甘肃省马铃薯主要病毒病发生情况调查

2015年-2016年,在甘肃省10个地市24个马铃薯主栽县(区)146个生态区域(乡镇)采集了757份具有典型症状的马铃薯样品,应用DAS-ELISA法进行检测,筛查6种主要病毒(PVX、PVY、PLRV、PVA、PVS和PVM)。结果表明:631份样品检测到病毒,PVS的检出率最高,达47.03%,PVY次之,为33.82%,PVA最低,只有0.63%;发生复合侵染的病毒主要为PVY+PVS,复合侵染率达到10.13%,三种病毒复合侵染主要是PVY+PVS+PVM;病毒种类和感病程度与品种、地域有关。     

广西罗汉果病毒病发生情况调查

2002年对广西5个县9个乡(镇)74309株罗汉果病害调查明确,传统种植的罗汉果病毒病发病率平均为52.8％,严重的达100％;采用组培苗种植的病毒病发病率平均为13.9％,重病的达63.0％。传统的种薯种植,品种退化,人工抹芽、授粉,蚜虫传毒,以及果园附近插花种植病毒寄主植物,是广西罗汉果种植区罗汉果病毒病发生严重的原因。     

福建省葡萄病毒病的调查和研究

１９９０～１９９２年作者对福建省葡萄产区进行了抽样调查，发现该省约３１％的果园有葡萄扇叶病（ＧＦＬＶ）和葡萄卷叶病（ＧＬＲＶ）。在调查的１１３００株葡萄中（６０２亩），ＧＦＬＤ株发病率为１３．２７％，造成葡萄减产２７．２％；ＧＬＲＶ株发病率为７．３％，减产２１．５％。病株表现为不同程度的种性退化，生长赢弱、停滞，果实品质下降，果粒成熟不齐。     

福建省葡萄病毒病的调查和研究

１９９０～１９９２年作者对福建省葡萄产区进行了抽样调查，发现该省约３１％的果园有葡萄扇叶病（ＧＦＬＶ）和葡萄卷叶病（ＧＬＲＶ）。在调查的１１３００株葡萄中（６０２亩），ＧＦＬＤ株发病率为１３．２７％，造成葡萄减产２７．２％；ＧＬＲＶ株发病率为７．３％，减产２１．５％。病株表现为不同程度的种性退化，生长赢弱、停滞，果实品质下降，果粒成熟不齐。     

陕西省玉米病毒病发生调查简报

作者1993年对陕西中、东部地区玉米病毒病发生和流行因素进行了调查，明确了在陕西发生的玉米病毒病中玉米粗缩病占70％～80％，玉米矮花叶病占20％～30％。前者在田间仅由飞虱传播，其初侵染源来自于越冬的飞虱成、若虫及带毒冬小麦；后者主要传播媒介为蚜虫，初侵染源只有多年生禾本科杂草。影响发病原因与玉米品种、播期及传播媒介种群数量有关。     

2009年河北省番茄黄化曲叶病毒病发生危害和分布

2009年,河北省主要番茄种植区发生一种疑似番茄黄化曲叶病毒病的新病害。本文在田间调查、取样的基础上,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ID-ELISA)方法对病原进行鉴定,明确了番茄黄化曲叶病在河北省的分布与危害:至2009年9月,番茄黄化曲叶病毒病已在河北省南部的邯郸、邢台和石家庄,中部的保定和衡水等地严重发生,河北省中北部廊坊、沧州南部靠近衡水的部分地市亦零星发生此病害,应用TYLCV检测试剂盒检测的29个品种58个标样A405值达到2.1～7.5。唐山、承德地区尚未发现番茄黄化曲叶病的危害,4个县市9个番茄品种检测结果均呈阴性。     

湖南省马铃薯病毒病发生情况调查

为了解湖南省马铃薯种薯质量和主要病毒病发生情况,2019年-2020年马铃薯秋作和冬作期间,对长沙、益阳、湘潭、澧临等马铃薯生产区的155个马铃薯样品,运用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附检测(DAS-ELISA)技术,筛查6种主要马铃薯病毒,包括马铃薯X病毒Potato virus X(PVX)、马铃薯Y病毒Potato virus Y(PVY)、马铃薯M病毒Potato virus M(PVM)、马铃薯S病毒Potato virus S(PVS)、马铃薯A病毒Potato virus A(PVA)、马铃薯卷叶病毒Potato leaf roll virus(PLRV)。检测结果表明:6种马铃薯病毒病在湖南均有不同程度的发生,单一和两种病毒复合感染植株占比最高,其次是3种病毒复合感染,存在极少数植株复合感染4～5种病毒病情况。在秋作马铃薯中,PVY检出率达到29.41%;PVS和PVA检出率均为27.94%;PVM、PVX、PLRV的检出率分别为20.59%、19.12%、17.65%。在冬作马铃薯中,PVX检出率最高,达到31.03%;其次是PLRV,...     

应用单克隆抗体检测大麦黄花叶病毒

作者应用已建立的大麦黄花叶病毒(BaYMV)的4F_(10)单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株,经小白鼠腹水生产单克隆抗体,用过碘酸钠法制备了辣根过氧化物酶标记的酶标单克隆抗体。并由此建立了检测大麦黄花叶病毒的标准的双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(DAS-ELISA)。其检测提纯病毒的灵敏度为3.0μg/ml左右,感病大麦叶片汁液的最大稀释度为1:2560,病茎稀释度为1:160。对采自我国7个主要BaYMV发病区感病的样品进行了检测,绝大多数均显示强阳性,只有宝山样品例外。本项试验为BaYMV诊断的标准试剂盒的建立进行了有益的尝试。     

广西烟草病毒病发生情况调查和病原病毒的鉴定

2010~2011年对广西百色市、河池市和贺州市的主要烤烟产区进行烟草病毒病发生情况和种类调查。结果显示,广西烟草病毒病以由烟草花叶病毒和黄瓜花叶病毒引起的花叶类型症状为主,一般发病率1.0%~10.0%,个别严重发病田块发病率达到82.0%~100.0%;马铃薯Y病毒病、番茄斑萎病毒病和曲叶病则为局部发生病害,其中马铃薯Y病毒病在靖西县、南丹县、富川县和钟山县零星发生,发病率0.1%~5.0%,个别田块达到20.0%;番茄斑萎病毒病主要在靖西县、隆林县、田林县和南丹县发生;曲叶病仅在靖西县、隆林县、田林县和乐业县等百色市烟区发现。采用间接ELISA、PCR和RT-PCR等方法对田间采集的185个各类疑似病毒病样进行病毒种类检测,其中145个样品检测出病毒,分别是烟草花叶病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒、马铃薯Y病毒、番茄环纹斑点病毒、中国番茄曲叶病毒和中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒,以及分别由上述2种病毒与云南辣椒曲叶病毒重组而来的2种重组病毒,其中以TMV的检出率最高,占检出样品的86.7%,是广西烟草病毒病的优势病原病毒。     

湖北省蔬菜烟粉虱发生与危害初步调查

自20世纪90年代末期以来,烟粉虱在我国广大地区突然大面积暴发成灾。同时,温室白粉虱也发生严重,由于两种粉虱除直接危害农作物外,还传播多种重要的植物病毒病。它们寄主重叠、危害习性相同、形态十分相似、生活史也十分相近,除专门研究人员外,一般很难将两种由于粉虱区别开来。2005年,我们观察到烟粉虱在我省蔬菜上发生较重,且有B型存在的可能,特此报道。     

冬季南繁棉花上的病害问题

经数年对棉花南繁病虫害调查明确,冬季在海南进行棉花加代繁殖时棉花病害发生种类和发生规律有别于我国内地其他棉区,其苗期主要病害是立枯病、猝倒病,铃期有疫病、炭疽病和曲霉病等。     

Viruses and virus diseases of grapevine in Palestine

Surveys were carried out in vineyards in the main grapevine-growing areas of Palestine (Hebron, Bethlehem, Gaza, Jerusalem, Ramallah, Jenin, Jericho and Nablus) to assess the presence and incidence of virus and virus-like diseases. Leafroll symptoms were observed in Bethlehem, Ramallah and Jerusalem in native and imported cultivars, with higher rates in the red-fruited Shami, Beitoni and Smari. Rugose-wood symptoms were also observed in local and foreign cultivars, especially on grafted vines with a high incidence in Bethlehem. Fanleaf symptoms were rarely observed, while phytoplasma-induced symptoms were observed in Jenin, Jericho and Bethlehem on cvs Biadi, Superior Seedless and Beitoni. ELISA tests showed that 463 out of 566 (82%) tested vines were infected by at least one virus. GVA was the prevailing virus (66.1%), followed by GLRaV-1 (45.6%), GLRaV-3 (21.7%), GFkV (15.7%) and GLRaV-2 (8.3%). GVB and GFLV were also detected to a lesser extent, their incidence ranging between 3.7 and 1.2%, whereas GLRaV-7 was detected in a single vine of cv. Sultanina of foreign origin. Vineyards in the Bethlehem area were particularly badly damaged (97.5%), and some local cultivars were totally (Jandali, Marrawi and Shoyoukhi) or heavily infected (Zaini, Biadi and Shami). ELISA testing of 69 young rootstock mother plants showed a relatively high incidence of virus infection (20.3%). Vein necrosis and vein mosaic diseases were also ascertained on graft-inoculated 110R and Vitis riparia indicator plants, whereas no viruses other than GFLV were mechanically transmitted from about 200 vines onto inoculated herbaceous hosts.     

Viruses and virus diseases of grapevine in Tunisia

Mature canes were collected from vines in the main grapevine-growing areas in Tunisia (Cape Bon, Bizerte, Ben Arous), from commercial vineyards and mother-plant plots, to assess the presence of virus and virus-like diseases. Biological (mechanical transmission onto herbaceous hosts and grafting onto indicator woody plants) and serological detection (ELISA) methods were applied. ELISA showed that 96.4% of 669 vines tested were infected, most of them (88.1%) by at least two viruses. Grapevine leafroll-associated 3 closterovirus (GLRaV-3) was the most widespread virus (87.9%), followed by grapevine A vitiviras (GVA, 69.4%), grapevine fleck virus (GFkV, 51.9%), grapevine leafroll-associated 1 closterovirus (GLRaV-1, 36.8%), grapevine leafroll-associated 2 closterovirus (GLRaV-2, 19.1%), grapevine fan leaf nepovirus (GFLV, 18.2%) and grapevine B vitiviras (GVB, 14.8%). ELISA tests yielded negative results for grapevine leafroll-associated 7 closterovirus (GLRaV-7) and potato X potexvirus (PVX). The highest infections were found in Bizerte and Cape Bon regions (100 and 99.2%), and in vineyards aged over 20 years (98.5%) as compared with the younger ones (81.1%). Rootstocks in mother-plant plots were practically free from all the viruses tested (1 plant infected out of 81), whereas severe infections were found in Vitis vinifera mother plants (67.4% of 341 samples), in particular table grapes (92.6%) compared with wine grapes (47.9%). In these mother-plant plots, the prevailing viruses were GLRaV-3 (41.3%), followed by GFkV (36.7%), GVA (27.9%), GLRaV-1 (17%) and GLRaV-2 (15.2%). GFLV and GVB were far more limited (1.5 and 0.6%, respectively). The presence of vein necrosis and vein mosaic was ascertained by transmission onto 110R and Vitis riparia indicators, whereas only GFLV was mechanically transmitted onto herbaceous hosts (from about 20% of the samples).     

Viruses and virus diseases of grapevine in Egypt

Surveys for virus and virus-like diseases were carried out in commercial vineyards of the main grapevine-growing areas of Egypt along the river Nile and in recently reclaimed desert lands. The only symptoms observed and identified with reasonable confidence in the field were those of leafroll disease in red-berried cultivars. No virus was transmitted to herbaceous hosts by mechanical inoculation from glasshouse-forced cuttings of about 300 vines (40% of total samples). By contrast, ELISA tests showed that 78% of the assayed European vines (521 out of 664) were infected by one (29%) or more (49%) viruses. Grapevine virus A (GVA) was the most widespread virus (67.9% infection), followed by Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) (55.9% infection). All the other viruses tested for were scarcely represented, i.e. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) 1.8% infection, Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) 1.4% infection, Grapevine virus B (GVB) (0.6% infection) and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) (0.2% infection), or, like Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), were totally absent. The infection rate of native cultivars (86%) was particularly heavy. 'Banaty Abiad' and 'Romy Ahmer', the two major Egyptian cultivars, had infection levels of 78% and 89%, respectively, and 'Fayoumy', the most important cultivar in the Fayoum area, had 96% infection. Totally infected were the tested samples of several minor native cultivars such as 'Farg El-Tair', 'Siwi Abiad', 'Ta'afi', 'Romy Abiad', 'Eswid El-Wady', 'Edkawy' and 'Bez El-Anza'. Slightly better was the sanitary situation of imported European grapevine cultivars (60% infection) and of American rootstocks (11.5% infection). In rootstocks, infection rate by GVA and GLRaV-3 was 5.5%, whereas GVB and GLRaV-1 were only sporadically detected.     

Viruses and virus diseases of grapevine in Lebanon

Grapevines were surveyed for the presence of virus and virus-like diseases in the main viticultural areas of Lebanon (Bekaa valley, Mount Lebanon, South and North Lebanon). Symptoms of rugose wood were observed in vines ofall cultivars and areas surveyed, whereas leafroll was observed only in some vineyards of the Bekaa valley and, to a lesser extent, in South Lebanon on cvs Tfaifihi, Cinsaut and Cardinal. Symptoms of fanleaf and of phytoplasma-induced yellows were also observed with low frequency in the Bekaa valley on wine-grape cultivars. ELISA tests showed that 53% of 1536 Vitis vinifera vines individually checked were infected by one or more viruses. Grapevine trichovirus A (GVA) was the prevailing virus (32.4%), followed by grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) (19.5%) and grapevine leafroll-associated closterovirus 3 (GLRaV-3) (12.4%). Grapevine leafroll-associated closterovirus 1 (GLRaV-l), grapevine trichovirus B (GVB) and grapevine fanleaf nepovirus (GFLV) were also detected to a lesser extent, their incidence ranging between 1.1 and 3.6%.     

我国太子参主产区病毒病发生情况调查

为调查我国太子参主产区病毒病发生情况,使用RT-PCR法对采自福建省柘荣县,贵州省施秉县、丹寨县和安徽省宣城市的71份具有典型病毒病症状的太子参样品进行检测,并根据CP氨基酸序列对不同地区病毒进行系统进化分析。RT-PCR结果显示,65份样品检出病毒,检出率为91.55%,其中,56份样品检出芜菁花叶病毒Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV),49份样品检出蚕豆萎蔫病毒2号Broad bean wilt virus 2(BBWV2),9份样品检测出黄瓜花叶病毒Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV),检出率分别为78.87%、69.01%和12.68%。未检测到烟草花叶病毒Tobacco mosaic virus(TMV)。序列和系统发育进化分析显示,本研究获得的TuMV、BBWV2和CMV与NCBI数据库中的序列相似度较高,核苷酸相似度分别为98.05%～98.98%、93.61%～94.25%和98.02%～99.17%,氨基酸序列相似度分别为:96.14%～97.47%、97.33%～98.50%和98.00%～100%,分别属于World-B组、Ⅰ-a亚...     

2012年山东省二点委夜蛾发生情况调查初报

于2012年7-9月对山东省17个地市夏玉米田、大豆田等地块二点委夜蛾的发生危害情况做了抽样调查。结果表明,该虫在全省各地市均有分布,发生范围进一步扩大,以烟台发生最重平均虫口密度为3.27头/m2,其次是潍坊、临沂、莱芜和聊城,平均虫口密度分别为1.87、1.77、1.74和1.62头/m2。最大虫口密度达到16头/m2。7月中下旬,3、4龄幼虫发生达到高峰。二点委夜蛾幼虫喜欢栖息在有麦秸、花生秧、杂草覆盖的潮湿地表中。     

烟台市果园杂草的种类调查

通过1998－1999两年的调查，基本摸清了烟台市果园杂草种类，共29科79种杂草。其优势种群为以禾本科和菊科杂草为主的13科20种杂草。     

湖北省葡萄主要病害发生特点及防治技术

葡萄的种植面积逐年上升,葡萄病害也日趋复杂、多样.本文着重阐述了湖北省主要葡萄病害发生特点及其综合防治方法.     

我国云南、湖北和山东葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性检测

为明确我国云南省宾川县、湖北省公安县和山东省烟台市葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性发生态势,采用叶盘漂浮法测定了这3个产区共127株葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性频率及抗性水平。结果显示,不同区域间病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均存在差异。其中,湖北省公安县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较高,抗性频率达92.0%,高抗菌株占76.0%,低抗菌株占16.0%,敏感菌株占8.0%;山东省烟台市霜霉病菌的抗性频率为74.0%,低抗菌株占64.0%,高抗菌株占10.0%,敏感菌株占26.0%;云南省宾川县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较低,抗性频率为29.6%,敏感菌株占70.4%,低抗菌株占29.6%,无高抗菌株。