不同药剂拌种处理对小麦茎基腐病的防效比较

为筛选有效防控小麦茎基腐病的种衣剂,调查了5个药剂拌种处理对小麦茎基腐病的防效.结果 表明,27％苯醚·咯·噻虫悬浮种衣剂综合应用效果最好,对小麦发芽势和幼苗生长无影响,越冬前和拔节期防病效果可达84.91％和81.10％,其他3种小麦专用种衣剂戊唑醇·吡虫啉、吡唑醚菌酯·灭菌唑+吡虫啉、苯醚甲环唑·咯菌腈·吡虫啉对小...     

小麦全生育期土传病害科学防控实践

为有效防治小麦全生育期土传病害,分别在小麦播种期、返青期采用不同的用药方案开展了田间防治示范。结果表明,播种期用27%苯醚甲环唑·咯菌腈·噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂、31.9%戊唑醇·吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂、11%吡唑醚菌酯·灭菌唑悬浮种衣剂、23%苯醚甲环唑·咯菌腈·吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂拌种,结合返青期喷施430 g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂、30%苯甲·丙环唑乳油、125 g/L氟环唑悬浮剂,收到了较好的应用效果,不仅可有效控制小麦茎基腐病、纹枯病,降低白穗率,还可以有效提高小麦产量,增产率达14.61%～21.43%。     

拌种及茎叶喷雾防治小麦茎基腐病

为筛选出对小麦茎基腐病有较好防效的种衣剂及方法，本试验分析了3种种衣剂拌种及返青期喷雾处理对小麦茎基腐病的防效和小麦产量的影响。结果表明，27%苯醚·咯·噻虫500 mL拌种和27%苯醚·咯·噻虫300 mL拌种+返青期25%氰烯菌酯喷雾2个处理控制小麦茎基腐病效果较好，灌浆期防效均在59%以上，乳熟期对白穗的控制效果达79.53%～89.57%。测产发现27%苯醚·咯·噻虫500 mL拌种的保产效果最高，较对照增产23.08%。     

新疆小麦雪腐（霉）病的发生与药剂拌种防治现状

总结新疆小麦雪腐(霉)病的年度变化趋势和不同地州间雪腐(霉)病发生为害情况,并结合各地州为防治该病所用拌种剂的种类变化情况进行了分析。新疆防治雪腐(霉)病所用的拌种剂,最初以五氯硝基苯、拌种双、多菌灵为主,目前发展为以苯醚甲环唑、咯菌腈、氟环·咯·苯甲、苯甲·咯为主;雪腐(霉)病在新疆的发生面积由2010年的11.15万hm~2下降到目前的2.52万hm~2,说明拌种剂种类的更新对于控制小麦雪腐(霉)病起到了明显效果。     

哈茨木霉拌种对冬小麦生长、土传病害及根际真菌群落的影响

为了明确哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理冬小麦的田间效果,为木霉拌种剂的推广应用提供依据,本试验从2016年－2018年连续3年,研究了哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种对小麦出苗率、幼苗生长、小麦纹枯病和茎基腐病发生情况和产量的影响,通过高通量测序和FUNGuild预测分析了木霉拌种对小麦根际土壤中真菌群落组成的影响。结果表明,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种可以提高小麦的出苗率和冬前分蘖数;对小麦纹枯病的平均防效60%以上;对小麦茎基腐病的平均防效65%以上,优于6%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;与不拌种对照相比,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理增产4.3%~6.34%,增产效果略高于6%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;木霉拌种可以降低小麦根际土壤中病原真菌的相对丰度,特别是土壤中镰孢属真菌的相对丰度。因此,哈茨木霉LTR-2可以作为化学拌种剂的绿色替代产品用于小麦生产。     

小麦茎基腐病发生影响因素及防控技术

通过比较2017—2019年小麦品种、耕作方式、播期、灌溉次数、不同生育期药剂处理对小麦茎基腐病的影响和控制效果,并提出综合防控技术。结果表明,采用清洁秸秆+深翻或轮作处理,晚播14 d,播前1 kg小麦种子用剂量2 mL的27%苯醚·咯·噻虫嗪悬浮种衣剂拌种,并在在越冬前+返青期分别选用70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂或20%氰烯菌酯·已唑醇悬浮剂喷雾各防治1次,可有效控制小麦茎基腐病。     

不同种衣剂对春小麦茎基腐病的防效及对产量的影响

采用药剂拌种法研究了4种种衣剂对春小麦茎基腐病的防效及对产量的影响。结果表明,31.9%戊唑·吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂、27%苯醚·咯·噻虫悬浮种衣剂和40%苯甲·戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂对春小麦生长安全;31.9%戊唑·吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂和27%苯醚·咯·噻虫悬浮种衣剂对小麦茎基腐病防效较高,灌浆期调查防效分别为92.87%和88.95%,乳熟期调查防效分别为88.83%和74.53%;药剂拌种处理的小麦穗数、穗粒数及千粒重均高于清水对照,31.9%戊唑·吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂和27%苯醚·咯·噻虫悬浮种衣剂处理区产量最高,每667 m²产量分别为514.87 kg和505.68 kg,分别较对照增加34.69%和32.28%。建议生产上在春小麦播种前,使用31.9%戊唑·吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂或27%苯醚·咯·噻虫悬浮种衣剂拌种,预防或减轻茎基腐病的发生。     

花生病虫草害化学防治优化技术研究

大悟县应用花生优化防治病虫草害技术,以播种时按1kg种仁拌2.5%的咯菌腈悬浮剂防治根腐病和茎腐病及初花期、饱果期667m2分别兑水喷施30%苯醚.甲环唑乳油20ml防治叶斑病与疮痂病效果达98.3%;而以每kg种仁用70%噻虫嗪3g拌种防治蛴螬、金针虫等效果为65.1%;以播种盖土后667m2用96%精异丙甲草胺80ml兑水进行芽前除草效果达100%。不同组合化学药剂均能促进花生生长,A（噻虫嗪＋咯菌腈＋苯醚.甲环唑＋溴氰菊酯）、B（精异丙甲草胺＋苯醚.甲环唑＋噻虫.高氯氟）和C（乙草胺＋多菌灵＋溴氰菊酯）,比对照分别增产18.8%、14.9%和0.8%。     

苯醚甲环唑等杀菌剂包衣种子防治花生冠腐病和根腐病

为筛选能兼治花生冠腐病和根腐病、安全而高效的种子处理药剂,采用室内生测法比较了4种杀菌剂对花生冠腐病菌和根腐病菌的毒力,评价了其包衣种子对花生的安全性,并进行了温室接菌盆栽和田间防治试验。结果显示,苯醚甲环唑、氟啶胺、咯菌腈和氟菌唑对花生冠腐病菌的毒力差异较大,EC_(50)分别为0.05、6.56、0.52和1.43 mg/L;对花生根腐病菌的毒力均较高,EC_(50)分别为0.49、0.31、0.44和0.37 mg/L。氟菌唑2 g(a.i.)/kg种子包衣后,花生出苗率和幼苗的根长、株高和茎叶鲜重均降低,出苗时间延迟1~2 d;而氟菌唑0.5、1 g(a.i.)/kg种子包衣及苯醚甲环唑、氟啶胺、咯菌腈3种杀菌剂的所有剂量处理对花生出苗和幼苗生长均无影响。苯醚甲环唑0.5、1、2 g(a.i.)/kg种子,氟啶胺0.4、0.8、1.6 g(a.i.)/kg种子,咯菌腈0.1、0.2、0.4 g(a.i.)/kg种子和氟菌唑0.5、1 g(a.i.)/kg种子包衣对花生冠腐病、根腐病的温室接菌盆栽防效均在80.19%以上。苯醚甲环唑1、2 g(a.i.)/kg种子和咯菌腈0.4 g(a.i.)/kg种子包衣对花生冠腐病、根腐病的田间防效较高,均在75.30%以上,且对荚果的增产率为5.60%~11.10%。表明苯醚甲环唑和咯菌腈包衣种子对花生安全,且可有效防治花生冠腐病和根腐病,具有开发为兼治药剂的潜力。     

小麦茎基腐病防治药剂及抗病品种的筛选

为获得防治小麦茎基腐病的有效药剂和抗病品种,测定12种杀菌剂对小麦茎基腐主要病原菌假禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium pseudograminearum的室内毒力、对小麦生长的影响及对小麦茎基腐病的室内防治效果,并鉴定144份小麦品种（系）对茎基腐病的抗性。结果表明,12种杀菌剂对假禾谷镰孢菌均有一定的抑制效果,其中15%氰烯菌酯·5%己唑醇的抑制率最高,EC₅₀为0.002 mg/L,其次是6.6%嘧菌酯·1.1%咯菌腈·3.3%精甲霜灵、25 g/L咯菌腈和430 g/L戊唑醇,EC₅₀分别为0.016、0.069和0.099 mg/L。12种杀菌剂拌种处理对小麦出苗、株高、根长和鲜重均有不同程度的影响,尤其对出苗率影响最大,其中15%氰烯菌酯·5%己唑醇处理的出苗率最低,为30.41%。15%氰烯菌酯·5%己唑醇拌种处理的防治效果最好,为70.43%;其次是430 g/L戊唑醇和25 g/L咯菌腈·37.5 g/L精甲霜灵,防治效果分别为56.34%和53.34%。在供试144份小麦品种（系）中,仅3份对小麦茎基腐病表现为中感,其余141份均表现为高感,无免疫和抗病品种。综上,目前防治小麦茎基腐病时建议选用15%氰烯菌酯·5%己唑醇等杀菌剂进行拌种处理,但应严格控制药剂用量,以防影响小麦出苗。     

南方镰孢Fusarium meridionale特异性PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立快速、稳定的南方镰孢Fusarium meridionale特异性检测方法,对已报道的镰孢属reductase-like基因部分序列进行比对分析,寻找特异性SNP位点,设计出特异性检测引物F-Fm/R-Fm3。利用该引物对包括南方镰孢在内的30株镰孢的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增。结果显示仅在7株南方镰孢中均扩增出400 bp左右的特异性条带。PCR灵敏度试验结果表明该方法的检测灵敏度达到500 pg基因组DNA。     

Diversity of pathogenic Fusarium populations associated with asparagus roots in decline soils in Spain and the UK

Asparagus decline is a disease associated with several species of Fusarium . In order to assess the relative significance of causative species, single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the ITS2 (internal transcribed sequence) region of the ribosomal DNA was used to rapidly and objectively identify the fusarial populations associated with the roots of two intensively sampled asparagus crops, one in the UK and the other in Spain. Over 360 fusarial isolates were obtained from fields showing symptoms of asparagus decline, and most were easily differentiated by SSCP into four principal species, F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi , F. proliferatum , F. redolens and F. solani . Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi (Foa) was most frequently isolated from the UK site (69%), whilst Foa and F. proliferatum were found in similar proportions overall (40 and 39%, respectively) from the Spanish site, although individual fields showed considerable intraregional variation. Other minor populations, such as F. culmorum , were also found. Most isolates were highly pathogenic to asparagus in vitro , although F. solani isolates comprised both pathogenic and nonpathogenic populations. Two populations of Foa were distinguished by a single ITS2 base transition, and the dominance of these two populations differed between Europe and the USA. Fusarium proliferatum was more abundant in Spain than in the UK. Phylogenetic analysis using EF1α sequences indicated that isolates of F. oxysporum pathogenic to asparagus are spread across a number of clades within the species complex, supporting the hypothesis that pathogenicity to asparagus in this species is a relatively unspecialized trait.     

Soybean sudden death syndrome: Fungal pathogenesis and plant response

Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) is a fungal disease caused by members of clade 2 of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). These fungi are soilborne pathogens that infect soybean plants through the roots and produce toxins that translocate to aerial parts of the plant, inducing foliar chlorosis and necrosis followed by premature defoliation. Here, we first give the current state of knowledge of early pathogen detection and infection establishment for the SDS pathosystem. Subsequently, we discuss the nature and activity of secreted toxins, followed by an overview of changes in plant metabolism and factors that influence fungus–soybean interaction. Finally, we summarize the advances in plant disease resistance, symptom evaluation, and treatment.     

Comparison of genetic diversity and pathogenicity of fusarium head blight pathogens from China and Europe by SSCP and seedling assays on wheat

The genetic diversity and pathogenicity of isolates of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum isolated from wheat heads in China were examined and compared with those of isolates of F. graminearum , F. asiaticum and F. meridionale from Europe, USA and Nepal. Genetic diversity was assessed by SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism) and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis and by molecular chemotyping. SSCP analysis of the Fg16F/Fg16R PCR amplicon differentiated F. graminearum , F. asiaticum and F. meridionale and revealed three haplotypes among sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) type 1 F. graminearum isolates. AFLP analysis showed a high level of genetic diversity and clustered the majority of Chinese isolates in one group along with other isolates of Asian origin. The second cluster contained F. graminearum isolates from China, Europe and the USA. Of the Chinese isolates, 79% were F. asiaticum and 81% of these were of the 3-AcDON chemotype, with only 9·5% of either chemotype 15-AcDON or NIV. All the Chinese and USA isolates of F. graminearum were 15-AcDON, whereas among the isolates from Europe, 21% were NIV and 8% were 3-AcDON chemotype. No evidence was found for possible differences in aggressiveness between F. graminearum and F. asiaticum . Highly aggressive isolates were present in each region and no evidence was found for any association between aggressiveness and geographical origin or chemotype among the isolates examined. No difference was observed in pathogenicity towards wheat seedlings between Chinese isolates and those from Europe, the USA or Nepal.     

我国小麦茎基腐病菌致病力比较分析

为明确我国不同种、地理来源和毒素化学型小麦茎基腐病菌的致病力分化情况,采用纸塔法对来自全国9个省市80个采样点分离的224株小麦茎基腐病菌进行致病力分析。结果表明,不同种镰刀菌的致病力不同,黄色镰刀菌Fusarium culmorum,禾谷镰刀菌F.graminearum,假禾谷镰刀菌F.pseudograminearum及亚洲镰刀菌F.asiaticum致病力强于其他种。F.culmorum致病力显著高于F.pseudograminearum和F.asiaticum,而F.pseudograminearum,F.graminearum及F.asiaticum三者之间无显著性差异。中华镰刀菌F.sinensis,木贼镰刀菌F.equiseti,锐顶镰刀菌F.acuminatum致病力较弱,三者间苗期致病力无显著性差异;多数省份F.pseudograminearum群体间致病力无显著差异,仅山东F.pseudograminearum群体的致病性显著低于河南群体;此外,产毒类型为3ADON的F.pseudograminearum群体致病力显著高于15ADON群体。     

寄生隐丛赤壳菌ITS分子检测技术研究

寄生隐丛赤壳菌是引起板栗疫病的致病菌。为建立该菌的分子检测技术,本研究首先采用通用引物ITS1/ITS4对分离自四川雅安、泸州及重庆的寄生隐丛赤壳菌及其他参试菌株的ITS区进行PCR扩增和测序比对。根据该片段与GenBank中隐丛赤壳属其他种的ITS序列差异,设计了寄生隐丛赤壳菌的特异性引物ITSP1/ITSP2,片段扩增大小为462bp。利用该引物对菌株基因组DNA进行扩增,可以将寄生隐丛赤壳菌与其他参试菌区分开,检测灵敏度达30pg。而以引物ITS1/ITS4和ITSP1/ITSP2进行的巢氏PCR,可检测到30fg基因组DNA,其灵敏度较常规PCR提高了1 000倍。利用巢氏PCR检测体系对发病程度不同的组织和携菌组织进行检测,均能快速稳定地检测出寄生隐丛赤壳菌。     

美国大豆中镰刀菌的分离鉴定

为加强对美国输华大豆真菌病害的监测力度,降低外来生物入侵风险,本文通过对美国进境大豆病菌分离,共得到32个菌株,并对其中3株镰刀菌进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确认了它们分别是尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)和拟枝孢镰刀菌(F.sporotrichioides)。本研究从32个分离菌株中得到的3株镰刀菌分属于不同种,不仅证实了美国大豆中镰刀菌的多样性,也可为港口的植物检疫工作提供借鉴。     

陕西省大葱叶部镰刀菌枯萎病病原菌的鉴定

<正>0引言大葱(Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino)为石蒜科(Amaryllidaceae)葱属(Allium)植物，是常见的调味品，具有杀菌祛痰、强心降压等多种功效。已报道的大葱叶枯病病原菌包括匍柄霉属(Stemphylium)、泛菌属(Pantoea)、疫霉属(Phytophthora)^[1-3]等。调查发现陕西乾县漠西大葱种植基地一种大葱叶部枯萎病发病率较高，成为影响当地大葱生产的主要病害之一。     

Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum and related species pathogenic on tomato in Algeria and other Mediterranean countries

In order to characterize the pathogen(s) responsible for the outbreak of fusarium diseases in Algeria, 48 Fusarium spp. isolates were collected from diseased tomato in Algeria and compared with 58 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum originating from seven other Mediterranean countries and 24 reference strains. Partial sequences of the translation elongation factor EF‐1α gene enabled identification of 27 isolates as F. oxysporum, 18 as F. commune and three as F. redolens among the Algerian isolates. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all isolates were pathogenic on tomato, with disease incidence greater at 28°C than at 24°C. All isolates were characterized using intergenic spacer (IGS) DNA typing, vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and PCR detection of the SIX1 (secreted in xylem 1) gene specific to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). No DNA polymorphisms were detected in the isolates of F. redolens or F. commune. In contrast, the 27 Algerian isolates of F. oxysporum were shown to comprise nine IGS types and 13 VCGs, including several potentially new VCGs. As none of the isolates was scored as SIX1+, the 27 isolates could be assigned to F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐lycopersici (FORL). Isolates from Tunisia were also highly diverse but genetically distinct from the Algerian isolates. Several Tunisian isolates were identified as FOL by a PCR that detected the presence of SIX1. The results show that isolates from European countries were less diverse than those from Tunisia. Given the difference between Algerian populations and populations in other Mediterranean countries, newly emergent pathogenic forms could have evolved from local non‐pathogenic populations in Algeria.     

长江中下游地区亚洲镰刀菌NX-2毒素群体的检测

由禾谷镰刀菌复合种(Fusarium graminearum species complex,FGSC)引起的麦类赤霉病,是农业生产上的重要病害。为明确中国长江中下游冬小麦主产区小麦赤霉病菌种的构成及其地理分布,对2008年从江苏、浙江和湖北3省采集的656株小麦赤霉病菌株进行了分类鉴定。结果显示,其中558个菌株为亚洲镰刀菌(Fusarium asiaticum),98个菌株为禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto),表明中国长江中下游冬小麦主产区小麦赤霉病的主要致病菌是亚洲镰刀菌。选择亚洲镰刀菌(F.asiaticum)为研究对象,通过PCR-RFLP的方法对其进行产NX-2毒素菌株的检测。结果没有检测到产NX-2毒素菌株,表明中国长江中下游冬小麦主产区并未出现NX-2毒素群体。本研究旨在了解NX-2毒素群体在中国长江中下游地区的地理分布,为进一步研究麦类赤霉病菌群体遗传多样性和演化趋势奠定基础,为麦类赤霉病的防治和毒素污染的控制提供理论依据。