砒砂岩分布范围界定与类型区划分

 以TM影像为主要信息源,采用“路线调查”和“典型小流域调查”相结合的方法,建立不同类型砒砂岩影像解译标志,在地理信息系统支持下,采用计算机辅助下的人工解译,对以晋陕蒙接壤地区为中心的砒砂岩分布范围进行全面界定,并将其划分为裸露砒砂岩区、盖土砒砂岩区和盖沙砒砂岩区3个类型区,确定每一类型区的分布范围及面积大小。结果表明:砒砂岩区总面积1.67万km2,其中,裸露砒砂岩区面积4543.89km2,盖沙砒砂岩区面积3709.18km2,盖土砒砂岩区面积8432.41km2,分别占砒砂岩区总面积的27.2%、22.2%、50.6%。准确划分砒砂岩区,为其全面治理及黄河粗泥沙来源区治理提供科学依据。     

补强砒砂岩区治理短板筑牢黄河流域生态安全屏障

砒砂岩区是黄河流域最难治理且治理又相当薄弱的地区之一,其生态环境问题为构筑黄河流域生态安全屏障带来极大挑战。通过剖析砒砂岩区治理存在的水土流失依然严重,脆弱生态环境未能得到根本改变,砒砂岩区水土保持的深入发展遭遇制度性瓶颈制约,治理砒砂岩区的新技术新模式推广力度弱,水土流失监测体系不完善、监管不力等问题,提出了加强砒砂岩区治理工作的对策与建议,比如:建议尽快研究解决加快砒砂岩区治理的堵点、难点和短板所在,从流域整体性出发确立砒砂岩区生态治理在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展中的战略定位,创设砒砂岩区生态-经济-社会-文化多位一体协同发展的综合治理模式,加大新技术新模式的示范推广力度,创新水土保持项目建设体制机制,加强砒砂岩区生态综合治理技术研发,建立脆弱生态区治理技术与模式国家级科技示范基地,进而筑牢黄河流域生态安全屏障。     

砒砂岩侵蚀区水土流失治理新模式探讨

为了探索砒砂岩侵蚀区治理模式,以神木县锦界镇公草湾土地综合整治项目为例,在基于砒砂岩和沙复配成土技术基础上,综合运用工程和耕作管理措施,形成一套兼顾生态和经济效益的开发性治理新模式。实践证明:经开发整理为农耕地的砒砂岩水土流失区,雨季经过农业种植的方式保持水土、减少泥沙侵蚀,风季通过形成地表冰冻层减弱了风力对耕作层的侵蚀。此治理模式是砒砂岩改性研究的突破口,为砒砂岩资源化利用提供了可能。尽管如此,砒砂岩地区水土流失问题依然严峻,仍然是今后治理研究的重点区域之一。     

砒砂岩区沙棘人工林生态系统服务功能变化探究

沙棘人工林是晋陕蒙砒砂岩区主要的退耕还林树种之一,在砒砂岩区生态环境治理中发挥着重要作用。通过理论分析、频度分析、专家咨询法构建了砒砂岩区沙棘人工林生态系统服务功能评价指标体系,应用博弈论综合赋权法将主、客观权重进行组合,得到综合权重。采用AHP—模糊综合评价、TOPSIS法、灰色关联投影法对砒砂岩区沙棘人工林生态系统服务功能进行了动态评价。结果表明:砒砂岩区沙棘人工林生态系统服务功能2010年、2007年、2004年、2001年综合评价结果分别为良好、一般、较差、较差,砒砂岩区沙棘人工林生态系统服务功能呈逐年改善的趋势,退耕还林营造沙棘人工林生态措施的实施对砒砂岩区生态环境的改善起到了积极的促进作用。     

黄河中游砒砂岩区抗蚀促生技术研究

砒砂岩区是黄土高原生态环境极度脆弱、土壤侵蚀最为剧烈的区域,同时又是黄河粗泥沙集中来源区,研究砒砂岩区抗蚀促生技术具有重要意义。在对以往有关砒砂岩区水土流失治理技术研究成果综述的基础上,重点介绍了近年来的抗蚀促生技术,包括研发的适合于黄河中游砒砂岩地区的抗蚀促生材料、砒砂岩改性筑坝材料,以及砒砂岩地区抗蚀促生措施二元立体配置模式。据野外试验观测,抗蚀促生试验小区径流量减少70%以上、产沙量减少91%以上,表明研发的抗蚀促生材料和创建的二元立体配置模式达到了防治砒砂岩区水土流失和快速修复生态的目的。     

黄河粗泥沙集中来源区沙棘生态项目减沙效果分析

自1985年将沙棘作为黄土高原治理的突破口以来,黄河水利委员会在黄河粗泥沙集中来源区北部砒砂岩地区大规模开展了沙棘资源建设工程,并取得显著成效;水利部1998年以来相继在国家立项实施了晋陕蒙砒砂岩区沙棘生态工程和晋陕蒙砒砂岩区窟野河流域生态减沙工程,形成了更大规模的治理效益。总结了3个沙棘治理项目的完成情况,分析了其建设效益和减沙效果。3个项目在粗泥沙集中来源区累计保存沙棘面积22.679万hm2,平均每年减沙2 414.6万t。     

砒砂岩不同类型区坡谱特征与空间分异

砒砂岩区是黄河流域土壤侵蚀严重的区域。研究不同类型区坡谱特征与空间分异可为砒砂岩区水土流失治理提供参考。该研究利用砒砂岩30 m分辨率DEM（Digital Elevation Model）,分析不同类型区坡谱特征。对曲线型坡谱和坡度-景观图谱量化分析,描述不同地表覆盖区地貌形态。结果表明：1）砒砂岩区自西向东坡谱曲线由正偏逐渐近正态变化。覆沙区中西部坡度尤为集中坡谱呈\     

砒砂岩区区位特征与植被建设途径

砒砂岩是对鄂尔多斯高原南部出露基岩或黄土及沙土下伏基岩的俗称,泛指二迭纪到白垩纪的碎屑沉积岩,其治理难度很大。通过实地调查,对砒砂岩区的区位特征进行分析,并依据砒砂岩区区位特征提出３种适合该区植被建设的主要技术途径,对于加快该区植被建设具有重要的指导意义。     

生态脆弱区抗蚀促生生态综合治理技术

正黄河水利科学研究院科研创新"土壤侵蚀与生态治理"研究团队,依托国家"十三五"重点研发计划项目"鄂尔多斯高原砒砂岩区生态综合治理技术"和"十二五"国家科技支撑计划项目"黄河中游砒砂岩区抗蚀促生技术集成与示范"等10余项国家及省部级项目,研发出可有效恢复砒砂岩区植被的抗蚀促生新材料,实现了保水、抗蚀、增肥、促生多功能一体化,实现了阻控侵蚀与恢复植被功能一体化;研发出砒砂岩改性筑坝材料并进行了示范应用,实现了阻控砒砂岩结构遇水溃散与破坏的目标;创建了抗蚀促生材料-工程-生物措施体系与坡沟系统地貌单元高适配的二元立体配置模式,突破了砒砂岩治理措施体系与侵蚀空间分异相匹配的技术瓶颈。该技术在青海、新疆等省(区)的道路边坡生态护坡、水库开挖工程边坡、煤矿生态治理等工程中也得到了较为广泛的应用,获2018年河南省科学技术进步奖一等奖,被中国科协评选为2019年中国前沿领域科技成果和水利部2020年度成熟适用水利科技成果推广运用项目,可为黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供有力科技支撑,也可在全国其他生态脆弱区生态综合治理中广泛应用。     

植被恢复和覆土厚度对砒砂岩区土壤水分及养分的影响

[目的]研究植被恢复对砒砂岩区土壤水分和养分的影响状况,明确对于砒砂岩地区土壤保水保肥效果最佳的植被恢复类型,为砒砂岩区的生态修复和区域水土流失治理提供理论依据。[方法]选取准格尔旗暖水乡裸露砒砂岩向覆土砒砂岩过渡区域,以黄土—砒砂岩交界带不同人工恢复植被和自然恢复草地的土壤为研究对象,测定土壤水分和养分含量,分析不同植被恢复和覆土厚度对砒砂岩区土壤水分和养分特征的影响(其中天然草地作为对照)。[结果](1)裸露砒砂岩向覆土砒砂岩过渡区域土壤水分含量主要受黄土厚度影响,黄土的持水性能优于砒砂岩土壤,养分含量主要受植被恢复类型影响;(2)研究区土壤各指标均属于中等变异程度,其中土壤水分、碳、氮含量自北向南随覆土厚度增加逐渐增加,磷素分布则相反;(3)对比天然草地,沙棘和油松恢复对砒砂岩区土壤碳、氮含量的提升效果最好,土壤有机质含量分别提高了43.12%和34.27%,全氮提高了78.95%和42.11%,铵态氮提高25.64%和46.15%,硝态氮提高69.44%和42.22%。其中油松恢复下土壤水分含量高于天然草地54.55%,但人工植被恢复后的土壤磷素水平并没有提升。[结论]黄土较砒...     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前,肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言,因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍,且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化,以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系,为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明,在20世纪60年代,肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍,且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前,肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%,但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比,中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入,大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年,中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明,种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性;农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大,如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比,畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说,农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响,这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.