification of small farms, wastewater-fed aquaculture, crop rotation, probiotics, feed quality, socioeconomic considerations, environmental regulations and fisheries acts, transboundary aquatic ecosystems, impact of alien species, ethical aspects of intensive aquaculture, responsible fisheries, and environmental impact assessment. A suggested model outlines the feedback mechanisms for achieving long-term sustainability through improved farm management practices, integrated farming, use of selective aquachemicals and probiotics, conservation of natural resources, regulatory mechanism, and policy instruments.     

臭氧水处理在水产品杀菌保鲜中的应用研究进展

水产品自身带有或贮运期间污染的微生物是导致其腐败变质的主因。为减少微生物对水产品品质影响,延长其货架期,减菌化前处理是减少其加工贮藏过程中微生物污染的关键技术。本文在分析比较水产品常用减菌化处理水的作用机理与主要特点的基础上,重点介绍了臭氧水在水产品杀菌保鲜中的应用研究进展,提出其存在问题与解决办法,阐明将臭氧水与流化冰、气调保鲜及其他保鲜处理技术相结合的优势,并对臭氧水在水产品贮藏加工中的应用前景予以展望。