不同林下种植滇黄精产量及有效成分含量研究

选择3种不同模式林下种植滇黄精,即华山松林+滇黄精模式、油橄榄林+滇黄精模式、核桃林+滇黄精模式,比较分析不同模式下滇黄精株高、叶片数、产量及有效成分含量。结果表明,华山松林+滇黄精模式中滇黄精株高、叶片数动态变化均达最大值,油橄榄林+滇黄精模式平均产量最高为757.05 kg/667 m²,相关性分析结果表明产量与株高、叶片数呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.549、0.398。滇黄精有效成分差异性结果分析表明,不同林下种植对滇黄精各有效成分含量的影响差异显著（P＜0.05）,通过隶属函数值法对不同种植模式滇黄精7个指标进行综合评价,华山松林+滇黄精模式均值最高为0.703 5,综合优势明显,将为当地科学合理开展林下中药材种植提供参考。     

油橄榄林下种植百合土壤养分及有效成分含量研究

以油橄榄林下套种百合模式为研究对象,分析百合种植对油橄榄林土壤养分(有机质、全氮、水解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾和速效钾)的影响,通过测定百合中有效成分(总多糖、总黄酮、总生物碱、总皂苷)的含量,分析土壤肥力状况与百合有效成分的相关性。结果表明:油橄榄林下种植百合后,土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾和速效钾养分含量均明显降低,说明百合生长对有机质、氮、磷、钾均有不同程度的需求,有机质的含量明显降低,其次是全磷和有效磷,对氮和钾的需求量不大;油橄榄林下种植百合的总多糖、总黄酮、总生物碱、总皂苷含量分别为4.19%、0.56%、1.87%、1.18%;与前人的研究结果相比除百合多糖含量低,其他3项指标均不亚于其他研究结果。结论:在油橄榄林下种植百合具有一定可行性及研究价值,在种植过程中需根据百合对土壤含量的需求增加土壤有机质和磷肥施用量;该研究结果对油橄榄林下种植百合及土壤管理具有一定科学价值,为油橄榄林下空间的综合利用提供研究基础。     

莲花山白盆珠自然保护区不同植被类型的土壤养分格局研究

通过对广东莲花山白盆珠省级自然保护区内分布的6种森林植被类型土壤的养分、贮量及其在海拔、土壤深度的分布格局研究表明:不同植被类型的土壤养分大小表现为半落叶阔叶林、灌丛草甸>常绿阔叶林、沟谷阔叶林>针阔混交林、人工针叶林;半落叶阔叶林和灌丛草甸的土壤养分含量和贮量较高。大部分养分元素含量随土层深度增加而降低,从海拔100m的低山到900m的中山,植被类型分布逐渐由针叶林向阔叶林转变,土壤肥力即随海拔增高而增加,而在900m以上,植被由半落叶阔叶林向灌丛草甸转变,土壤肥力即逐渐下降。     

野生杜鹃林土壤低分子量有机酸分布特征

【目的】探讨贵州百里杜鹃国家森林公园内不同林分土壤中有机酸的分布特征,以期为野生杜鹃林分土壤管理提供技术参考。【方法】采集常绿混交马缨杜鹃林、常绿混交露珠杜鹃林、常绿混交迷人杜鹃林、常绿阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶混交林的表层土壤,通过高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)测定土壤中的草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、乙酸、乳酸、丁二酸、甲酸的含量。【结果】不同林分类型土壤有机酸总量分布情况为:落叶阔叶混交林常绿混交露珠杜鹃林常绿混交马缨杜鹃林常绿阔叶混交林常绿混交迷人杜鹃林;土壤有机酸的分布差异显著,有机酸含量高低顺序依次为:草酸酒石酸柠檬酸苹果酸乳酸乙酸甲酸丁二酸,草酸为优势酸,乙酸、甲酸和丁二酸含量较低;土壤有机酸与pH呈负相关,其中酒石酸与pH呈极显著负相关,柠檬酸与pH呈显著负相关;聚类结果显示,落叶阔叶混交林明显区别于其他林分类型,且草酸含量最高。【结论】不同林分类型土壤中有机酸分布受到优势种的影响,百里杜鹃的落叶阔叶混交林中土壤有机酸含量远高于常绿阔叶混交林和常绿混交杜鹃林,森林土壤有机酸分布特征应成为森林林分管理关注的对象。     

油橄榄扩区栽培不同区试点土壤肥力分析与评价

在油橄榄扩区驯化栽培的12个区试点采集土样,对土壤的pH值、全氮、全磷和速效钾含量进行测定,并对各点土壤情况进行对比分析。结果表明:所有区试点土壤pH值为中性到弱碱性,平均为7.36,符合油橄榄对土壤酸碱度的要求;全氮含量相对最低,平均为0.0939%,全磷含量相对较高,平均为0.098%;速效钾含量相对最高,平均为211.6mg/kg;土壤肥力大小与不同流域及土壤类型之间无关联,而与人为活动程度密切相关。在油橄榄扩区驯化栽培土肥管理上,依照各流域不同区试点土壤肥力状况,可采取各种有效措施来改善油橄榄种植地土壤肥力状况。     

不同森林类型土壤肥力状况研究

利用贵州天保工程效益监测网络设置在9个监测县和2个自然保护区的101个固定样地土壤分析结果,按常绿落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林、针叶混交林、灌木林、竹林等8种不同森林植被类型在不同基岩发育的森林土壤中营养元素含量,对不同森林土壤的综合肥力进行分析评价。结果显示,不同森林植被类型的森林土壤的A层土中有机质、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾等各项指标含量与森林植被类型呈正相关趋势且高于B层,B层土随不同基岩不同而有所变化,显示不同森林植被类型对土壤综合肥力的影响大于基岩;不同森林植被类型土壤的综合肥力大小顺序依次为:常绿落叶阔叶林>常绿阔叶林>针针混交林>落叶阔叶林>灌木林>针阔混交林>针叶林>竹类。     

湖南长防林一期工程碳汇量评价研究

通过对湖南长防林一期工程碳汇量的评价研究,发现:①随着林龄的增长,各林分生物量增量及碳汇量增量逐渐增大;②随着林龄的增长,各林分之间生物量及碳汇量的增长速度差异较大,增长速度最大的常绿落叶阔叶混交林是增长速度最小的经济林的11.8倍。各林分生物量及碳汇量的增长速度为:常绿落叶阔叶混交林>松木林分>针阔混交林>杉木林分>低质低效林改造>柏木林>封山育林>经济林;③1991～2002年湖南长防林一期工程总碳汇量为1012.86t。     

七叶一枝花种源选择与林下栽培技术研究

采挖分布于湖南省不同地区的5种野生重楼属植物,在洪江市群峰乡蛇形村进行种源选择试验,并以洪江市八面山七叶一枝花的种子和根茎切块为繁殖材料,选择常绿林地、阔叶落叶林地与灌木林地3种类型的林地,开展林下育苗移栽和直播、直栽试验。结果表明:洪江市八面山的七叶一枝花具有较强的抗病能力和高产性能,适宜在湖南省洪江市推广种植。经低温处理和控温催芽的七叶一枝花种子,在不同林地直播育苗,冷藏种子的出苗率和成活率均高于沙藏的,且均以核桃林的最高,杉木林的次之,金银花林的最低;根茎育苗的无论带顶芽切块和不带顶芽切块的发芽率和出苗率都比较高,均达到80%以上;根茎切块直栽的3年生单株块茎鲜重高于种子直播的;种子和根茎育苗的七叶一枝花3年生单株块茎产量均以核桃林的为最高,杉木林的次之,金银花林的最低。     

海南岛霸王岭4种热带森林类型林地土壤养分状况的比较分析

对海南岛霸王岭林区沿海拔梯度自然分布的热带落叶季雨林、热带低地雨林、热带山地雨林、热带山地常绿林4种热带森林类型林地土壤的养分含量进行了比较分析。结果表明:海南霸王岭林区此4种热带森林类型林地土壤的有机质、氮、磷、钾含量差异显著;其土壤养分的有效性较差,土壤养分的总含量位于全国平均水平的中上等级,高于海南全岛土壤养分的平均水平,说明海南岛的原始热带林能较好地保持林地土壤肥力。     

经济林复合经营模式试验研究

为综合提高经济林的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益,进行了板栗园和梨园间作白三叶草试验。结果表明:板栗生草园土壤有机质含量提高了43.65%,速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均比对照高;梨园间作白三叶草,使梨果品质提高。经济林下种植白三叶草是提高经济林地土壤肥力,提高综合效益的可行模式。     

Soil depth and soil water regime in a catchment where tropical dry evergreen and deciduous forests coexist

In several areas in Northeast Thailand, evergreen and deciduous forests coexist under uniform climatic conditions. To identify the factors that determine the distribution of these different forest types, we compared soil depth and soil physical properties between evergreen and deciduous forests, and monitored soil moisture conditions for a year in both forest types at the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station. The soil was significantly deeper under the evergreen forests (mean 97 cm) than under the deciduous forest (mean 64 cm). The soil under the evergreen forests retained much more water throughout the year than the soil under the deciduous forest, and there was also a clear tendency for the evergreen forests to occur in ravine areas, regardless of soil depth. It is possible that the evergreen trees can maintain transpiration during the dry season on thicker soils or in ravine areas, whereas shallower soils cannot provide enough water for these trees to maintain their evapotranspiration during the dry period. From the present study, we showed that soil water availability could be a significant factor determining the distribution of the deciduous and evergreen forests in our catchments.     

Comparison of soil depths between evergreen and deciduous forests as a determinant of their distribution, Northeast Thailand

In several areas in Northeast Thailand, evergreen and deciduous forests coexist under uniform terrain and climatic conditions. We compared depth and physical properties of soils between evergreen and deciduous forests in the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station to clarify what factor determines their distribution. The averaged soil depths were 79 ± 27 cm and 135 ± 58 cm in the deciduous and evergreen forests, respectively. The soils in the deciduous forests were relatively coarser in soil texture than those in the evergreen forests, particularly in the surface layers. The average available water capacity of the solum was lower in the deciduous forest soils (78 mm) than in the evergreen forest soils (123 mm). Compared with the evapotranspiration from the evergreen forest in the study area, the available water capacity of the evergreen forest soil was almost the same as the water deficit during the dry season (November–February), while that of the deciduous forest soil was lower and insufficient to maintain the evapotranspiration. These results suggest that the distribution of deciduous and evergreen forests in the study area was associated with soil water availability, which mainly depends on soil depth.     

毛竹扩张对常绿阔叶林土壤性质的影响及相关分析

[目的]为探讨毛竹向邻近常绿阔叶林扩张对土壤性质的影响。[方法]本研究选取江西大岗山森林生态定位站常绿阔叶林、2∶8竹阔混交林、8∶2竹阔混交林和毛竹纯林为研究对象,对土壤有机碳、密度、孔隙度、持水量和贮水量等土壤性质和水分特征进行研究。[结果]常绿阔叶林在毛竹扩张过程中,土壤碳元素含量呈先增后降的趋势。相关分析表明:土壤有机碳与非毛管持水量和现有贮水量呈极显著相关,与土壤密度和总孔隙度呈显著相关,各指标相互作用共同影响了土壤有机碳含量在扩张过程中的变化特征。[结论]常绿阔叶林表层土壤密度、孔隙度和持水量等特征综合优于混交林和毛竹纯林,这为竹鞭扩张后竹笋萌发创造了条件;当常绿阔叶林演替到毛竹纯林时,10 60 cm土壤物理性质和持水能力都有所改善,但有机碳含量降为4个林分最低值,大量竹鞭虽然优化了土壤物理性质,但无性繁殖导致土壤碳元素大量消耗,加之择伐和挖笋等人工干扰,毛竹纯林土壤有机碳含量较低。调节土壤碳含量以及土壤结构和水分特征可能是今后控制毛竹林扩张,维持群落生态系统稳定性的重要生态策略。     

栎属树种生长模型研究进展

栎属树种是亚热带常绿阔叶林和温带落叶阔叶林的主要建群树种之一,分布范围极为广泛,在国内外被广泛应用于城市园林绿化、水源涵养林、水土保持林,也是重要的珍贵用材树种,同时其果实、栓皮等具有重要的工业和药用价值.研究栎林的生长过程,对其经营抚育决策具有重要的参考意义.文中对近年来国内外关于栎属树种的生长过程,特别是栎属树种生长模型的研究进行了综述,包括栎属树种全林分生长模型、单木生长模型、径阶分布模型等;阐述了栎属树种生长模型的研究现状及发展趋势,以期为栎林的经营抚育决策提供参考.     

Comparison of soil physical properties in evergreen and deciduous forests in central Cambodia

We investigated soil physical properties in three forest types in tropical lowland monsoon forests in central Cambodia under the same climatic conditions, i.e., Kanhaplic Haplustults in dry evergreen forest (KH-E), Arenic Haplustults in dry deciduous forest (AH-D), and Arenic Ultic Alorthods in mixed evergreen–deciduous forest (AA-M), to clarify the relationship between forest types and soil physical properties. The clay content was correlated with water content at ψ = −9.8 and −1500 kPa (WC10 and WC1500), available water capacity (AWC), and the van Genuchten (vG) parameter N (P < 0.01). vG parameter N was in the order AH-D > AA-M > KH-E whereas vG parameter α had a high value in KH-E soil at 0–100 cm in depth. The cumulative AWC (AWCcl, mm) at a soil depth of 0–200 cm was higher in the AH-D than in the KH-E, and was not considered a major factor affecting the distribution of different forest types under the same climatic conditions. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K) at 0–100 cm in depth, estimated by use of models, was higher in AH-D than in KH-E mostly at matric potential ψ > −10 kPa. The low K in KH-E at ψ > −10 kPa was considered favorable for evergreen trees to retain the soil water for the transpiration in the dry season, and the matric potential in KH-E showed more gentle decreases in the early dry seasons than AH-D. Thus the differences in K among generally sandy soil types could possibly affect the establishment of different forest types in the study area with the same climate.     

鄂西南常绿落叶阔叶混交林生态恢复技术研究

常绿落叶阔叶混交林是我国特有的自然植被类型和天然林类型,也是鄂西南武陵山区中山地带最典型、最重要的天然林类型.由于长期过度采伐利用,退化严重.采取全面禁伐的强制性保护措施,恢复进程缓慢,一些严重退化群落甚至难以恢复.遵循常绿落叶阔叶混交林演替规律,借助自然力,通过以积极的人为干预措施,可以快速恢复与重建鄂西南武陵山区常绿落叶阔叶混交林.本文在调查研究的基础上,论述了鄂西南武陵山区常绿落叶阔叶混交林的演替动态和恢复的可能性,分析了常绿落叶阔叶混交林恢复的制约因素,提出了常绿落叶阔叶混交林的恢复的3种方式即人工恢复、人工促进天然恢复和人工重建,以及封禁保护、抚育间伐、补植（播）、封山育林、林分改造和人工重建等恢复技术要点.     

The potential of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa [Sieb. et Zucc.] Endlicher) plantation forests for the restoration of the original plant community in Japan

We estimated the potential of plantation forests for the restoration of the original plant community. We compared the understory vegetation in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa [Sieb. et Zucc.] Endlicher) plantations at the understory re-initiation stage and in adjacent natural forests. To estimate the effect of the original natural forests on the understory species composition of plantation forests, we established study sites in five types of natural forests (mature evergreen broadleaf, mature deciduous broadleaf, mature evergreen coniferous, immature deciduous broadleaf warm-temperate, and immature deciduous broadleaf cool-temperate) and nearby plantation forests. The understory vegetation of the plantation forests had a higher species richness, a higher proportion of early-seral species, and a higher proportion of herb or fern species than the natural forests. The differences between natural and plantation forests varied according to the species composition of the natural forests. The composition of the understory vegetation of the plantations at the understory re-initiation stage was similar to that of the immature deciduous forests. The characteristics of immature, disturbed forests remained in the understory vegetation of the hinoki forests. No great loss of species was observed. Our findings suggest that most of the original forest species still survive in the understory of the plantation forests. These forests have the potential to follow the successional pathway to broadleaf or mixed forests via thinning or clear-cutting without planting.     

不同生态适应型北美红杉的种植环境及造林地选择

北美红杉造林地选择，根据其不同种源和无性系对不同生态环境的适应能力、生长发育的相似群体归类，并按不同的类型选择相应的造林地：中亚热带至北亚热带相关的常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和暖性针叶林植被类型林地，适宜作为温暖湿润生态适应型北美红杉的造林地；中亚热带至北亚热带相关的落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林以及中性湿生灌丛植被类型的林地，适宜作为温暖半湿润生态适应型北美红杉的造林地；北亚热带至暖温带相关的针阔叶混交林、针叶林以及以杜鹃、野山茶、苔草等为代表的灌丛植被类型的林地，适宜作为温凉干燥生态适应型北美红杉的造林地；耐低温类型的北美红杉，已能在云南高海拔地带的暗针叶林地区生存，并有一定生长量，值得继续研究，可选择相应的云杉、冷杉，铁杉、高山栎类、桦木、花楸、槭等针阔叶林地作为高寒山地低温环境型北美红杉造林地。云南省有大面积低产林分和宜林荒山，生产潜力较大，其中有适宜不同生态适应型北美红杉造林的环境。利用这一有利条件，发展北美红杉造林，改造这些低产林分和在适宜的荒山造林，将充分利用土地资源，大大提升这些低产林和宜林荒山的经济效益和生态效益。     

太行山核桃林药材间作试验

太行山核桃林分布广泛,林下土地空闲率高,光照条件良好,适宜间种多种经济作物,林药间作成为理想的经营模式。为了筛选适宜的药材种类,引进射干、知母、桔梗、菊花、瓜蒌、天南星、黄芩、荆芥、土贝母、土木香和丹参共11种中药材,在河北省涉县索堡乡南沟村的核桃林地进行了间种栽培试验,对其生物生态学习性和物候期进行了调查与分析,并针对引种地春季干旱的气候条件,以降低核桃与药材间的竞争强度和提高林地收益为目标,选择育苗难易程度、抗旱性、株高、根系分布深度和经济效益这5项指标进行了综合评价。结果表明:土贝母、知母、菊花、射干、桔梗这5种药材适宜在核桃结果初期(核桃树龄为10~12 a)间种,而荆芥、丹参、土木香这3种药材适宜在核桃幼树期(核桃树龄为3~4 a)种植。     

中国不同地带性森林乔木叶片热值特征及其影响因素

[Objective]To study the leaf calorific value of different forest types.[Method]This study focused on four common forest types widely distributed across China, including boreal coniferous forest, warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and tropical monsoon forest. The leaf calorific values of 175 dominant (or common) tree species were measured. The leaf calorific value characteristics of the trees found in the different forest types were analyzed, and the primary factors affecting leaf calorific value were investigated, including leaf morphological traits, nutrient elements, climate, and soil traits. [Result]The results showed that in these forest types, the leaf calorific values ranged from 14.84 to 21.98 KJ·g^-1, with an overall mean of 19.06 KJ·g^-1. The presence of organisms appeared to affect the leaf calorific value, which differed among forest types as follows: coniferous trees > broadleaf trees or evergreen trees > deciduous trees. [Conclusion]The latitudinal pattern of tree leaf calorific value, ordered from north to south, is as follows: warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest > subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest > tropical mountain rainforest. The mean leaf calorific value of boreal coniferous forest was slightly lower than those of warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. The leaf calorific values were significantly correlated with leaf carbon content (R²= 0.89, P<0.001). A multiple regression equation was established to describe the relationships among leaf calorific value, leaf carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf thickness.