白杨双交杂种无性系抗旱性鉴定指标分析

以白杨双交杂种无性系为材料 ,在水分胁迫条件下 ,对无性系生理和生长差异进行研究的基础上 ,建立了抗旱性筛选的指标体系 ,对无性系进行了抗旱性鉴定 ,并对代表干旱适应能力指标及抗旱生产力指标进行了比较分析 ,筛选出了叶片失水率、渗透调节能力、蒸腾速率、净光合速率、苗高和单叶面积 6项指标 ,用于无性系对干旱适应性和抗旱生产力的综合鉴定指标     

白杨派杂种无性系及其亲本光合和生长对盐胁迫的反应

以白杨派单交和双交杂种无性系1年生扦插苗为材料,分析不同盐胁迫条件下无性系的生长及光合系统的反应,并对无性系间的差异进行比较.研究表明:盐胁迫对叶片生长、苗高生长及苗木生物量积累均产生不同程度的影响.随着盐浓度升高,各项生长指标迅速下降,但下降的幅度不同,苗木生物量积累受影响最大.茎叶生长对盐胁迫的敏感性大于根系生长,从而导致根/(茎 叶)生物量随盐胁迫的发展而升高.盐胁迫下4个无性系的净光合速率(Pn)日变化基本上都呈单峰曲线,但随胁迫加强,Pn值迅速降低.盐胁迫下,叶位从幼到老,Pn表现为单峰型变化,中部功能叶Pn值最大,嫩叶和老叶较小,盐胁迫对无性系嫩叶Pn几乎无影响,却显著降低中部功能叶和老叶的Pn值,且随着胁迫时间延长,对叶片Pn的影响加强.盐胁迫降低各无性系的叶绿素含量,且使叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线发生明显变化,其参数qN(荧光非光化学猝灭系数)值随盐浓度增加而上升,而qp(荧光光化学猝灭系数)、Fv/Fo(PSⅡ潜在活性)值随盐浓度增加而下降.盐胁迫对双交杂种无性系B430影响最小,单交无性系毛新杨和亲本新疆杨次之,亲本毛白杨对盐胁迫反应最敏感.     

施肥对毛白杨杂种无性系幼苗生长和光合的影响

采用正交设计L9(34)布置氮、磷、钾3因素3水平的肥料试验,研究氮、磷、钾配施对毛白杨杂种无性系苗木生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:1)不同的施肥处理对相同系号的苗木影响不同,而不同系号的苗木对相同施肥处理响应也不一致,因此不仅要找出最佳的氮、磷、钾施肥量及其比例,而且要针对不同的无性系制定不同的施肥配方;2)毛白杨杂种无性系的生长和生理特征对于不同施肥配方的响应不完全一致,毛白杨杂种无性系S86号的最佳施肥配方为N(3g)+P2O5(2.25g)+K2O(0g),46号的最佳配比为N(5g)+P2O5(4.5g)+K2O(1g);3)毛白杨杂种无性系S86和46号处理间净光合速率×总叶面积(PTL)较净光合速率(Pn)差异更显著,并且与生长的相关性要高于净光合速率与生长的相关性,相关系数在0.80以上;4)不同的氮、磷、钾配施处理对毛白杨杂种无性系苗木各项生长指标和生理指标有显著影响,以氮肥影响最大,磷和钾肥影响较小。该研究对毛白杨杂种无性系的合理施肥具有理论和实际指导意义。     

廊坊杨和三倍体毛白杨苗期的抗旱性试验

以廊坊杨1号、2号、3号、三倍体毛白杨4个无性系1 a生扦插苗为试验材料,在4种水分胁迫条件下对各无性系的生理生长指标进行分析。结果表明,水分胁迫对各无性系的SOD、MDA、质膜透性、叶绿素含量、离体叶片失水率以及高生长等指标均产生显著差异;用模糊数学隶属度公式对各无性系抗旱性进行综合评定,其抗旱能力从大到小为廊坊杨1号、廊坊杨3号、廊坊杨2号、三倍体毛白杨。     

水分胁迫对麻栎苗木生长和生理的影响

为探究不同程度水分胁迫对麻栎苗木各项生长指标和叶片色素含量及其净光合速率的影响。以山东省临沂市为试验地点,设置轻度(加水使水面位于盆土1/2的高度)、中度(加水使水面与盆土表面相平)、重度(加水使水面高于盆土表面15 cm)3个不同程度的水分胁迫处理,对不同程度水分胁迫下麻栎苗木的各项生长和生理指标进行评估,比较不同程度水分胁迫对麻栎苗木梢高生长量、梢粗生长量、叶片含水量,及其叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,及净光合速率的影响。结果表明：3个不同程度水分胁迫下麻栎苗木的梢高生长量、梢粗生长量、叶片含水量,及其叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,及净光合速率存在显著差异;除空白对照外,各处理组梢高生长量和叶片含水量比较为：轻度>中度>重度,各处理组梢粗生长量比较为：重度>中度>轻度;各处理组叶片叶绿素含量及净光合速率比较均为：轻度>中度>重度。随着水分胁迫程度的不断加重,麻栎苗木的生长状况逐渐变差。研究可为麻栎苗木的科学培育提供参考。     

优良白杨新品种BL193对水分胁迫的反应

用盆栽法设置３个土壤相对含水量，研究ＢＬ１９３苗木生长和生理指标对土壤水分胁迫的反应。结果表明，在水分胁迫条件下，苗木生长受到严重抑制，蒸腾速率和气孔阻力日变幅减小，净光合速率降低；随着水分胁迫的加剧，渗透调节能力得到一定程度提高；为维持苗木正常生长，土壤含水量应不低于田间持水量的６０％。     

水分胁迫下臭椿幼苗几个生理指标的变化

臭椿苗木在水分胁迫下,相对含水量、叶绿素含量降低,质膜进性增大。随着水分胁迫时间的延长,苗木这几项生理指标所受的影响程度也加重。臭椿不同年龄阶段的苗木抗性不同。叶片质膜透性、相对含水量、叶绿素含量等指标,可作为评价臭椿苗木早期抗旱生理指标。     

水分胁迫对大叶相思苗木生长及生物量的影响及评价

对大叶相思苗木进行4个水分胁迫强度,4个水分胁迫循环周期的试验,研究其对大叶相思苗木的生长及生物量的影响.结果表明:不同水分胁迫强度和次数对大叶相思苗木生长、生物量及其分配的影响显著;大叶相思苗木在水分胁迫下生长受到抑制,根占总生物量的比例随水分胁迫梯度和次数的加大而增加;在不同的水分胁迫下,以间隔7 d浇水的处理为最佳的水分胁迫梯度,第二循环周期为最适胁迫周期.     

水分胁迫对赤桉苗木生长及生物量的影响和评价

通过对赤桉苗木进行3个水分胁迫强度,4个水分胁迫循环周期的试验,研究其对赤桉苗木的生长及生物量的影响。结果表明：不同水分胁迫强度和次数对赤桉苗木生长、生物量极其分配的影响显著,赤桉在水分胁迫下,生长受到抑制,根占总生物量的比例随水分胁迫梯度和次数的加大而增加;在不同的水分胁迫下,以间隔10天浇水的处理为最佳的水分胁迫梯度,第二循环周期为最适胁迫周期。     

赤峰36号杨幼苗对水分协迫的生理响应

以赤峰36号杨1 a生幼苗为材料,采用渗透胁迫处理的方法,研究杨树幼苗生理指标对水分不同强度胁迫的响应,结果表明:在3种水分强度胁迫下,杨树幼苗各生理指响应不同,当PEG体积分数为10%时,苗木水势和POD活性较对照变化明显,但MDA含量和质膜相对透性变化不显著,说明该强度的水分协迫未对杨树幼苗造成生理伤害;当PEG质量分数为15%时,虽然MDA含量较对照变化不显著,但苗木水势、POD活性和质膜相对透性却发生了显著变化,尤以质膜相对透性变化明显,说明该强度的水分协迫已对细胞造成了伤害;当PEG质量分数达到20%时,4种生理指标较对照均出现显著变化,说明该强度的水分胁迫对幼苗造成了严重伤害。     

Effects of water stress on growth,dry matter allocation and water-use efficiency of a leguminous species, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sophora davidii</Emphasis>

The adaptation responses to different water conditions and the drought tolerance of Sophora davidii seedlings were assessed in a greenhouse experiment. Two-month-old seedlings were subjected to the following water supplies for 95 days: 100, 80, 60, 40 and 20% of field water capacity. The seedlings at 100% FC had the greatest productivity, height, basal diameter, branch number, leaf number and leaf area. Water supply <80% FC was the threshold of drought-initiated negative effects on seedling growth, yield and physiological processes; these parameters were severely reduced at 20% FC, however, there was no plant death during the experiment. Moreover, water stress decreased leaf relative water content, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, and water-use efficiency (WUE), whereas it increased the biomass allocation to roots, which resulted in a higher root:stem mass ratio under drought. The S. davidii seedlings tolerated drought by maintaining high leaf relative water content and by reducing branching and leaf expansion. However, low productivity and WUE at 20% FC suggested that seedlings did not produce high biomass under severe drought. Therefore, prior to introducing S. davidii in forestation efforts, a water supply >40% FC is recommended for seedlings to maintain growth and productivity. These results provide insights into limitations and opportunities for establishment of S. davidii in arid regions.     

水分胁迫对普陀樟幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以普陀樟2年生实生苗为试验材料,测定普陀樟在不同水分条件下的生长状况和相关的生理生化指标,研究表明:淹水和干旱胁迫下,普陀樟的高生长、生物量积累和叶绿素含量都降低;植物叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛和可溶性糖含量显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性随着胁迫时间的延长表现出先升高后降低的趋势;45 d的胁迫解除后,各处理的恢复能力表现为轻旱>冠淹>重旱>根淹,根淹处理不能恢复,逐渐枯亡,而冠淹处理因为植株干部皮孔增大反而比根淹的表现好,与干旱胁迫相比,普陀樟对水淹胁迫的反应更敏感,且耐受时间更持久,表现出较强的耐涝性.     

干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗生物量分配的影响

干旱是主要的环境胁迫因子之一,严重影响植物的分布与生长发育。通过选取辽宁阜新章古台沙地1年生榆树幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水方法,设置田间持水量80%、60%、40%和20%等4个水分处理梯度,研究干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗株高、基径及叶片、茎和根系生物量分配的影响。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度增加,幼苗茎和根系的生物量逐渐降低;但轻度干旱胁迫增加了株高和基径的生长,提高了叶片生物量,以抵御干旱胁迫的影响。中度干旱胁迫下,增加了根系生物量分配的比例,从而更利于获取水分资源适应干旱环境;重度干旱胁迫下幼苗无法存活。在科尔沁沙地,栽植榆树幼苗保证存活生长的最低田间持水量为40%。     

乌桕幼苗耐旱性研究

采用PEC,6000模拟干旱胁迫和自然干旱胁迫两种方法,通过测定土壤含水量、叶片电导率、叶片丙二醛含量等指标,分析比较不同品种乌桕幼苗在干旱胁迫下的生理生化变化及耐旱性。结果表明：鸟桕幼苗优13和优24耐旱性较强,优23子代幼苗耐旱性最弱。PEC6000模拟干旱胁迫与自然干旱胁迫试验结果基本一致,可以在一定程度上反映正常的干旱胁迫。     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the drought tolerance of Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedlings under greenhouse conditions

Cyclobalanopsis glauca is an important afforestation tree species that is widely used for revegetating the karst region of southwest China. Vegetation in this region is regularly commonly subjected to drought stress because of the geology and water shortages. Here, we investigated the influence of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices on the drought tolerance of C. glauca seedlings under greenhouse conditions. AMF-treated and non-AMF-treated C. glauca seedlings were maintained under two different water regimes (well watered: 80 % field capacity; drought stress: 40 % field capacity) for 90 days. The AMF colonization rate was higher under well-watered conditions compared to drought stress conditions. The growth and physiological performance of C. glauca seedlings were significantly affected by drought stress. Under drought stress conditions, mycorrhizal seedlings had greater height, base diameter, leaf area, and biomass compared to non-mycorrhizal seedlings. In addition, under drought conditions, AMF-inoculated seedlings had greater superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, higher soluble sugar content, and lower proline content compared to non-inoculated seedlings. Furthermore, AMF colonization increased the phosphorus and potassium content of seedling shoots under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. Therefore, AMF colonization enhanced the drought tolerance of C. glauca seedlings by improving growth performance, nutrient content, the quantity of osmotic adjustment compounds, and antioxidant enzyme activity. The results indicate that AMF are of potential use for the restoration of vegetation in the karst region of southwest China.     

巴东木莲幼苗对干旱胁迫的生长和生理响应

采用盆栽人工模拟控水法干旱胁迫,探讨巴东木莲Manglietia patungensis幼苗的生长和生理特性对干旱胁迫的响应情况,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,巴东木莲幼苗苗高、地径和生物量逐渐降低,可溶性蛋白含量逐渐升高,叶绿素含量在对照处理略高,在轻度胁迫处理和中度胁迫处理明显降低。随着胁迫时间的延长,巴东木莲幼苗叶片组织相对含水量降低,丙二醛含量先升后降再升,脯氨酸含量逐渐升高,保护酶SOD活性均呈先增加而后降低的变化趋势。研究表明:在不同程度的干旱胁迫条件下,巴东木莲幼苗的生长受到一定程度的抑制,但能够通过调节自身的保护酶系统活性和渗透调节物质含量来减轻干旱伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而表现出一定的抗旱耐旱潜力。     

Tolerance of Japanese larch to drought is modified by nitrogen and water regimes during cultivation of container seedlings

Improving drought tolerance of container seedlings of Japanese larch is of high importance to afforestation. We hypothesized that adequate nitrogen (N) and limited water supply would increase the tolerance of container seedlings to water-deficit stress, circumventing photoinhibition, by means of (i) enhanced photosynthetic capacity with higher leaf N and (ii) decreased water loss from leaves with lower biomass allocation into aboveground parts. Container seedlings of Japanese larch were grown under the treatment combinations of adequate (+?N: 300 mg N container^?1) or limited (??N: 150 mg N container^?1) N and adequate (+?W: daily irrigation) or limited (??W: twice-a-week irrigation) water. Then, seedlings were subjected to a progressive drought treatment. Higher leaf N was observed in container seedlings grown under?+?N and???W. During progressive drought, lower stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate were observed in leaves with higher leaf N at a given predawn leaf water potential. Furthermore, the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m) was lower in leaves with higher leaf N, suggesting that higher leaf N might impair intrinsic tolerance to drought at the leaf level contrary to expectations. Conversely,???N and???W seedlings with lower shoot biomass delayed soil drying as a whole-plant response via a reduction in leaf transpiration, leading to delayed photoinhibition as indicated by a decline in F_v/F_m. To circumvent stress at the initial stage of water deficit, lower leaf N via limited N regime and smaller shoot biomass driven by limited N and water regimes would be important.

     

Responses to water stress in two Eucalyptus globulus clones differing in drought tolerance

We evaluated drought resistance mechanisms in a drought-tolerant clone (CN5) and a drought-sensitive clone (ST51) of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. based on the responses to drought of some physiological, biophysical and morphological characteristics of container-grown plants, with particular emphasis on root growth and hydraulic properties. Water loss in excess of that supplied to the containers led to a general decrease in growth and significant reductions in leaf area ratio, specific leaf area and leaf-to-root area ratio. Root hydraulic conductance and leaf-specific hydraulic conductance decreased as water stress became more severe. During the experiment, the drought-resistant CN5 clone maintained higher leaf water status (higher predawn and midday leaf water potentials), sustained a higher growth rate (new leaf area expansion and root growth) and displayed greater carbon allocation to the root system and lower leaf-to-root area ratio than the drought-sensitive ST51 clone. Clone CN5 possessed higher stomatal conductances at moderate stress as well as higher hydraulic conductances than Clone ST51. Differences in the response to drought in root biomass, coupled with changes in hydraulic properties, accounted for the clonal differences in drought tolerance, allowing Clone CN5 to balance transpiration and water absorption during drought treatment and thereby prolong the period of active carbon assimilation.     

干旱胁迫对不同种源沙柳苗木水势和水分利用效率的影响

通过人工模拟方式对5个种源沙柳苗木进行干旱胁迫处理,研究干旱处理不同阶段苗木小枝水势日变化、叶片相对含水量、水分饱和亏缺、保水力及水分利用效率。结果表明:干旱胁迫下5个种源的沙柳苗木小枝水势和叶片相对含水量均下降,而水分利用效率在轻度干旱时呈上升趋势,随干旱胁迫的加剧而下降。干旱处理15天后,民勤种源的沙柳日平均小枝水势下降幅度最大为0.77 MPa,然后依次为达拉特旗0.57 MPa、盐池0.36 MPa、榆林0.25 MPa和乌审旗0.12 MPa,其中民勤种源的苗木在充分供水和干旱胁迫下小枝水势差异达到显著。干旱处理18天后叶片相对含水量分别下降:民勤1.68%、盐池7.03%、达拉特旗7.25%,榆林9.35%和乌审旗11.07%,水分饱和亏缺民勤<盐池<达拉特旗<榆林<乌审旗。结果表明,民勤种源的沙柳抗旱的能力较强,而盐池和达拉特旗沙柳苗木在受到水分胁迫时水分利用效率下降幅度较小,即水分胁迫对苗木干物质的积累影响较小,因此具有更高的经济价值。     

干旱胁迫对麻栎无性系蒸腾作用的影响

以13个3年生麻栎无性系为研究对象,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了在持续干旱胁迫条件下的麻栎无性系土壤水势、叶片水势光合速率和蒸腾速率变化规律及其关系。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,13个麻栎无性系土壤水势呈现出不断下降的变化趋势,叶片水势的变化无一致规律,光合速率则先下降而后上升,蒸腾速率的变化规律不尽相同。在13个麻栎无性系中,2、4、5、7、9和16号无性系的蒸腾速率、叶片水势和光合速率具有相同规律,随着干旱胁迫的加剧先下降而后上升,具有较强的适应干旱逆境的能力。对不同干旱条件下无性系的蒸腾速率、土壤水势、叶片水势和光合速率的相关性分析发现,干旱胁迫7天时,蒸腾速率和光合速率达极显著正相关;干旱胁迫12天时,蒸腾速率和土壤水势间呈极显著负相关,光合速率与土壤水势呈显著负相关;干旱胁迫17天时,蒸腾速率与光合速率呈显著正相关。