小麦根质膜微囊的制备及水分胁迫对~(45)Ca~(2+)转运活性的影响

利用蔗糖密度梯度离心法制备小麦根质膜微囊,研究结果表明,郑引１号小麦根质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ潜在活性为２４％,内翻外型质膜囊泡占７６％,－１．０ＭＰａ ＰＥＧ胁迫处理２４ｈ,两种定向的小麦根质膜Ｃａ６２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性均增加,正常水分条件下和ＰＥＧ胁迫处理后,ＥＧＴＡ对该酶活性抑制率分别为６２％和５３％,内翻外型质膜微囊对放射性核素＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋的转运量分别为２２．０９ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｇ ｐｒ     

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM/CALCIUM RATIOS ON ALUMINUM TOXICITY OF MUNGBEAN SEEDLING GROWTH

Mungbean seedlings were grown in a nutrient solution with combined concentrations of aluminum (Al) (0, 2, and 5 mM) and calcium (Ca) (0–10 mM) in a randomized complete block design experiment for 16 days. The results showed that under no Al stress, Al0 + Ca0 decreased chlorophyll content by 10%, increased soluble protein, free proline content, and electrolyte leakage by 51%, 533%, and 111%, respectively, compared with a control (Al0 + Ca0.5). Under 2mMAl stress, Al2 + Ca0 decreased chlorophyll content by 19%, increased soluble protein, free proline content, and electrolyte leakage by 48%, 405%, and 55%, respectively, compared with a control (Al2 + Ca0.5). The ratio of Al/Ca = 1:2 increased chlorophyll content by 3%, decreased free proline content and electrolyte leakage by 64% and 34%, respectively. However, all of Al/Ca = 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 at 2AlmM significantly increased soluble protein, compared with Al2 + Ca0.5. Under 5mMAl stress, Al5 + Ca0 decreased chlorophyll content by 11%, and increased soluble protein, free proline content, and electrolyte leakage by 77%, 85%, and 30%, respectively, compared with a control (Al5 + Ca0.5). The ratio of Al/Ca = 1:2 increased chlorophyll content by 14%, decreased free proline content by 80%, and electrolyte leakage by 34%, compared with Al5 + Ca0.5. However, all ratios of Al/Ca = 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 at 5mMAl also significantly increased soluble protein, compared with the control. Furthermore, it was observed that Al/Ca = 1:2 could accumulate more Al and Ca in the seedlings than Al/Ca = 2:1 and 1:1 regardless of Al stress (2mM or 5mMAl). Lack of Ca affected the synthesis of chlorophyll, increased soluble protein and free proline, and enhanced electrolyte leakage. Al/Ca = l:2 might be an appropriate ratio for physiological alleviation of Al toxicity to mungbean seedling growth. High concentration of Ca in the solution at appropriate Al/Ca ratio (e.g. Al/Ca = 1:2) could increase chlorophyll content, an indication of alleviation effect. On the contrary, the high Ca caused a significant increase of soluble protein. It suggests the involvement of various proteins that have properties to resist Al toxicity for mungbean seedling growth.     

EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF UREA,MOLYBDENUM, BENZYLADENINE,SUCROSE AND SALICYLIC ACID ON YIELD,NITROGEN METABOLISM OF RADISH PLANTS AND QUALITY OF EDIBLE ROOTS

In 2006–2007 small radish was cultivated in a pot experiment. Foliar applications were applied twice with solutions of the following compounds: 1) control (water); 2) urea; 3) urea+molybdenum (Mo), 4) urea+Mo+benzyladenine (BA); 5) urea+Mo+BA+sucrose; 6) urea+Mo+BA+sucrose+salicylic acid (SA), 7) BA; 8) SA; and 9) sucrose. The above solutions contained following concentrations of compounds: urea 20 g dm^?3, sucrose 10 g dm^?3, Mo 1 mg dm^?3, BA 5 mg dm^?3 and SA 10 mg dm^?3. In comparison with the control, spraying plants with the solution of urea+Mo+BA+sucrose and SA only caused an increase in leaf mass of one plant. Foliar applications did not have any effect on the yield of edible roots. When compared with the control, the use of sucrose resulted in a decreased content of nitrate (V) in leaves, while the application of urea+Mo+BA+sucrose led to elevated content of nitrate (V) in roots. In case of spraying plants with solutions containing urea (combinations no. 2–6) there was a tendency to increase ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) and nitrogen (N)-total content in leaves and roots, and increase in N uptake by leaves and by the whole plant but not by the radish roots. In combinations 7–9 we noted a decline in the level of ascorbic acid, and in combinations 2–6 there was a decrease in the content of soluble sugars in roots. In comparison with the control, an increase was observed in combinations 2 and 3, while in combinations 7–9 a decrease in the content of free amino acids in roots was observed. None of the combinations with foliar application caused any significant changes in the content of assimilative pigments in radish leaves and concentration of nitrate (III), dry matter in leaves and roots, the content of phenolic compounds, content of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) extracted with 2% acetic acid in roots as well as free radical activity of radish roots.     

ALLEVIATION EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RATIOS OF Al TO Ca ON Al TOXICITY FOR MORPHOLOGICAL GROWTH OF MUNGBEAN SEEDLING

Aluminum (Al) is one of the major factors limiting plant production in acid soils. Calcium (Ca) plays a very important role in the response of plants to salt stress. Little information is available about ratios of Al/Ca on the growth of mungbean seedlings under Al stress. Mungbean seedlings were grown in solution with combined concentrations of Al (0, 2, and 5 mM) and Ca (0–10 mM) in a randomized complete block design experiment for 16 days, to evaluate effects of the ratios on alleviation of Al toxicity for the morphological growth under Al stress. The results showed that Al0 + CaO significantly decreased the epicotyl length, seedling height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight by 25%, 15%, 16%, 16%, and 16%, respectively, compared with a control (Al0 + Ca0.5). At 2mM Al without Ca in the solution (Al2 + Ca0), the epicotyl length, seedling height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight were decreased by 26%, 12%, 12%, 14%, and 12%, respectively, compared with a control (Al2 + Ca0.5). At 5mM Al without Ca in the solution (Al5 + Ca0), the epicotyl length, seedling height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight were also decreased by 16%, 8%, 4%, 9%, and 7%, respectively, compared with a control (Al5 + Ca0.5). At 2mM Al stress, with the ratio of Al/Ca = 1:2 (Al2 + Ca4), the epicotyl length, seedling height, and fresh weight increased 13%, 5%, and 15%, respectively, compared with the control (Al2 + Ca0.5). While at 2mM Al stress, the root length at Al/Ca = 2:1 (Al2 + CA1) and dry weight at Al/Ca = 1:1 (Al2 + Ca2) were shown to be increased by 4% and 5%, respectively. At 5mM Al stress, with the ratio of Al/Ca = 2:1 (Al5 + Ca2.5), the epicotyl length, seedling height, and fresh weight increased 12%, 4%, and 7%, respectively, compared with the control (Al5 + Ca0.5). However, the root length and dry weight with the ratio either of Al/Ca = 2:1, 1:1 or 1:2, had no ameliorating effect, but was shown to have a negative effect, compared with the control (Al5 + Ca0.5). This suggests that the alleviation effect and its extent of Ca on Al toxicity for the seedling morphological growth are dependent on characters, the degree of Al stress, and the ratio of Al to Ca.     

Isolation of tetra-acyl sucrose esters from turkish tobacco using supercritical fluid CO2 and comparison with conventional solvent extraction

Pure supercritical CO2 at various pressures and temperatures was used to effect the fractionation of tetra-acyl sucrose esters (SE) from dried, ground Turkish tobacco without any further pretreatment of the matrix. It was determined that SE cannot be extracted using low density CO2 (150 atm, 60 degrees C, and 0.62 gm/mL or 200 atm, 100 degrees C, and 0.49 gm/mL), whereas other analytes, which strongly interfere with the conventional solvent extraction of SE, can be easily removed under the same conditions. At the higher temperature (100 degrees C), these same analytes that interfere with the conventional solvent extraction of SE are even more readily removed, while the very poor extractability of SE is not affected. It was demonstrated, however, that SE can be removed from the pre-extracted tobacco with supercritical CO2 if the density is greater than (or equal to) 0.73 gm/mL. The supercritical fluid extraction method has been compared with other previous extraction methods that employ conventional solvents. This study provides one of the clearest examples of how the variable density property of a supercritical fluid can be utilized to effect the fractionation of a complex mixture.     

草酸青霉菌HB1溶磷能力及作用机制

一些功能微生物具有溶磷能力且同一菌株对不同难溶性磷酸盐的溶解能力存在差异。该研究以草酸青霉菌HB1为研究对象,通过固体平板培养试验、摇瓶培养试验和土壤培养试验系统研究了不同磷源(磷酸钙、磷矿粉、磷酸铁、磷酸铝)与氮源(铵态氮、硝态氮)供应下HB1溶磷能力及其作用机制,并验证了其在高、低不同磷水平土壤中的溶磷能力。结果表明,接种HB1的不同磷源培养基上均有溶磷圈出现,根据溶磷圈直径/菌落直径初步确定HB1溶解磷酸钙的能力较强;摇瓶培养试验表明供试磷源为磷酸钙、磷酸铁时HB1发酵液中有效磷含量为884、265 mg/L(铵态氮),或945、206 mg/L(硝态氮),其溶磷能力不受氮源形态影响;磷矿粉为磷源时,HB1发酵液中有效磷含量可达199 mg/L(供应铵态氮),为硝态氮供应的7.14倍;而磷酸铝为磷源时,HB1发酵液中有效磷含量为120 mg/L(供应硝态氮),为铵态氮供应的3.29倍;此外,供应铵态氮条件下,HB1对难溶性磷酸盐的溶解能力与介质中pH值呈显著的负相关关系。HB1接种于不同磷水平的土壤中培养21 d,在低磷和高磷土壤中HB1均能有效定殖且增加了土壤有效磷含量,比不接菌对照分别增加45.00%和14.17%。综上,草酸青霉菌HB1对磷酸钙和磷矿粉的溶磷效果较好,并通过分泌氢质子酸解含磷矿物实现溶磷作用,且HB1在低磷土壤中溶磷能力较强。     

中天山典型内陆河流域水化学时空特征分析

基于2011—2013年不同季节乌鲁木齐河流域6个站点52组地表水化学的测试结果,结合流域气象水文资料,利用水化学分析方法和SPSS统计软件分析了乌鲁木齐河流域地表水化学时空变化特征、地表水各离子间相关性以及流域水化学特征的控制因素。结果表明:(1)乌鲁木齐河流域地表水总体矿化度较低,水体呈弱碱性。(2)流域地表水化学具有明显的季节变化趋势即早春融雪季、春末夏初季和秋季融雪季TDS值偏高,夏季TDS值低;同时也表现出较明显的年际差异性:多雨的年份地表水TDS值较低,少雨的年份地表水TDS值较高。(3)控制地表水体的主要离子为HCO_3~-,Ca~(2+),SO_4~(2-),离子质量浓度大小依次为HCO_3~-Ca~(2+)SO_4~(2-)Cl-Na+Mg~(2+)K+CO_3~(2-);不同季节控制水体的主要离子具有差异性:枯水期河水呈Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~-型;丰水期河流离子浓度受降水、冰川水的稀释影响离子浓度低,呈Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)型。(4)站点1到站点2河水中SO_4~(2-)浓度突然升高,主要是由于此段河水的含水层中分布有石膏夹层,石膏夹层释放了大量硫酸和氯酸。(5)通过对地表水水化学过程的分析显示控制流域地表水化学过程的主要影响因素为水岩交互运动。     

喀斯特洞穴滴水水文化学过程的时空变化及其环境指示——以贵州织金洞为例

洞穴水地球化学过程的研究对于洞穴内次生沉积物景观的发育有着重要的意义,2015年1—12月通过现场滴定测量和实验室仪器分析对贵州织金洞洞穴水的水化学指标进行了为期一个完整水文年的动态监测,采样时间均为每月26—28日。结果表明:(1)洞穴滴水滴率和Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Sr~(2+)离子浓度均与降水量有很好的响应,但同时都表现出一定的滞后性,其中Mg~(2+),Sr~(2+)离子所携带的气候信号较为持久,Ca~(2+)离子浓度在雨季波动较大。(2)滴水水化学性质在化学计量上总体符合石灰岩喀斯特地区的侵蚀方程,Ca~(2+)/HCO_3~-的比值均在1/2上下波动;(3)滴水中的SIc和SId之间存在显著的正相关关系,滴水中的液相CO_2分压[lgPCO_2(water)]与pH值之间呈现出显著的负相关,体现了上覆土壤层中的高浓度CO_2对洞穴滴水化学过程的重要影响。(4)滴水中的Mg/Ca与Sr/Ca比值在雨季到来后的曲线变化呈现出明显的同增同减性特征,证明CaCO_3在未到达洞穴之前就已经在土壤层和基岩层中发生了优先沉积(PCP),致使运移到洞内的Ca~(2+)离子浓度相对其他离子的升高程度小;(5)滴水中Mg/Ca比值与Sr/Ca比值都有较明显的季节变化,但是Sr/Ca比值季节滞后性明显,而Mg/Ca比值年际变化更具波动性,对外界降水变化响应较敏感。     

污泥及秸秆生物质固体燃料制备中试工艺及燃烧特性

为实现污泥的无害化和资源化处置,该文利用处理量为24t/d的中试试验台,进行了化学调理剂添加比例、脱水时间、秸秆尺寸等工艺参数对污泥制备固体燃料性能影响的研究。结果表明:以Fe3+和Ca2+为调理剂,污泥及秸秆等生物质制备固体燃料最佳的铁钙比及燃料压滤最优时间分别为1∶4～1∶2和6h;化学调质法制备的污泥固体燃料存在一个脱水极限,在脱水压力为1.2MPa、秸秆或木屑添加质量比为10%时,污泥固体燃料的质量含水率最低为40%～50%;同等条件下,秸秆越长,燃料脱水性能越好;燃料着火点低,约500K,完全燃烧温度范围窄,燃烧性能好,可做替代燃料使用。该文研究成果对降低污泥处理成本、实现污泥的无害化、资源化处置具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。     

高温强光下Ca2+对西葫芦幼苗膜质过氧化、抗氧化酶系统及热耗散的影响

为探明不同浓度外源Ca2+对高温强光胁迫下西葫芦植株幼苗的影响,本试验选用西葫芦(Cucurbitapepo L.)品种"阿兰一代"为试验材料,通过外源喷施不同浓度CaCl2溶液,研究了Ca2+对高温强光胁迫下西葫芦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性、膜质过氧化及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,较低浓度Ca2+处理(5~20 mmol.L 1)可有效提高高温强光下西葫芦幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子自由基(O2&)含量和膜透性,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量升高;同时西葫芦叶片PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)较高,而非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)较低。说明5~20 mmol.L 1Ca2+处理对高温强光胁迫具有明显的缓解作用,同时其热耗散较小。当Ca2+处理浓度超过40 mmol.L 1时对高温强光胁迫缓解效应不明显。     

基于电导率和结构稳定性阳离子比的微咸水灌溉水质评估方法

电导率（Electrical Conductivity,EC）和结构稳定性阳离子比（Cation Ratio of Soil Structural Stability,CROSS）是评估微咸水对土壤渗透性能影响的重要指标。虽然CROSS全面地考虑了Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+对土壤结构稳定性的复杂影响,但CROSS的离子浓度系数在不同地区的适用性存在差异,有必要根据当地的水质条件确定基于EC和CROSS评估方法的分类标准。该研究旨在分析CROSS替代钠吸附比（Sodium Adsorption Ratio,SAR）评估水质危害的合理性以及其在河套灌区的适用性。在河套灌区不同区域采集73份地下水水样,并采用EC和SAR、EC和CROSS对其进行评估。结果表明,基于2种方法的地下水分类结果中,仅有34.25%的水样分类结果相同,并且不同的CROSS计算方法（基于阳离子相对絮凝能力（Flocculation）的CROSSf、相对分散能力（Dispersion）的CROSSd和优化的（Optimal）CROSSopt）在河套灌区的适用性也不相同。建议采用CROSSd或CROSSopt,并结合土壤盐分和离子浓度评估河套灌区地下水水质。该评估方法更全面地考虑了地下水和土壤中的离子组成对土壤渗透性能的影响,有效避免了不合理的微咸水利用导致的土壤结构恶化等问题,可为微咸水的安全可持续利用提供理论支撑。     

Thermal and combined pressure--temperature inactivation of orange pectinesterase: influence of pH and additives.

Inactivation of commercially available orange pectinesterase (PE) was investigated under isothermal and isothermal-isobaric conditions. In both cases, inactivation data could be accurately described by a fractional conversion model. The influence of enzyme concentration, pH, Ca(2+) concentration, and sucrose on the inactivation kinetics was studied. Enzyme stability against heat and pressure increased by increasing enzyme concentration. An increased Ca(2+) concentration caused sensitization to temperature and increased the residual fraction active PE after thermal treatment. To the contrary, in the case of pressure treatment, decreasing Ca(2+) concentrations increased pressure inactivation. The remaining fraction active PE after pressure treatment was not influenced by the addition of Ca(2+) ions. Acidification accelerated thermal as well as pressure-temperature inactivation, whereas in the presence of sucrose an increased temperature and pressure stability of orange PE was observed. Sucrose had no influence on the remaining activity after thermal treatment, but it increased the residual fraction after pressure treatment. The remaining fraction was for all additives studied independent of the pressure and temperature level applied except for the inactivation in an acid medium, when a decrease of the residual fraction was observed with increasing temperature and pressure.     

Boron-Calcium Synergically Alleviates Aluminum Toxicity in Wheat Plants (Triticum aestivum L.)

The effects of B and Ca treatments on root growth, nutrient localization and cell wall properties in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants with and without Al stress were investigated. Seedlings were grown hydroponically in a complete nutrient solution for 7 d and then treated with B (0, 40 μM), Ca (0, 2,500 μM), and Al (0, 100 μM) in a 500 μM CaCl₂ solution for 8 d. The cell wall materials (CWM) were extracted with a phenol: acetic acid: water (2:1:1 w/v/v) solution and used for subsequent pectin extraction with trans -1,2-diami-nocyclohexane- N,N,N,N -tetraacetic acid (CDTA) and Na₂CO₃ solutions. Boron, Ca, and B + Ca treatments enhanced root growth by 19.5, 15.2, and 27.2%, respectively, compared to the control (pH 4.5). Calcium and B+Ca treatments enhanced root growth with Al stress by 43 and 54%, respectively, while B did not exert any effect. The amounts of CWM and pectin per unit of root fresh weight increased by Al treatment, whereas the Ca and B+Ca treatments slightly reduced the contents of these components. Seventy-four percent of total B, 69% of total Ca, and 85% of total Al were located in the cell wall in the B, Ca, and Al treatments, respectively and 32% of total B, 33% of total Ca, and 33% of total Al were located in the CDTA-soluble and Na₂CO₃-soluble pectin fractions. A more conspicuous localization of B was observed in the presence of Al. Aluminum treatment markedly decreased the Ca content in the cell wall as well as pectin fractions, mainly in the case of the CDTA-soluble pectin fraction. Boron + Ca treatment decreased the Al content in the cell wall and pectin fractions compared to the Ca treatment alone in the presence of Al. It is concluded that the B+Ca treatment enhanced root growth and, B and Ca uptake, and helped to maintain a normal B and Ca metabolism in the cell walls even in the presence of Al.     

Effect of antioxidants, citrate, and cryoprotectants on protein denaturation and texture of frozen cod (Gadus morhua)

To investigate the role of antioxidants and cryoprotectants in minimizing protein denaturation in frozen lean fish, cod fillets were treated with either antioxidants (vitamin C (500 mg kg(-1)) or vitamin C (250 mg kg(-1)) + vitamin E (250 mg kg(-1))), antioxidants (vitamins C + E 250 mg kg(-1)each) with citrate (100 mg kg(-1)), cryoprotectants (4% (w/w) sucrose + 4% (w/w) sorbitol), or a mixture of antioxidants (vitamins C + E 250 mg kg(1)), citrate (100 mg kg(-1)), and cryoprotectants (sucrose 40 g kg(-1) + sorbitol 40 g kg(-1)). Untreated and treated fish samples were stored at -10 degrees C; cod fillets stored at -30 degrees C were used as a control. Stored frozen samples were analyzed at intervals for up to 210 days for changes in protein extractability, thermodynamic parameters (transition temperature T(m) and enthalpy DeltaH), structure by FT-Raman spectroscopy, and rheological properties by large and small deformation tests. Results indicated that protein denaturation and texture changes were minimized in the presence of cryoprotectants, as well as in the presence of antioxidants with citrate, antioxidants alone, or the mixture of antioxidants, citrate, and cryoprotectants. In the presence of increased formaldehyde levels in fish treated with vitamin C, toughening was still lower compared to that of the -10 degrees C control due to the antioxidant property of vitamin C. Thus, ice crystal formation and lipid oxidation products are the major factors that cause protein denaturation in lean frozen fish, and antioxidants in addition to cryoprotectants can be used to minimize toughness.     

氯化胆碱对甘蔗光合性能及糖含量的影响

以不同浓度的氯化胆碱（ＣＣ）处理田间栽培甘蔗。经合适浓度的ＣＣ处理的甘蔗叶绿素含量、叶内Ｍｇ２＋-ＡＴＰａｓｅ和Ｃａ２＋-ＡＴＰａｓｅ，ＮＡＤＰ一苹果酸酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸（ＰＥＰ）羧化酶等活性，叶绿体的希尔（Ｈｉｌｌ）反应活力和光合速率都有不同程度的提高，甘蔗的株高、茎粗、蔗茎含糖量也有所提高。     

Response of acid sulphate soils to different liming treatments I. Solubility of sulphate and phosphate

In a preliminary laboratory experiment, samples from three cultivated and three virgin acid sulphate soils (pH 3.9-4.7) were treated with water or equivalent amounts of Ca(OH)₂ or KOH and incubated at about field capacity for three months. Both base treatments (133 meq/kg) similary reduced soil acidity and, thus, the same influence on the pH-dependent biological and chemical reactions was concluded. The liming-induced mineralization of organic S seemed to account for increased extratability of sulphate, being in most soils of the same magnitude in both treatments. Inversely, the solubility of P hardly was affected by the decomposition of organic matter but rather by the reactions of inorganic P. KOH markedly raised water-soluble P, whereas Ca(OH)₂ did not. The results of a rapid extraction test suggested that the poorer extractability of P in the soils amended with Ca(OH)₂ could partly be ascribed to a higher Ca saturation and its impact on the electrochemical properties of charged surfaces. In addition, a higher base-associated ionic strength created by Ca²⁺ was of great importance in reducing the P desorption in the Ca(OH)₂- treated soils.     

Effect of Silicon on Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Maize Grown Under Water-Stress Conditions

The effect of silicon (Si) on physiological attributes and nutritional status of maize (Zea mays cv. DK 647 F1) under water stress was studied in a pot experiment. Treatments were (1) well watered (WW): 100% of FC (soil field capacity), (2) WW + Si1: 100% of FC + 1 mM Si, (3) WW + Si2: 100% of FC + 2 mM Si, (4) water stress (WS): 50% of FC, (5) WS + Si1: 50% of FC + 1 mM Si and (6) WS + Si2: 50% of FC + 2 mM Si. In the control treatment, plants were irrigated to field capacity (100% FC). Water stress was imposed by maintaining a moisture level equivalent to 50% of field capacity, whereas the well-watered pots (control) were maintained at full field capacity. Water stress was found to reduce the total dry matter (DM), chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC), but to increase proline accumulation and electrolyte leakage in maize plants. Both Si treatments largely improved the above physiological parameters, but levels remained significantly lower than the control (WW) values except for electrolyte leakage and root:shoot ratios, which were higher. Only root DM appeared to show very little variation in any of the treatments. The concentration of Si in the plants was increased by Si addition into the nutrient solution. Water stress reduced leaf calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) of maize plants, but addition of Si increased these nutrient levels; Ca levels were similar to WW under the high-Si treatment, but K was lower. Root Ca and K were both increased by WS; root Ca was further increased by high Si (WS + Si2 treatment). Addition of Si to the WS treatments did not change root K. Results indicate that while application of Si may be one approach to improve growth of this crop and increase its production in arid or semi-arid areas where water is at a premium, this technique would not fully substitute for an adequate water supply.     

Lime and Cattle Manure in Soil Fertility and Soybean Grain Yield Cultivated in Tropical Soil

Most tropical soils have high acidity and low natural fertility. The appropriate application of lime and cattle manure corrects acidity, improves physical and biological properties, increases soil fertility, and reduces the use of chemical and/or synthetic fertilizers by crops, such as soybean, the main agricultural export product of Brazil. This study aimed to assess the effects of the combination of the application of dolomite limestone (0, 5, and 10 Mg ha^?1) and cattle manure (0, 40, and 80 Mg ha^?1) on grain yield and the chemical properties of an Oxisol (Red Latosol) cultivated with soybean for two consecutive years. The maximum grain yield was obtained with the application of 10 Mg ha^?1 of lime and 80 Mg ha^?1 of cattle manure. Liming significantly increased pH index, the concentrations of calcium (Ca²⁺) and exchangeable magnesium (Mg²⁺), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil and reduced potential acidity (H⁺ + Al³⁺), while the application of cattle manure increased pH level; the concentrations of potassium (K⁺), Ca²⁺, and exchangeable Mg²⁺; and CEC of the soil. During the 2 years of assessment, the greatest grain yields were obtained with saturation of K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in CEC at the 4.4, 40.4, and 17.5 levels, respectively. The results indicated that the ratios of soil exchangeable Ca/Mg, Ca/K, K/Mg, and K/(Ca+Mg) can be modified to increase the yield of soybean grains.     

脱硫石膏与灌溉耦合对滨海盐碱土化学性质的影响

脱硫石膏(CaSO4.2H2O)是火力发电厂石膏湿法烟气脱硫的副产物。对盐碱地施用脱硫石膏可以通过Ca2+置换盐土中的Na+,达到脱盐目的。通过盆栽试验研究天津滨海盐土施用脱硫石膏并配合灌溉淋洗改良盐碱土的效果。结果表明:对于表层土壤(0-10cm),施用脱硫石膏对Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、Cl-、SO24-离子含量有显著降低作用。10cm以下土壤,脱硫石膏的脱盐能力与施用量呈正相关。脱硫石膏与灌溉耦合时,脱硫石膏施用量为3 000kg/hm2以上时改良效果较好。随着脱硫石膏施用量的增加不但降低了土壤Na+含量与土壤pH值,对灌溉量的需求也有所降低。灌溉量为田间持水量的80%时脱硫石膏对土壤Ca2+、Mg2+与K+的降低作用与CK相比差异最显著。脱硫石膏施用量的增加提高了土壤全盐量,但随灌溉量增加这种影响逐渐降低。     

Effect of sucrose ester addition on nucleation and growth behavior of milk fat-sunflower oil blends

The effects of addition of the sucrose esters (SE) P-1670, P-170, and S-170 to a high-melting fraction of milk fat (HMF) and its blends with sunflower oil (SFO) on nucleation and growth were studied by laser polarized light turbidimetry and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The three SE delayed nucleation of HMF at the temperatures selected. P-1670 did not modify average crystal size after 3 h at crystallization temperature (T(c)) or crystal size distribution and modified crystallization kinetics only slightly. P-170 and S-170, however, markedly diminished crystal size and narrowed crystal size distribution. Activation free energies of nucleation at equivalent supercooling, calculated using the Fisher-Turnbull equation, significantly increased with addition of SE. According to these results, among the mechanisms described in the literature for fats or emulsions, the cocrystallization hypothesis is the one that better described the effects of sucrose esters on crystallization behavior in these systems.