旋流式鱼道的构建与水力特性分析

为增强过鱼设施的蜿蜒性和自然性,该文提出了一种采用曲线型边壁和导流坎的旋流式鱼道结构。首先通过模型试验得到了鱼道在不同工况下鱼道内两侧边壁水流的沿壁沿程水深以及水流流态,观察了过鱼效果,验证了数值计算的准确性,通过数值计算进一步分析了旋流式鱼道的表面流速、近底流速及关键横断面流速分布。结果表明:鱼道内形成的旋流蜿蜒曲折,流态丰富。过鱼通道内主流区流速均不大于0.84 m/s,满足过鱼要求,过鱼对象可以在该鱼道内顺利上溯,主流两侧的缓流或回流区可为鱼类休息之用,说明了鱼道体型的合理性。该文提出的鱼道丰富了鱼道的形式,对今后类似鱼道的设计和建设具有一定的指导意义。     

基于智能体和元胞自动机的鱼道内鱼类行为模拟

为建立基于智能体和元胞自动机(Agent-CA)的鱼道内鱼类行为模型,该研究以计算流体力学软件得到的水流流场数据为基础,根据过鱼试验研究认识到的鱼上溯行为特征和规律,定义了不同场景下鱼的避开障碍、寻找主流、逆流向前、逆流后退、冲刺、随机6种行为和行为规则,将鱼道划分成多个二维元胞空间,将元胞空间中元胞状态为"鱼"的网格看作是一个智能体(Agent)。在3种体型的竖缝式鱼道中应用该模型对草鱼幼鱼的上溯行为进行模拟,并将模拟结果与实际过鱼轨迹进行对比。结果表明:该研究构建的模型能够较好地描述实际过鱼的主要上溯轨迹,针对3种体型竖缝式鱼道的模拟特征轨迹范围相对误差分别为23.5%、7.7%和2.3%。本研究提出的基于智能体和元胞自动机的鱼道内鱼类行为模型具有较好的适用性,可为鱼类行为模拟研究提供重要基础数据。     

电站尾水渠内鱼道进口位置布局

电站尾水渠是上溯鱼类较为理想的聚集场所,利用电站尾水渠合理布置鱼道进口,是目前大中型河流鱼道建设中的研究热点之一。该文通过数值模拟,结合鱼类游泳能力,对利用电站尾水诱鱼的鱼道进口布置进行研究。结果表明:机组运行方式、鱼道进口位置与出流方向均对鱼道进口诱鱼水流产生较大影响。机组运行方式决定了尾水渠内主流的位置,并在主流两侧形成多个回流区。回流区水流的旋转方向和位置对鱼道进口诱鱼水流的影响较大,鱼道进口的诱鱼水流动量较小,其出流方向应与回流区水流方向一致,并可根据电站运行方式,设置多个鱼道进口。主流与回流区之间的过渡区域是布置鱼道进口的重点区域。该研究结果可为优化改进大中型河流鱼道进口设计提供重要参考。     

基于鱼类行为学与水力学的水电站鱼道进口位置选择

鱼道进口位置选择属于鱼类行为学与水力学交叉研究范畴,设置的合适与否直接影响鱼道工程的过鱼效果。根据过鱼对象的游泳能力和生活习性,提出了将下游河道内区域划分为鱼道进口优选区域、鱼道进口备选区域及鱼道进口禁布区域的方法和思路。以某大型水电工程为例,在鱼类行为学基础上,通过对水电站下游流速和流场等水力特性进行分析,结果表明:左岸存在低流速带,鱼类可顺利上溯至尾水渠附近,为鱼道进口主要布置区域;综合生物学指标和水力学指标,利用回流屏障建议将鱼道进口布置于桩号0+200~0+210 m范围内;考虑到部分上溯性较强的鱼类,建议在电站发电机组上方布置备用进口。该研究可为水电工程鱼道进口位置选择提供参考。     

仿自然鱼道水力及过鱼性能物理模型试验

仿自然鱼道是具有一定自然特征的过鱼设施,适用于中低水头工程,是目前鱼道形式研究热点之一。为了获得一种具有综合生态功能的鱼道,该文提出了一种利用芦苇模块构建的植物型鱼道,并通过物理模型试验对其水力特性和过鱼性能进行了研究。结果表明:选取芦苇为基本单元构建植物型鱼道是合适的。植物模块交错布置的植物鱼道内可形成蜿蜒的水流,流态丰富,过鱼通道内流速均小于1.1 m/s,满足过鱼要求。过鱼试验表明,过鱼对象可以在该鱼道内顺利上溯,植物模块下游侧可形成低流速的鱼类休息区,验证了鱼道体型的合理性。该文提出的植物型鱼道丰富了鱼道的形式,具有一定创新性,对今后类似鱼道的设计和建设具有一定的指导意义。     

仿自然鱼道中卵石墙对池室水力特性改善效果

仿自然鱼道是重要的鱼道布置方式之一,其特点是利用当地河床材料构建透水性卵石隔墙,以便更好地模拟出天然河流流态。为了定量分析透水性卵石墙对鱼道水力特性的改善效果,该文针对采用卵石隔墙与不透水隔墙的鱼道水力特性进行对比研究。结果表明:采用卵石墙的仿自然鱼道,池室内流态丰富,过鱼口处流速分布差异明显,表底流速差达到0.43~0.61 m/s为多种鱼类上溯提供了可能。池室内主流区分布较宽,紊动能较大达0.06~0.12 m2/s2,同时回流区减弱,有利于鱼类找到主流,实现上溯。卵石隔墙的不足之处是鱼道耗水流量相对较大达2.86 m3/s,在工程设计中需要综合考虑卵石墙透水特性与耗水流量之间的平衡关系,找到适宜的布置方案。该研究可为仿自然鱼道的水力设计提供参考。     

基于鱼类上溯行为的导鱼堰设计与效果评估

河道内鱼类上溯路径不唯一,聚集位置更是难以预测,对鱼类上溯行为进行有效引导有助于提升过鱼设施进口的效率。为此,该研究提出了一种导鱼堰的概念和设计方法,结合姚家坪水电站的过鱼设施,利用流场三维数值模拟、鱼类洄游（active fish migration,AFM）模型和实鱼试验对导鱼堰的效果进行评估。结果表明：姚家平水利枢纽工程的导鱼堰上下游水面落差为0.36～0.40 m,过堰水流流速可达1.5～2.8 m/s,形成阻鱼的屏障,并在导鱼堰下游侧形成了诱导鱼类向集鱼渠进鱼口游动的唯一低流速上溯通道,鱼类聚集点趋于唯一,验证了导鱼堰方案的合理性。利用鱼类洄游模型对导鱼堰的导鱼效果进行预测,结果表明,下游高水位和低水位2种工况下,90%以上的鱼类游动路径均表现出相似的规律,鱼类沿河道右岸和导鱼堰下游侧的低流速通道上溯,并最终聚集在集鱼渠的进鱼口处。放鱼试验中试验个体全部进入集鱼渠,结果进一步证实导鱼堰可以有效引导鱼类游动路线,并在集鱼渠进鱼口处形成唯一的聚集区。本文提出的导鱼堰丰富了生态水工建筑物的形式,可为过鱼设施进口的水力设计及下游河道的局部整治提供参考。     

过鱼设施进口区域水温对集诱鱼效果的影响

库区水温分层与过鱼通道隔断是水利水电工程建设随之产生的生态环境影响之一。过鱼效果是评估过鱼设施建设成功与否的关键指标。对于存在水温分层的高坝工程而言,过鱼设施进口附近存在的温差效应是否会对进口区域的集诱鱼效果产生影响是当前应该解决的首要问题之一。该研究通过建立三维水温水动力数学模型与包含过鱼设施进口段和明渠河流段的物理模型,分别开展了水温水动力预测及实鱼过鱼试验研究工作,研究结果表明：温差效应对进口附近水动力条件影响甚微,影响区域主要取决于鱼道流量,而岸边水温量值则取决于温差的大小;增大明渠流量将增加上溯鱼类发现鱼道进口的难度;沿冷水区域上溯样本量占总样本的39%,沿温水区域上溯样本量占总样本的61%,由此可知,温水区域对洄游鱼类更具有吸引力;温差效应在一定程度上有利于洄游鱼类发现鱼道进口并在进口区域聚集,与冷水区域相比,温水有效区域鱼进入鱼道进口的尝试率提高了17个百分点。研究成果可为相关人员尝试采用改变水温调整洄游鱼类上溯路线,改善鱼道进口集诱鱼,进而提升鱼道过鱼效果提供思路。     

基于PIT技术的老口航运枢纽鱼道通行效率及鱼类行为分析

PIT（passive integrated transponder）射频芯片跟踪作为一种监测方法,被广泛应用于鱼类洄游行为监测及评估鱼道过鱼效率。为了解鱼类在郁江老口航运枢纽鱼道的上溯速度、昼夜特征行为及鱼道通行效率等情况,从而为鱼道设计提供更多参考,该研究以优势种鲮（Cirrhinus molitorella）为试验对象,搭半双工（half duplex,HDX） PIT 标记射频芯片跟踪系统,在鱼道中设置了5个监测断面。有效试验鱼共63尾,全部为野生个体,全长范围为16.00～23.50 cm,均值为（19.05±1.49）cm。试验发现,试验鱼在白天活动较为活跃,夜晚则处于休息状态;多数个体在标记放流后上行至第一个天线所需时间超过10 h;标记试验鱼通过整个鱼道的历时为648～5359 min,总通行效率为50.79%。研究可为国内过鱼设施通行效率量化及鱼道中鱼类上溯行为特征研究提供参考。     

太极式鱼道水力特性试验研究及数值模拟

针对传统鱼道一经建成,其固体边界条件已经固定,池室内水流流速分布变化不大而难以适应多种鱼类通过的缺点,该文研究一种通过太极圆盘和八卦爻条消减水流能量,形成多态流速场以适应多种鱼类洄游的太极式新型鱼道,并对其进行了水力模型试验和数值分析。首先通过模型试验得到了鱼道在不同工况下的流态和沿程水深变化,然后通过数值计算得到了与模型试验相近的结果,并进一步分析了太极式鱼道的表面流速、近底流速及关键横断面流速分布。结果表明:太极式新型鱼道具有显著的消能减速效果,最浅处水深达到无太极圆盘时相应最浅水深的2倍左右,断面平均最大流速为0.95 m/s,相对于无太极圆盘的情况降低50%左右,池室内水流呈现多态化,另外随太极圆盘方位不同流速场亦有明显变化,该种鱼道可为鱼类提供更多适宜的洄游条件。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.